Environmental research Applied sciences Climatology https://fip.fair-wizard.com/wizard/projects/7d647ed2-6698-4be3-ac81-502329066b3c 2025-06-08 17:20:49.943434+00:00 2025-10-14 08:33:10.768008+00:00 FAIR2Adapt DMP generated from DSW questionnaire. FAIR2Adapt living DMP (DSW questionnaire) 2025-06-08 17:20:49.943434+00:00 Anne Fouilloux https://w3id.org/np/RA5lIm2-EGBm0gHlI5kgRI7ZU-cMI1Q06hKVEfPKeOJi8 2025-06-30 19:46:19.391474+00:00 2025-10-14 08:33:11.436980+00:00 FAIR Implementation Profile (FIP) for the case study 1 "Arctic Radio-Isotopes. Case Study 1 - Arctic Radio-Isotopes FIP 2025-06-30 19:46:19.391474+00:00 https://w3id.org/np/RA9-o3xRk7ti6szajJWGi40ieCuZxYZWFs0_-JomvvR6o 2025-06-30 19:55:07.441681+00:00 2025-10-14 08:33:12.670849+00:00 FAIR Implementation Profile (FIP) for the case study 6 "FAIR Climate Risk Assessments". Case Study 6 - FAIR Climate Risk Assessments FIP 2025-06-30 19:55:07.441681+00:00 https://w3id.org/np/RAK3KIGPtDb9iV_j1HTp9YSpFSarZv6fPj3bJq6LBpNyI 2025-06-30 19:51:10.773257+00:00 2025-10-14 08:33:11.958426+00:00 FAIR Implementation Profile (FIP)for the case study 3 and the software developed to create Risk Map for the Hamburg city area. Case Study 3 - Hamburg Risk Map Software FIP 2025-06-30 19:51:10.773257+00:00 https://w3id.org/np/RAKd4AuA3eWKX-NzEj5nVRJCYD088zZx0oxz92BrdZHSA 2025-06-30 19:52:27.634634+00:00 2025-10-14 08:33:12.203443+00:00 FAIR Implementation Profile (FIP) for case study 4 "Climate Adaptation Hub Portugal". Case Study 4 - Climate Adaptation Hub Portugal FIP 2025-06-30 19:52:27.634634+00:00 https://w3id.org/np/RAVgqppDFnLwV3SgHcGS0cv2MOedMKbMlNGvLmvuTttjI 2025-06-30 19:53:38.877790+00:00 2025-10-14 08:33:12.429135+00:00 FAIR Implementation Profile for the weADAPT platform. Case Study 5 - weADAPT FIP 2025-06-30 19:53:38.877790+00:00 https://w3id.org/np/RAs6_kCEos5itKDnH7AXodfNwRCzEN5Gr-MJU6Zwe_kb8 2025-06-30 19:49:15.427555+00:00 2025-10-14 08:33:11.694546+00:00 FAIR Implementation Profile (FIP) for the RiOMar simulation data from the Bay of Biscay. Case Study 2 - RiOMar Bay of Biscay Simulation Data FIP 2025-06-30 19:49:15.427555+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/5954ce8e-2bbc-469a-b5ba-0d4d1e93195f/crate/download/ 2025-06-08 15:01:57.739189+00:00 2025-10-16 11:35:56.385641+00:00 2025-06-08 15:01:57.739189+00:00 The FAIR2Adapt Data Management Plan will evolve during the lifetime of the project in order to present the status of the project's reflections on data management. Our DMP will be made publicly available on ROHub so that the up to date version can be consulted at any time by everyone. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/5954ce8e-2bbc-469a-b5ba-0d4d1e93195f FAIR2Adapt Data Management Plan (Deliverable D1.2) MANUAL Fouilloux, Anne. "FAIR2Adapt Data Management Plan (Deliverable D1.2)." ROHub. Jun 08 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/5954ce8e-2bbc-469a-b5ba-0d4d1e93195f. This folder contains the links to the FIPs. FIPs 468879 https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/f152dc94-e6c8-4232-b301-951ce2fc37f2/download/ 2025-06-29 18:45:15.257158+00:00 2025-10-14 08:33:11.199235+00:00 Snapshot of the DMP questionnaire (FIP Wizard) from the 29 June 2025. application/pdf FAIR2Adapt_DMP_questionnaire_snapshot_29June2025 2025-06-29 18:45:15.257158+00:00 FAIR2Adapt Data Management Plan 12.629161882893227 11.0 data management 46.61308840413319 40.6 oceanography 100.0 0.5455796718597412 project 13.535911602209945 9.8 project 11.021814006888635 9.6 version 5.248618784530386 3.8 standing 22.23756906077348 16.1 Our DMP will be made publicly available on ROHub so that the up to date version can be consulted at any time by everyone. 8.508508508508507 8.5 status of the project's reflection 17.97979797979798 17.8 social and information sciences 100.0 0.3022623062133789 FAIR2Adapt Data Management Plan (Deliverable D1.2). The FAIR2Adapt Data Management Plan will evolve during the lifetime of the project in order to present the status of the project's reflections on data management. 91.49149149149149 91.4 deliverable D1.2 1.5151515151515151 1.5 status 18.94374282433984 16.5 plan 10.792192881745121 9.4 project's reflection 0.8080808080808081 0.8 data management 51.519337016574575 37.3 earth sciences 100.0 0.5455796718597412 up to date version 6.96969696969697 6.9 data management plan 72.72727272727273 72.0 documentation and information science 100.0 0.3022623062133789 reflection 7.458563535911602 5.4 Applied sciences 00k4n6c32 European Commission Simula Research Laboratory annef@simula.no Anne Fouilloux 0000-0002-1784-2920 barbara@gofair.foundation Barbara Magagna 00k4n6c32::101188256 FAIR to Adapt to Climate Change FAIR to Adapt to Climate Change 2025-06-12 06:29:25.595371+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/05729783-a960-4fbd-b1f6-f83fb23eb44c/crate/download/ 2025-03-08 16:08:42.827750+00:00 2025-10-16 11:32:54.865261+00:00 2025-03-08 16:08:42.827750+00:00 # Improving data availability for climate risk assessments under the EU taxonomy for sustainable activities ## Vision & Ambitions In this case study, we want to: 1) Provide insights into data used and needed by businesses and consultants to perform climate risk assessments for reporting under the EU taxonomy for sustainable activities; 2) Collect local climate hazard data that is being used in such analyses; 3) improve accessibility to key datasets for climate risk analyses under the EU taxonomy. ## Description Climate risk analyses under the EU taxonomy for sustainable activities (Pan-European) More and more companies in the EU are required to report on how their economic activities are contributing to the six environmental objectives of the EU taxonomy for sustainable activities. In this context, the Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2021/2178 requires companies to perform climate risk assessment for two possible purposes: to show that an economic activity is contributing to climate change adaptation (environmental objective #2) or to check whether an activity that contributes to another objective will do so even under a changing climate (do-no-significant-harm check). The regulation has detailed requirements that a climate risk analysis needs to fulfil, e.g. climate projections at the smallest appropriate scale and at least 28 different climate hazards need to be considered. Experience shows that business as well as consultants are struggling with the very demanding requirements and the very parcelled climate hazard data landscape. While there is a lot of data available on the 28 climate-related hazards that businesses need to analyse, data is not tagged / structured in a way that users can easily find it. Many businesses have operations across different EU countries which makes it even more challenging to conduct a harmonised assessment for all relevant locations and at the most appropriate local scale. Furthermore, many businesses will be required to prepare an adaptation plan that includes adaptation measures and is in line with local, regional and national adaptation strategies. ## FAIR2Adapt Contribution By accompanying two businesses in preparing climate risk assessments as part of their EU taxonomy reporting, will provide an overview on the sources that are being used for the assessments, from local to national to European sources. Furthermore, we shall document important data gaps and highlight possible difficulties when combining the different datasets during the assessments, e.g. problems because of different temporal or spatial scales. Guided by approaches from WP 3 to 5, strategies to make the most valuable data FAIR, using a vocabulary that is consistent with the requirements in the EU taxonomy, will be developed. ## Lead Partner ADELPHI ## External Stakeholders involved in CCA Two businesses that have operations in multiple EU countries, and have to report under the EU taxonomy. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/05729783-a960-4fbd-b1f6-f83fb23eb44c FAIR Climate Risk Data for Businesses - barbara FAIR Climate Risk Data for Businesses - fork MANUAL Bartsch, Julia, Anne Fouilloux, and Barbara Magagna. "FAIR Climate Risk Data for Businesses - barbara." ROHub. Mar 08 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/05729783-a960-4fbd-b1f6-f83fb23eb44c. The FAIR2Adapt community is dedicated to advancing climate change adaptation in Europe by promoting FAIR and open data sharing to enhance the accessibility, interoperability, and usability of environmental and socio-economic data in support of climate change adaptation efforts. annef@simula.no FAIR2Adapt http://fair2adapt-eosc.eu risk 10.383064516129032 10.3 hazard datum 10.381355932203391 4.9 datum 7.459677419354838 7.4 meteorology and climatology 100.0 0.8879811763763428 data 3.629032258064516 3.6 the economy 33.587786259541986 4.4 chance 3.629032258064516 3.6 parcelled climate hazard data landscape 21.39830508474576 10.1 European Union 26.456310679611647 10.9 By accompanying two businesses in preparing climate risk assessments as part of their EU taxonomy reporting, will provide an overview on the sources that are being used for the assessments, from local to national to European sources. 34.94423791821561 9.4 climate risk analysis 20.762711864406782 9.8 geosciences 100.0 0.8879811763763428 Weather Weather politics 24.427480916030532 3.2 EU taxonomy 26.483050847457626 12.5 European Union environmental sciences 100.0 0.9975064396858215 Environmental politics Environment/Environmental politics climate 22.572815533980584 9.3 climate risk assessments 15.466101694915253 7.3 trade 21.374045801526716 2.8 Environment Environment datum 15.776699029126213 6.5 companies in the EU 5.508474576271186 2.6 business 5.342741935483871 5.3 In this case study, we want to: 1) Provide insights into data used and needed by businesses and consultants to perform climate risk assessments for reporting under the EU taxonomy for sustainable activities; 34.20074349442379 9.2 risk assessment 21.116504854368927 8.7 database 20.610687022900763 2.7 International organisation Politics/International relations/International organisation European Union 12.903225806451612 12.8 risk assessment 9.97983870967742 9.9 # Improving data availability for climate risk assessments under the EU taxonomy for sustainable activities 30.8550185873606 8.3 environmental science and management 100.0 0.9975064396858215 availability 4.637096774193548 4.6 assessment 5.241935483870968 5.2 economic activity 3.4274193548387095 3.4 taxonomy 4.838709677419355 4.8 dataset 5.141129032258064 5.1 climate 18.044354838709676 17.9 risk 14.07766990291262 5.8 country 5.342741935483871 5.3 bartsch@adelphi.de Julia Bartsch Environmental research Applied sciences Scientific Researcher biroy@ciencias.ulisboa.pt Bishwajit Roy 0000-0001-6976-9297 Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, University of Lisbon igmarques@fc.ul.pt Ines Gomes Marques 0000-0002-2104-3187 ClimRisk, CE3C, Faculty of Sciences, U Lisbon tcapela@fc.ul.pt Tiago Capela Lourenço 0000-0002-8796-5993 https://w3id.org/ro-id/2cace03a-fa6d-450a-9192-dd17fe85a941 2025-06-27 10:56:43.364977+00:00 2025-10-14 08:33:18.817709+00:00 Research Object of the case study 'Developing and testing a FAIR-by-design national adaptation hub' from the FAIR2Adapt project. Designing a FAIR National Adaptation Hub 2025-06-27 10:56:43.364977+00:00 12.57989480160177 44.068643068110674 POINT (12.57989480160177 44.068643068110674) a0fdfcc9-774d-45c8-ae4c-fe9447377611 POINT (12.57989480160177 44.068643068110674) 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/2f432569-3648-4885-bb84-bc9507c5187a/crate/download/ 2025-06-26 14:52:46.125018+00:00 2025-11-14 10:33:54.487975+00:00 2025-06-26 14:52:46.125018+00:00 **Session at the European Climate Change Adaptation Conference, Rimini - Italy** *16-18 July 2025* This session was part of the HEurope FAIR2Adapt and CLIMATE-ADAPT4EOSC projects that intend to improve the efficiency of the data-to-knowledge supply chain in the field of climate change adaptation (CCA). In line with ECCA’s theme ‘Managing cities to be fit for the future’, the main goal of this session is to demonstrate how an ecosystem of FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) technologies and services can support CCA stakeholders (e.g., researchers and practitioners) in their decision-making processes. The panel presentations will feature concrete examples of how FAIR tools and approaches can help CCA researchers and practitioners overcome barriers to accessing, using, and reproducing data and generating interoperable services. In addition, this session aims to gather information on the breadth of knowledge CCA stakeholders work with and how this knowledge is produced, providing key insights for FAIR experts who need a clear understanding of user requirements to design effective FAIR tooling. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/2f432569-3648-4885-bb84-bc9507c5187a Presentation FAIR data and Open Science in support of climate change adaptation MANUAL Gomes Marques, Ines, Tiago Capela Lourenço, Bishwajit Roy, and Francisca Simões. "FAIR data and Open Science in support of climate change adaptation." ROHub. Jun 26 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/2f432569-3648-4885-bb84-bc9507c5187a. POINT (12.57989480160177 44.068643068110674) 138754 https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/0a063ed5-08ef-4c88-b2d7-838001adae71/download/ 2025-06-27 10:52:58.253656+00:00 2025-06-27 10:52:59.109741+00:00 image/png Captura de ecrã 2025-06-26 155444.png 2025-06-27 10:52:58.253656+00:00 10.24424/d8yy-bv20 6805348 https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/447465f2-4083-4d02-a034-ef45bc9455cd/download/ 2025-07-03 12:04:42.527283+00:00 2025-10-14 08:33:19.291465+00:00 Session presentation at the European Climate Change Conference 2025, in Rimini - Italy application/pdf FAIR data and Open Science in support of climate change adaptation 2025-07-03 12:04:42.527283+00:00 404565 https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/9f3afc74-5d13-4b39-826b-719982a3ec01/download/ 2025-06-27 07:17:05.338354+00:00 2025-06-27 07:17:06.067196+00:00 image/png Captura de ecrã 2025-06-27 081651.png 2025-06-27 07:17:05.338354+00:00 44358 https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/bbd1e98c-8c54-4988-8f76-ade0cbbcc4f2/download/ 2025-10-31 11:37:39.814835+00:00 2025-10-31 11:37:41.656394+00:00 image/jpeg F2A Logo 2025-10-31 11:37:39.814835+00:00 The FAIR2Adapt community is dedicated to advancing climate change adaptation in Europe by promoting FAIR and open data sharing to enhance the accessibility, interoperability, and usability of environmental and socio-economic data in support of climate change adaptation efforts. annef@simula.no FAIR2Adapt http://fair2adapt-eosc.eu FAIR2Adapt Case study 4 - Developing and testing a FAIR-by-design national adaptation hub, with the aim to find, extract, curate and make available climate and non-climate knowledge and information (e.g., climate projections, socio-economic, environmental and demographic data, case studies, adaptation measures, cost-benefit analysis, among others) from relevant CCA-related portals, platforms and publications, necessary to support the adaptation decision-making planning cycle. igmarques@fc.ul.pt Climate Adaptation Hub Portugal https://fair2adapt-eosc.eu/index.php/case-study-4-developing-and-testing-a-fair-by-design-national-adaptation-hub/ 16-Jul-18-2025 environmental science and management 100.0 0.9944642186164856 scientific discipline 5.963938973647711 4.3 ecosystem of Fair 12.375533428165006 8.7 Shareholder Economy, business and finance/Business information/Business finance/Shareholder information 9.70873786407767 7.0 This session was part of the HEurope FAIR2Adapt and CLIMATE-ADAPT4EOSC projects that intend to improve the efficiency of the data-to-knowledge supply chain in the field of climate change adaptation (CCA). In line with ECCA’ 36.807817589576544 22.6 Science and technology Science and technology the main goal of this session is to demonstrate how an ecosystem of FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) technologies and services can support CCA stakeholders (e.g., researchers and practitioners) in their decision-making processes. 24.755700325732896 15.2 ecology 100.0 7.6 practitioner 12.809917355371901 6.2 Rimini documentation and information science 100.0 0.5052669048309326 climate change adaptation conference 5.2631578947368425 3.7 researcher 16.36615811373093 11.8 field of climate change adaptation 18.207681365576104 12.8 doctor 12.205270457697642 8.8 session 13.037447988904297 9.4 researcher 17.355371900826448 8.4 cca stakeholder 33.99715504978663 23.9 climate change adaptation 25.41322314049587 12.3 session 13.223140495867769 6.4 project 4.2995839112343965 3.1 supply chain 5.547850208044382 4.0 efficiency 4.854368932038835 3.5 environmental sciences 100.0 0.9944642186164856 information 9.917355371900827 4.8 The panel presentations will feature concrete examples of how FAIR tools and approaches can help CCA researchers and practitioners overcome barriers to accessing, using, and reproducing data and generating interoperable services. 38.43648208469055 23.6 Cinema Arts, culture and entertainment/Arts and entertainment/Cinema stakeholder 10.957004160887655 7.9 Italy 6.518723994452149 4.7 Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable 9.504132231404958 4.6 cca researcher 30.15647226173542 21.2 Italy ecosystem 6.102635228848821 4.4 social and information sciences 100.0 0.5052669048309326 stakeholder 11.776859504132231 5.7 Rimini 4.438280166435506 3.2 ce3c@ciencias.ulisboa.pt CE3C - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes francisca.simoes@edu.ulisboa.pt Francisca Simões Chemistry 10.24424/jxpj-vv36 False 2025-07-04 09:08:44.261623+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/de0b3951-0fa7-4b03-a1fa-d5c4da93a476/crate/download/ 2022-01-12 16:34:39.917729+00:00 2025-10-16 11:15:06.613810+00:00 2022-01-12 16:34:39.917729+00:00 Aromatic compounds are those chemical compounds (most commonly organic) that contain one or more rings with pi electrons delocalized all the way around them. In contrast to compounds that exhibit aromaticity, aliphatic compounds lack this delocalization. The term "aromatic" was assigned before the physical mechanism determining aromaticity was discovered, and referred simply to the fact that many such compounds have a sweet or pleasant odour; however, not all aromatic compounds have a sweet odour, and not all compounds with a sweet odour are aromatic compounds. Aromatic hydrocarbons, or arenes, are aromatic organic compounds containing solely carbon and hydrogen atoms. The configuration of six carbon atoms in aromatic compounds is called a "benzene ring", after the simple aromatic compound benzene, or a phenyl group when part of a larger compound. Not all aromatic compounds are benzene-based; aromaticity can also manifest in heteroarenes, which follow Hückel's rule (for monocyclic rings: when the number of its π electrons equals 4n + 2, where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...). In these compounds, at least one carbon atom is replaced by one of the heteroatoms oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur. Examples of non-benzene compounds with aromatic properties are furan, a heterocyclic compound with a five-membered ring that includes a single oxygen atom, and pyridine, a heterocyclic compound with a six-membered ring containing one nitrogen atom. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/de0b3951-0fa7-4b03-a1fa-d5c4da93a476 Aromatic compounds - snapshot Aromatic compounds MANUAL Wolniewicz, Małgorzata. "Aromatic compounds." ROHub. Jan 12 ,2022. https://doi.org/10.24424/jxpj-vv36. arene 7.304347826086956 4.2 aliphatic compound 4.737903225806451 4.7 The term "aromatic" was assigned before the physical mechanism determining aromaticity was discovered, and referred simply to the fact that many such compounds have a sweet or pleasant odour; however, not all aromatic compounds have a sweet odour, and not all compounds with a sweet odour are aromatic compounds. 21.401515151515152 11.3 Jewellery Arts, culture and entertainment/Arts and entertainment/Fashion/Jewellery oxygen atom 4.032258064516129 4.0 nitrogen 3.9314516129032255 3.9 organic chemistry 65.91639871382637 41.0 oxygen atom 17.794486215538846 7.1 benzene 9.274193548387096 9.2 geochemistry 100.0 0.4569866955280304 heterocyclic compound 9.73913043478261 5.6 chemistry and materials 100.0 0.8506659269332886 aromatic 19.657258064516128 19.5 benzene 12.695652173913043 7.3 monocyclic ring 14.285714285714286 5.7 chemistry and materials (general) 100.0 0.8506659269332886 arene 4.939516129032259 4.9 electron 4.435483870967742 4.4 chemistry 34.08360128617363 21.2 scent 4.536290322580645 4.5 aromatic hydrocarbon 5.94758064516129 5.9 chemical compound 15.826086956521738 9.1 nitrogen atom 29.573934837092732 11.8 aromatic hydrocarbon 8.695652173913043 5.0 ring 3.125 3.1 The configuration of six carbon atoms in aromatic compounds is called a "benzene ring", after the simple aromatic compound benzene, or a phenyl group when part of a larger compound. 39.015151515151516 20.6 organic compound 3.8306451612903225 3.8 chemical compound 10.786290322580644 10.7 Aromatic compounds are those chemical compounds (most commonly organic) that contain one or more rings with pi electrons delocalized all the way around them. 39.583333333333336 20.9 carbon atom 15.999999999999998 9.2 aromatic compound benzene 24.81203007518797 9.9 Organic chemical Economy, business and finance/Economic sector/Chemicals/Organic chemical heterocyclic compound 6.451612903225806 6.4 aromatic compound 29.739130434782613 17.1 larger compound 13.533834586466165 5.4 earth sciences 100.0 0.4569866955280304 carbon atom 10.786290322580644 10.7 benzene ring 3.528225806451613 3.5 Chemistry 10.24424/070n-rr14 False 2025-07-05 18:47:59.392957+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/ba53e480-17bb-466f-b789-3533246d7b43/crate/download/ 2022-01-12 16:34:39.917729+00:00 2025-10-16 11:14:31.884055+00:00 2022-01-12 16:34:39.917729+00:00 Aromatic compounds are those chemical compounds (most commonly organic) that contain one or more rings with pi electrons delocalized all the way around them. In contrast to compounds that exhibit aromaticity, aliphatic compounds lack this delocalization. The term "aromatic" was assigned before the physical mechanism determining aromaticity was discovered, and referred simply to the fact that many such compounds have a sweet or pleasant odour; however, not all aromatic compounds have a sweet odour, and not all compounds with a sweet odour are aromatic compounds. Aromatic hydrocarbons, or arenes, are aromatic organic compounds containing solely carbon and hydrogen atoms. The configuration of six carbon atoms in aromatic compounds is called a "benzene ring", after the simple aromatic compound benzene, or a phenyl group when part of a larger compound. Not all aromatic compounds are benzene-based; aromaticity can also manifest in heteroarenes, which follow Hückel's rule (for monocyclic rings: when the number of its π electrons equals 4n + 2, where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...). In these compounds, at least one carbon atom is replaced by one of the heteroatoms oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur. Examples of non-benzene compounds with aromatic properties are furan, a heterocyclic compound with a five-membered ring that includes a single oxygen atom, and pyridine, a heterocyclic compound with a six-membered ring containing one nitrogen atom. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/ba53e480-17bb-466f-b789-3533246d7b43 Aromatic compounds - snapshot Aromatic compounds MANUAL Wolniewicz, Małgorzata. "Aromatic compounds." ROHub. Jan 12 ,2022. https://doi.org/10.24424/070n-rr14. chemistry 34.08360128617363 21.2 scent 4.536290322580645 4.5 aromatic 19.657258064516128 19.5 The term "aromatic" was assigned before the physical mechanism determining aromaticity was discovered, and referred simply to the fact that many such compounds have a sweet or pleasant odour; however, not all aromatic compounds have a sweet odour, and not all compounds with a sweet odour are aromatic compounds. 21.401515151515152 11.3 benzene 9.274193548387096 9.2 carbon atom 10.786290322580644 10.7 geochemistry 100.0 0.4569866955280304 aromatic compound benzene 24.81203007518797 9.9 aromatic compound 29.739130434782613 17.1 larger compound 13.533834586466165 5.4 arene 4.939516129032259 4.9 Jewellery Arts, culture and entertainment/Arts and entertainment/Fashion/Jewellery The configuration of six carbon atoms in aromatic compounds is called a "benzene ring", after the simple aromatic compound benzene, or a phenyl group when part of a larger compound. 39.015151515151516 20.6 arene 7.304347826086956 4.2 oxygen atom 17.794486215538846 7.1 carbon atom 15.999999999999998 9.2 Organic chemical Economy, business and finance/Economic sector/Chemicals/Organic chemical electron 4.435483870967742 4.4 aromatic hydrocarbon 8.695652173913043 5.0 chemical compound 15.826086956521738 9.1 benzene ring 3.528225806451613 3.5 heterocyclic compound 6.451612903225806 6.4 aromatic hydrocarbon 5.94758064516129 5.9 nitrogen 3.9314516129032255 3.9 organic compound 3.8306451612903225 3.8 chemistry and materials (general) 100.0 0.8506659269332886 earth sciences 100.0 0.4569866955280304 monocyclic ring 14.285714285714286 5.7 aliphatic compound 4.737903225806451 4.7 benzene 12.695652173913043 7.3 chemical compound 10.786290322580644 10.7 organic chemistry 65.91639871382637 41.0 chemistry and materials 100.0 0.8506659269332886 heterocyclic compound 9.73913043478261 5.6 Aromatic compounds are those chemical compounds (most commonly organic) that contain one or more rings with pi electrons delocalized all the way around them. 39.583333333333336 20.9 oxygen atom 4.032258064516129 4.0 nitrogen atom 29.573934837092732 11.8 ring 3.125 3.1 Chemistry https://doi.org/10.24424/x0cn-va37 False 2025-07-05 19:04:55.078129+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/54c22dc5-ace3-4aaa-be62-b5b4dab97be6/crate/download/ 2022-01-12 16:34:39.917729+00:00 2025-10-16 11:14:13.082777+00:00 2022-01-12 16:34:39.917729+00:00 Aromatic compounds are those chemical compounds (most commonly organic) that contain one or more rings with pi electrons delocalized all the way around them. In contrast to compounds that exhibit aromaticity, aliphatic compounds lack this delocalization. The term "aromatic" was assigned before the physical mechanism determining aromaticity was discovered, and referred simply to the fact that many such compounds have a sweet or pleasant odour; however, not all aromatic compounds have a sweet odour, and not all compounds with a sweet odour are aromatic compounds. Aromatic hydrocarbons, or arenes, are aromatic organic compounds containing solely carbon and hydrogen atoms. The configuration of six carbon atoms in aromatic compounds is called a "benzene ring", after the simple aromatic compound benzene, or a phenyl group when part of a larger compound. Not all aromatic compounds are benzene-based; aromaticity can also manifest in heteroarenes, which follow Hückel's rule (for monocyclic rings: when the number of its π electrons equals 4n + 2, where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...). In these compounds, at least one carbon atom is replaced by one of the heteroatoms oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur. Examples of non-benzene compounds with aromatic properties are furan, a heterocyclic compound with a five-membered ring that includes a single oxygen atom, and pyridine, a heterocyclic compound with a six-membered ring containing one nitrogen atom. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/54c22dc5-ace3-4aaa-be62-b5b4dab97be6 Aromatic compounds - snapshot Aromatic compounds MANUAL Wolniewicz, Małgorzata. "Aromatic compounds." ROHub. Jan 12 ,2022. https://doi.org/10.24424/x0cn-va37. chemical compound 15.826086956521738 9.1 The configuration of six carbon atoms in aromatic compounds is called a "benzene ring", after the simple aromatic compound benzene, or a phenyl group when part of a larger compound. 39.015151515151516 20.6 aromatic hydrocarbon 5.94758064516129 5.9 benzene 9.274193548387096 9.2 carbon atom 15.999999999999998 9.2 chemical compound 10.786290322580644 10.7 electron 4.435483870967742 4.4 oxygen atom 4.032258064516129 4.0 arene 4.939516129032259 4.9 chemistry 34.08360128617363 21.2 organic chemistry 65.91639871382637 41.0 chemistry and materials 100.0 0.8506659269332886 scent 4.536290322580645 4.5 heterocyclic compound 9.73913043478261 5.6 benzene 12.695652173913043 7.3 earth sciences 100.0 0.4569866955280304 geochemistry 100.0 0.4569866955280304 The term "aromatic" was assigned before the physical mechanism determining aromaticity was discovered, and referred simply to the fact that many such compounds have a sweet or pleasant odour; however, not all aromatic compounds have a sweet odour, and not all compounds with a sweet odour are aromatic compounds. 21.401515151515152 11.3 nitrogen atom 29.573934837092732 11.8 aromatic compound 29.739130434782613 17.1 arene 7.304347826086956 4.2 Jewellery Arts, culture and entertainment/Arts and entertainment/Fashion/Jewellery aliphatic compound 4.737903225806451 4.7 Organic chemical Economy, business and finance/Economic sector/Chemicals/Organic chemical benzene ring 3.528225806451613 3.5 larger compound 13.533834586466165 5.4 nitrogen 3.9314516129032255 3.9 heterocyclic compound 6.451612903225806 6.4 aromatic hydrocarbon 8.695652173913043 5.0 aromatic 19.657258064516128 19.5 organic compound 3.8306451612903225 3.8 carbon atom 10.786290322580644 10.7 monocyclic ring 14.285714285714286 5.7 chemistry and materials (general) 100.0 0.8506659269332886 aromatic compound benzene 24.81203007518797 9.9 Aromatic compounds are those chemical compounds (most commonly organic) that contain one or more rings with pi electrons delocalized all the way around them. 39.583333333333336 20.9 ring 3.125 3.1 oxygen atom 17.794486215538846 7.1 Earth sciences Darwin MacBook-Pro-Raul-2025.local 24.5.0 Darwin Kernel Version 24.5.0: Tue Apr 22 19:53:27 PDT 2025; root:xnu-11417.121.6~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T6041 arm64 2025-05-27T10:25:53+00:00 COMPSs matmul_files.py execution at MacBook-Pro-Raul-2025.local file://MacBook-Pro-Raul-2025.local/Users/rsirvent/COMPSs-DP/matmul_files/A.0.0 file://MacBook-Pro-Raul-2025.local/Users/rsirvent/COMPSs-DP/matmul_files/A.0.1 file://MacBook-Pro-Raul-2025.local/Users/rsirvent/COMPSs-DP/matmul_files/A.1.0 file://MacBook-Pro-Raul-2025.local/Users/rsirvent/COMPSs-DP/matmul_files/A.1.1 file://MacBook-Pro-Raul-2025.local/Users/rsirvent/COMPSs-DP/matmul_files/B.0.0 file://MacBook-Pro-Raul-2025.local/Users/rsirvent/COMPSs-DP/matmul_files/B.0.1 file://MacBook-Pro-Raul-2025.local/Users/rsirvent/COMPSs-DP/matmul_files/B.1.0 file://MacBook-Pro-Raul-2025.local/Users/rsirvent/COMPSs-DP/matmul_files/B.1.1 file://MacBook-Pro-Raul-2025.local/Users/rsirvent/COMPSs-DP/matmul_files/C.0.0 file://MacBook-Pro-Raul-2025.local/Users/rsirvent/COMPSs-DP/matmul_files/C.0.1 file://MacBook-Pro-Raul-2025.local/Users/rsirvent/COMPSs-DP/matmul_files/C.1.0 file://MacBook-Pro-Raul-2025.local/Users/rsirvent/COMPSs-DP/matmul_files/C.1.1 file://MacBook-Pro-Raul-2025.local/Users/rsirvent/COMPSs-DP/matmul_files/C.0.0 file://MacBook-Pro-Raul-2025.local/Users/rsirvent/COMPSs-DP/matmul_files/C.0.1 file://MacBook-Pro-Raul-2025.local/Users/rsirvent/COMPSs-DP/matmul_files/C.1.0 file://MacBook-Pro-Raul-2025.local/Users/rsirvent/COMPSs-DP/matmul_files/C.1.1 2025-05-27T10:25:48+00:00 application_sources/matmul_files.py #compss_home #compss_python_version #localhost.matmul_tasks.multiply.avgTime #localhost.matmul_tasks.multiply.executions #localhost.matmul_tasks.multiply.maxTime #localhost.matmul_tasks.multiply.minTime #overall.matmul_files.py.executionTime #overall.matmul_tasks.multiply.avgTime #overall.matmul_tasks.multiply.executions #overall.matmul_tasks.multiply.maxTime #overall.matmul_tasks.multiply.minTime COMPSs COMPSs Programming Model 3.3.3 COMPSS_HOME /Users/rsirvent/opt/COMPSs/ COMPSS_PYTHON_VERSION 3.10.16 avgTime 68 executions 8 maxTime 106 minTime 34 executionTime 5781 avgTime 68 executions 8 maxTime 106 minTime 34 Lezzi Daniele Daniele Lezzi Vázquez Novoa Fernando Fernando Vázquez Novoa Amela Milian Ramon Ramon Amela Milian Conejero Javier Javier Conejero Iraola de Acevedo Eduardo Eduardo Iraola de Acevedo Vergés Pere Pere Vergés Puigdemunt-Schmolling Gabriel Gabriel Puigdemunt-Schmolling Bertran Marta Marta Bertran Álvarez Vecino Pol Pol Álvarez Vecino francesc.lordan@bsc.es Lordan Francesc Francesc Lordan Foyer Clément Clément Foyer Sirvent Raül Raül Sirvent Mammadli Nihad Nihad Mammadli Małgorzata Wolniewicz Badia Rosa M Rosa M Badia Ramon-Cortes Vilarrodona Cristian Cristian Ramon-Cortes Vilarrodona Ejarque Jorge Jorge Ejarque Tatu Cristian Cătălin Cristian Cătălin Tatu Giacomini Nicolò Nicolò Giacomini Dabral Archit Archit Dabral Indian Institute of Technology BHU Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Association for Computing Machinery Baku State University Barcelona Supercomputing Center Author francesc.lordan@bsc.es francesc.lordan@bsc.es 9575 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/cb06ef3d-f6a3-4b79-9f62-59215ec96034/crate/download/ 2025-05-27 10:25:54+00:00 2025-10-16 11:13:28.087902+00:00 2025-05-27 10:25:54+00:00 Hypermatrix size 2x2 blocks, block size 2x2 elements **THIS IS A TEST RO. IT WILL BE DELETED SOON** Hypermatrix size 2x2 blocks, block size 2x2 elements application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/cb06ef3d-f6a3-4b79-9f62-59215ec96034 application_sources/matmul_files.py #COMPSs_Workflow_Run_Crate_MacBook-Pro-Raul-2025.local_7defb487-c7d1-4c81-b77e-e886b9c7cbdf COMPSs Matrix Multiplication, out-of-core using files Nihad Mammadli, Archit Dabral, Daniele Lezzi, Pere Vergés, Nicolò Giacomini, Ramon Amela Milian, Pol Álvarez Vecino, et al. "COMPSs Matrix Multiplication, out-of-core using files." ROHub. May 27 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/cb06ef3d-f6a3-4b79-9f62-59215ec96034. A.0.0 A.0.1 A.1.0 A.1.1 B.0.0 B.0.1 B.1.0 B.1.1 C.0.0 C.0.1 C.1.0 C.1.1 application_sources 1549 https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/1dd30e86-6f7a-4cc4-8efc-da2520ac3c25/download/ 2025-07-15 12:49:20.440157+00:00 2025-07-15 12:49:29.023315+00:00 Auxiliary File text/plain matmul_tasks.py 2025-07-15 12:49:20.440157+00:00 154 https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/4ff805d8-632b-4416-ab87-327d8256de07/download/ 2025-07-15 12:49:20.442355+00:00 2025-07-15 12:49:28.797300+00:00 COMPSs submission command line (runcompss / enqueue_compss), including flags and parameters passed to the application text/plain compss_submission_command_line.txt 2025-07-15 12:49:20.442355+00:00 26cfe40aee0664efe823e349544073530f24b8e63852167d255fcc5082dd93ba 2212 https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/73823bef-90ba-4cdb-8d8c-c20c2c83d707/download/ 2025-07-15 12:49:20.440931+00:00 2025-07-15 12:49:29.685001+00:00 Main file of the COMPSs workflow source files text/plain complete_graph.svg matmul_files.py #compss 2025-07-15 12:49:20.440931+00:00 4076 https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/80978d21-476e-4b32-89b9-909a542fc680/download/ 2025-07-15 12:49:20.437431+00:00 2025-07-15 12:49:27.687270+00:00 COMPSs Workflow Provenance YAML configuration file AUTHORS_COMPSS_COMPLETE.yaml 2025-07-15 12:49:20.437431+00:00 46ec0e3f267505f663c4b36d8ef4a0f123bccac284ba75941640dbd27456e66c 338 https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/833784d6-ca80-4012-810d-82c604b5f19f/download/ 2025-07-15 12:49:20.441640+00:00 2025-07-15 12:49:27.901577+00:00 COMPSs application Tasks profile https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/PRONOM/fmt/817 App_Profile.json 2025-07-15 12:49:20.441640+00:00 6fdc527f609cad0e6b5ff9dd7f7a7bdfc05fac884d54747fc0d5f5da627e52c7 6313 https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/93767032-ea1f-4c91-ba27-6b28b9d383a6/download/ 2025-07-15 12:49:20.438518+00:00 2025-07-15 12:49:27.480882+00:00 The graph diagram of the workflow, automatically generated by COMPSs runtime complete_graph.svg 2025-07-15 12:49:20.438518+00:00 03fc6c911f447c2465e0d418fce444fdb574a6534fb66e086ff131ea23df414e Hypermatrix size 2x2 blocks, block size 2x2 elements **THIS IS A TEST RO. IT WILL BE DELETED SOON* 85.8858858858859 85.8 matrix multiplication 1.4271151885830784 1.4 COMPSs matrix multiplication 23.955147808358817 23.5 other earth sciences 61.94550662720011 0.7036855816841125 COMPSs Matrix Multiplication, out-of-core using files. 14.114114114114116 14.1 earth sciences 38.05449337279989 0.43228960037231445 matrix 5.148741418764302 4.5 element 15.07823613086771 10.6 earth sciences 61.94550662720011 0.7036855816841125 multiplication 4.462242562929061 3.9 test ro. 59.225280326197755 58.1 matrices 6.970128022759603 4.9 Will Be Deleted Soon 20.938215102974826 18.3 ro. 26.77345537757437 23.4 space sciences 8.603801265945089 0.05067460238933563 mathematics 100.0 1.9 size 2x2 7.339449541284403 7.2 Language Arts, culture and entertainment/Culture/Language oceanography 38.05449337279989 0.43228960037231445 test 22.99771167048055 20.1 using 4.836415362731152 3.4 element 12.814645308924485 11.2 multiplication 6.543385490753911 4.6 mathematical and computer sciences 91.3961987340549 0.5383046269416809 block size 4.694167852062589 3.3 rood 28.87624466571835 20.3 size 5.974395448079659 4.2 out-of-core using file 8.053007135575942 7.9 COMPSs 6.864988558352402 6.0 space sciences (general) 8.603801265945089 0.05067460238933563 test 27.027027027027028 19.0 Disabled Society/Mankind/Disabled computer operations and hardware 91.3961987340549 0.5383046269416809 Process Run Crate 0.5 Provenance Run Crate 0.5 Workflow Run Crate 0.5 Workflow RO-Crate 1.0 JSON Data Interchange Format YAML Scalable Vector Graphics Biology 10.24424/20ms-v465 False 2025-08-12 08:02:25.321821+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/07b99b7b-a209-44cc-86fd-327339b2599c/crate/download/ 2022-01-19 13:47:59.181939+00:00 2025-10-16 11:12:08.755267+00:00 2022-01-19 13:47:59.181939+00:00 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a behavioral and neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, which are pervasive, impairing, and otherwise age inappropriate.Some individuals with ADHD also display difficulty regulating emotions, or problems with executive function. For a diagnosis, the symptoms have to be present for more than six months, and cause problems in at least two settings (such as school, home, work, or recreational activities). In children, problems paying attention may result in poor school performance. Additionally, it is associated with other mental disorders and substance use disorders. Although it causes impairment, particularly in modern society, many people with ADHD have sustained attention for tasks they find interesting or rewarding, known as hyperfocus. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/07b99b7b-a209-44cc-86fd-327339b2599c Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder - snapshot Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder MANUAL Wolniewicz, Małgorzata. "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder." ROHub. Jan 19 ,2022. https://doi.org/10.24424/20ms-v465. life sciences 100.0 0.989045262336731 distraction 5.919003115264798 5.7 neurodevelopmental disorder 62.65984654731457 49.0 environmental science and management 100.0 0.6445436477661133 behavioural disorder 7.4766355140186915 7.2 environmental sciences 100.0 0.6445436477661133 inattention 9.515260323159785 5.3 substance use disorder 19.565217391304348 15.3 life sciences (general) 100.0 0.989045262336731 diagnosis 6.645898234683282 6.4 medicine 100.0 12.8 individual 4.7767393561786085 4.6 behavioral disorder 12.208258527827647 6.8 individuals with ADHD 7.416879795396419 5.8 mental disorder 3.426791277258567 3.3 problem 9.345794392523365 9.0 attention 5.815160955347872 5.6 impulsiveness 5.815160955347872 5.6 diagnosis 10.23339317773788 5.7 disorder 10.951526032315979 6.1 symptom 4.569055036344757 4.4 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 21.599169262720665 20.8 Mental and behavioural disorder Health/Diseases and conditions/Mental and behavioural disorder mental disorders 4.731457800511508 3.7 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a behavioral and neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, which are pervasive, impairing, and otherwise age inappropriate. 59.31758530183727 45.2 difficulty 10.412926391382404 5.8 disorder 12.772585669781932 12.3 For a diagnosis, the symptoms have to be present for more than six months, and cause problems in at least two settings (such as school, home, work, or recreational activities). In children, problems paying attention may result in poor school performance. 18.11023622047244 13.8 emotions 4.984423676012462 4.8 School Education/School Some individuals with ADHD also display difficulty regulating emotions, or problems with executive function. 22.572178477690287 17.2 difficulty 6.853582554517134 6.6 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 32.85457809694793 18.3 school performance 5.626598465473147 4.4 problem 13.824057450628365 7.7 Reames B Yang X Accessions (data not in GigaDB) BioProject: PRJNA675370 Additional information Additional information Additional information Additional information Additional information Additional information Additional information Additional information Award ID GNT1195743 Awardee L Coin Dataset type Epigenomic, Bioinformatics, Software, Transcriptomic Github links Github links Github links Github links History Date: July 29, 2025, Action: Dataset publish Extra Information Data Type: Readme, File Attributes: MD5 checksum: 450ef019cf8ba58beb644ef18d1411d0 This dataset contains too many files that are not individually described other files Extra Information Data Type: Tabular data, File Attributes: MD5 checksum: 97ee210d263c783e4ddfe20352831d60 Figure in MS: 3 Extra Information Data Type: GitHub archive, File Attributes: MD5 checksum: 4b4d2ce7259e5045d89b731b7bfcf730 SWH: swh:1:snp:ee789638699e0e33ca3b1d09da5bb1f485ea7c70 license: MPL 2.0 The person who associated a work with this deed has dedicated the work to the public domain by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law. You can copy, modify, distribute and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. See Other Information below. Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal doi:10.5524/102736 database@gigasciencejournal.com GigaDB is a data repository supporting scientific publications in the Life/Biomedical Sciences domain. GigaDB organises and curates data from individually publishable units into datasets, which are provided openly and in as FAIR manner as possible for the global research community. GigaScience DataBase Archival copy of the GitHub repository https://github.com/haotianteng/BoostNano downloaded 18-July-2025. BoostNano, a tool for preprocessing ONT-Nanopore RNA sequencing reads.This project is licensed under the MPL 2.0 license. Please refer to the GitHub repo for most recent updates. #zipExtra BoostNano-master 2025-07-23 oxford nanopore technologies Chang JJ Coin LJM Teng H Corbin V The University of Melbourne Carnegie Mellon University contact of the publisher database@gigasciencejournal.com database@gigasciencejournal.com Funding Body #awardId #awardee National Health and Medical Research Council application/zip https://s3.ap-northeast-1.wasabisys.com/gigadb-datasets/live/pub/10.5524/102001_103000/102736/boostnano_no_dorado_R1_tails.csv 2025-08-28 04:09:14.859328+00:00 2025-08-28 04:09:16.525835+00:00 PolyA tail lengths as found by Boostnano for R1 sequins which were filtered out by Dorado but kept by Boostnano; underlying data for figure 3 text/csv #twoExtra boostnano_no_dorado_R1_tails.csv 2025-08-28 04:09:14.859328+00:00 https://s3.ap-northeast-1.wasabisys.com/gigadb-datasets/live/pub/10.5524/102001_103000/102736/readme_102736.txt 2025-08-28 04:09:14.858721+00:00 2025-08-28 04:09:15.483716+00:00 text/txt #oneExtra readme_102736.txt 2025-08-28 04:09:14.858721+00:00 8266 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/3543b082-9077-492e-a4c7-a3b7c8bb39e8/crate/download/ 2025-07-29 00:00:00 2025-10-16 11:11:58.719757+00:00 2025-07-29 00:00:00 Polyadenylation is a dynamic process which is important in cellular physiology. Oxford Nanopore Technologies direct RNA-sequencing provides a strategy for sequencing the full-length RNA molecule and analysis of the transcriptome and epi-transcriptome. There are currently several tools available for poly(A) tail-length estimation, including well-established tools such as tailfindr and nanopolish, as well as two more recent deep learning models: Dorado and BoostNano. However, there has been limited benchmarking of the accuracy of these tools against gold-standard datasets. In this paper we evaluate four poly(A) estimation tools using synthetic RNA standards (Sequins), which have known poly(A) tail-lengths and provide a valuable approach to measuring the accuracy of poly(A) tail-length estimation. All four tools generate mean tail-length estimates which lie within 12% of the correct value. Overall, Dorado is recommended as the preferred approach due to its relatively fast run times, low coefficient of variation and ease of use with integration with base-calling. application/ld+json #accessions #additionalInfo1 #additionalInfo2 #additionalInfo3 #additionalInfo4 #additionalInfo5 #additionalInfo6 #additionalInfo7 #additionalInfo8 #datasetTypes #githubLink1 #githubLink2 #githubLink3 #githubLink4 #history https://w3id.org/ro-id/3543b082-9077-492e-a4c7-a3b7c8bb39e8 oxford nanopore technologies, poly(a) tail, estimation, segmentation, direct rna sequencing Supporting data for "Using synthetic RNA to benchmark poly(A) length inference from direct RNA sequencing." Chang JJ, Coin LJM, Teng H, Corbin V, Yang X, and Reames B. "Supporting data for "Using synthetic RNA to benchmark poly(A) length inference from direct RNA sequencing."." ROHub. Jul 29 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/3543b082-9077-492e-a4c7-a3b7c8bb39e8. polyester 10.658307210031346 10.2 oceanography 100.0 0.4704064726829529 strategy 5.120167189132707 4.9 molecule 9.621993127147766 5.6 estimate 8.986415882967608 8.6 life sciences (general) 100.0 0.8512763977050781 estimation 12.199312714776632 7.1 Oxford Nanopore Technologies direct RNA-sequencing provides a strategy for sequencing the full-length RNA molecule and analysis of the transcriptome and epi-transcriptome. 34.26966292134831 24.4 RNA standard 22.157996146435455 11.5 dataset 4.075235109717868 3.9 gold standard 3.3437826541274815 3.2 Textile and clothing Economy, business and finance/Economic sector/Process industry/Textile and clothing RNA sequencing 21.965317919075144 11.4 ribonucleic acid 17.763845350052247 17.0 transcriptome 11.285266457680251 10.8 RNA 24.570446735395187 14.3 length 3.3437826541274815 3.2 In this paper we evaluate four poly(A) estimation tools using synthetic RNA standards (Sequins), which have known poly(A) tail-lengths and provide a valuable approach to measuring the accuracy of poly(A) tail-length estimation. 17.696629213483146 12.6 estimation tool 17.919075144508675 9.3 genetics 100.0 8.1 transcriptome 15.29209621993127 8.9 Genetics Science and technology/Natural science/Biology/Genetics Supporting data for "Using synthetic RNA to benchmark poly(A) length inference from direct RNA sequencing. 48.033707865168545 34.2 earth sciences 100.0 0.4704064726829529 sequencing 12.027491408934708 7.0 Dorado 8.045977011494253 7.7 tail-length estimation 11.946050096339114 6.2 Dorado 11.512027491408935 6.7 molecule 7.105538140020898 6.8 RNA molecule 26.01156069364162 13.5 life sciences 100.0 0.8512763977050781 sequencing 8.359456635318704 8.0 accuracy 5.015673981191222 4.8 poly 14.776632302405497 8.6 coefficient of variation 3.657262277951933 3.5 tool 3.239289446185998 3.1 alex tsang Environmental research https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17171136 2025-09-22 10:48:24.562016+00:00 2025-09-22 10:48:25.226799+00:00 Contains outputs, (results), generated in the Jupyter notebook of Vehicle-based observation data processing and simple simulation experiments Outputs 2025-09-22 10:48:24.562016+00:00 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17175792 2025-09-22 10:48:22.888533+00:00 2025-09-22 10:48:23.594034+00:00 Contains input Input datasets used in the Jupyter notebook of Vehicle-based observation data processing and simple simulation experiments Input Input datasets 2025-09-22 10:48:22.888533+00:00 https://github.com/eds-book/dea59792-5a6d-4633-a74c-eb73edce61b8/blob/main/notebook.ipynb 2025-09-22 10:48:20.987054+00:00 2025-09-22 10:48:21.788847+00:00 Jupyter Notebook hosted by the Environmental Data Science Book Jupyter notebook 2025-09-22 10:48:20.987054+00:00 Rio de Janeiro State University rpedruzzi@eng.uerj.br Rizzieri Pedruzzi 0000-0003-0852-0396 Hangzhou Dianzi University Zehao Liu 0009-0000-3855-6352 Computational notebooks community focused on Environmental Data Science environmental.ds.book@gmail.com Environmental Data Science Book Community https://github.com/alan-turing-institute/environmental-ds-book/issues/new/choose 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/d14c540e-0a98-4c7f-a028-d535535369ac/crate/download/ 2025-09-22 10:47:58.115149+00:00 2025-10-16 11:11:37.969501+00:00 2025-09-22 10:47:58.115149+00:00 The research object refers to the Vehicle-based observation data processing and simple simulation experiments notebook published in the Environmental Data Science book. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/d14c540e-0a98-4c7f-a028-d535535369ac Vehicle-based observation data processing and simple simulation experiments (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book MANUAL Lucky J. Yang, Rizzieri Pedruzzi, and Zehao Liu. "Vehicle-based observation data processing and simple simulation experiments (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book." ROHub. Sep 22 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/d14c540e-0a98-4c7f-a028-d535535369ac. output biblio tool input 100693 https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/8b27e6dc-ac97-4c73-8d99-d9dea59f1f5a/download/ 2025-09-22 10:48:18.468040+00:00 2025-09-22 10:48:19.978707+00:00 image/png Image showing an example of the vehicle-based observation emissions data 2025-09-22 10:48:18.468040+00:00 simulation 12.0 9.9 Environmental Data Science book 12.727272727272727 11.9 experiment 18.78787878787879 15.5 mathematical and computer sciences 100.0 0.24472567439079285 earth sciences 100.0 0.7707348465919495 research object 22.352941176470587 20.9 Environmental Data Science 12.542759407069555 11.0 atmospheric sciences 100.0 0.7707348465919495 simulation 10.946408209806156 9.6 notebook 11.516533637400228 10.1 Book industry Economy, business and finance/Economic sector/Media/Book industry aim 7.2727272727272725 6.0 Literature Arts, culture and entertainment/Arts and entertainment/Literature notebook 12.0 9.9 observation data processing 33.04812834224599 30.9 computer operations and hardware 100.0 0.24472567439079285 simulation experiments notebook 2.5668449197860963 2.4 Vehicle-based observation data processing and simple simulation experiments (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book. 46.046046046046044 46.0 The research object refers to the Vehicle-based observation data processing and simple simulation experiments notebook published in the Environmental Data Science book. 53.95395395395395 53.9 data processing 28.164196123147093 24.7 research 9.454545454545455 7.8 book 10.376282782212087 9.1 experiment 17.44583808437856 15.3 data processing 28.96969696969697 23.9 simulation experiment 29.3048128342246 27.4 publishing 100.0 4.4 book 11.515151515151516 9.5 research 9.007981755986316 7.9 Language Arts, culture and entertainment/Culture/Language Environmental Data Science Book Community Westlake University yangjianqi@westlake.edu.cn Lucky J. Yang Environmental research https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17171136 2025-09-22 10:49:18.454535+00:00 2025-09-22 10:49:19.122602+00:00 Contains outputs, (results), generated in the Jupyter notebook of Vehicle-based observation data processing and simple simulation experiments Outputs 2025-09-22 10:49:18.454535+00:00 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17175792 2025-09-22 10:49:16.843742+00:00 2025-09-22 10:49:17.507885+00:00 Contains input Input datasets used in the Jupyter notebook of Vehicle-based observation data processing and simple simulation experiments Input Input datasets 2025-09-22 10:49:16.843742+00:00 https://github.com/eds-book/dea59792-5a6d-4633-a74c-eb73edce61b8/blob/main/notebook.ipynb 2025-09-22 10:49:14.547747+00:00 2025-09-22 10:49:15.345765+00:00 Jupyter Notebook hosted by the Environmental Data Science Book Jupyter notebook 2025-09-22 10:49:14.547747+00:00 Rio de Janeiro State University rpedruzzi@eng.uerj.br Rizzieri Pedruzzi 0000-0003-0852-0396 Hangzhou Dianzi University Zehao Liu 0009-0000-3855-6352 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/0b449ecb-dc8f-4ba0-9211-8bb9864ce7e2/crate/download/ 2025-09-22 10:48:52.986447+00:00 2025-10-16 11:11:19.223037+00:00 2025-09-22 10:48:52.986447+00:00 The research object refers to the Vehicle-based observation data processing and simple simulation experiments notebook published in the Environmental Data Science book. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/0b449ecb-dc8f-4ba0-9211-8bb9864ce7e2 Vehicle-based observation data processing and simple simulation experiments (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book MANUAL Lucky J. Yang, Rizzieri Pedruzzi, and Zehao Liu. "Vehicle-based observation data processing and simple simulation experiments (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book." ROHub. Sep 22 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/0b449ecb-dc8f-4ba0-9211-8bb9864ce7e2. output biblio input tool 100693 https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/41e32a87-e2e9-44a8-9317-e1a03e8423bc/download/ 2025-09-22 10:49:12.096244+00:00 2025-09-22 10:49:13.527385+00:00 image/png Image showing an example of the vehicle-based observation emissions data 2025-09-22 10:49:12.096244+00:00 The research object refers to the Vehicle-based observation data processing and simple simulation experiments notebook published in the Environmental Data Science book. 53.95395395395395 53.9 aim 7.2727272727272725 6.0 Environmental Data Science book 12.727272727272727 11.9 Vehicle-based observation data processing and simple simulation experiments (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book. 46.046046046046044 46.0 research 9.454545454545455 7.8 Book industry Economy, business and finance/Economic sector/Media/Book industry simulation 12.0 9.9 notebook 11.516533637400228 10.1 data processing 28.96969696969697 23.9 mathematical and computer sciences 100.0 0.24472567439079285 book 10.376282782212087 9.1 earth sciences 100.0 0.7707348465919495 computer operations and hardware 100.0 0.24472567439079285 Literature Arts, culture and entertainment/Arts and entertainment/Literature Language Arts, culture and entertainment/Culture/Language research 9.007981755986316 7.9 publishing 100.0 4.4 simulation experiment 29.3048128342246 27.4 observation data processing 33.04812834224599 30.9 experiment 18.78787878787879 15.5 Environmental Data Science 12.542759407069555 11.0 research object 22.352941176470587 20.9 notebook 12.0 9.9 simulation experiments notebook 2.5668449197860963 2.4 simulation 10.946408209806156 9.6 atmospheric sciences 100.0 0.7707348465919495 book 11.515151515151516 9.5 experiment 17.44583808437856 15.3 data processing 28.164196123147093 24.7 Environmental Data Science Book Community Westlake University yangjianqi@westlake.edu.cn Lucky J. Yang Environmental research https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17171136 2025-09-22 10:50:40.131872+00:00 2025-09-22 10:50:40.766967+00:00 Contains outputs, (results), generated in the Jupyter notebook of Vehicle-based observation data processing and simple simulation experiments Outputs 2025-09-22 10:50:40.131872+00:00 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17175792 2025-09-22 10:50:38.422172+00:00 2025-09-22 10:50:39.116427+00:00 Contains input Input datasets used in the Jupyter notebook of Vehicle-based observation data processing and simple simulation experiments Input Input datasets 2025-09-22 10:50:38.422172+00:00 https://github.com/eds-book/dea59792-5a6d-4633-a74c-eb73edce61b8/blob/main/notebook.ipynb 2025-09-22 10:50:36.343361+00:00 2025-09-22 10:50:37.222607+00:00 Jupyter Notebook hosted by the Environmental Data Science Book Jupyter notebook 2025-09-22 10:50:36.343361+00:00 Rio de Janeiro State University rpedruzzi@eng.uerj.br Rizzieri Pedruzzi 0000-0003-0852-0396 Hangzhou Dianzi University Zehao Liu 0009-0000-3855-6352 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/368f9594-6513-4f49-a510-275c07b1c3b6/crate/download/ 2025-09-22 10:50:14.653665+00:00 2025-10-16 11:11:03.381864+00:00 2025-09-22 10:50:14.653665+00:00 The research object refers to the Vehicle-based observation data processing and simple simulation experiments notebook published in the Environmental Data Science book. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/368f9594-6513-4f49-a510-275c07b1c3b6 Vehicle-based observation data processing and simple simulation experiments (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book MANUAL Lucky J. Yang, Rizzieri Pedruzzi, and Zehao Liu. "Vehicle-based observation data processing and simple simulation experiments (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book." ROHub. Sep 22 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/368f9594-6513-4f49-a510-275c07b1c3b6. output tool input biblio 100693 https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/59322158-c890-4018-9316-71e09c41c47f/download/ 2025-09-22 10:50:34.313127+00:00 2025-09-22 10:50:35.343626+00:00 image/png Image showing an example of the vehicle-based observation emissions data 2025-09-22 10:50:34.313127+00:00 Literature Arts, culture and entertainment/Arts and entertainment/Literature Language Arts, culture and entertainment/Culture/Language publishing 100.0 4.4 simulation 10.946408209806156 9.6 data processing 28.164196123147093 24.7 experiment 17.44583808437856 15.3 aim 7.2727272727272725 6.0 experiment 18.78787878787879 15.5 observation data processing 33.04812834224599 30.9 research object 22.352941176470587 20.9 research 9.007981755986316 7.9 research 9.454545454545455 7.8 notebook 11.516533637400228 10.1 simulation experiments notebook 2.5668449197860963 2.4 Environmental Data Science book 12.727272727272727 11.9 atmospheric sciences 100.0 0.7707348465919495 Environmental Data Science 12.542759407069555 11.0 mathematical and computer sciences 100.0 0.24472567439079285 data processing 28.96969696969697 23.9 Vehicle-based observation data processing and simple simulation experiments (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book. 46.046046046046044 46.0 simulation experiment 29.3048128342246 27.4 earth sciences 100.0 0.7707348465919495 computer operations and hardware 100.0 0.24472567439079285 book 11.515151515151516 9.5 The research object refers to the Vehicle-based observation data processing and simple simulation experiments notebook published in the Environmental Data Science book. 53.95395395395395 53.9 book 10.376282782212087 9.1 notebook 12.0 9.9 simulation 12.0 9.9 Book industry Economy, business and finance/Economic sector/Media/Book industry Environmental Data Science Book Community Westlake University yangjianqi@westlake.edu.cn Lucky J. Yang Earth sciences 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/ce69f062-5218-46b5-8d8a-2437af6355a2/crate/download/ 2025-10-07 17:18:31.472234+00:00 2026-01-30 09:59:27.538232+00:00 2025-10-07 17:18:31.472234+00:00 This Research Object aggregates some relevant resources for the demo application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/ce69f062-5218-46b5-8d8a-2437af6355a2 RO-Crate workshop for earth scientists MANUAL Palma, Raul. "RO-Crate workshop for earth scientists." ROHub. Oct 07 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/ce69f062-5218-46b5-8d8a-2437af6355a2. 21822682 https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/ad4b6c36-5b90-44e1-be83-817abd445362/download/ 2025-11-06 09:46:10.933493+00:00 2025-11-06 09:46:13.577204+00:00 image/gif CityOfHamburg.gif 2025-11-06 09:46:10.933493+00:00 13338612 https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/f7d355b2-953d-448b-8d7a-9e6707be1519/download/ 2025-11-06 09:43:34.390228+00:00 2025-11-06 09:43:35.910807+00:00 image/png cagrilabs.png 2025-11-06 09:43:34.390228+00:00 7863106 https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/fba8a89f-2f31-4565-a2c0-1a02be8abb8c/download/ 2025-11-06 09:44:59.782479+00:00 2025-11-06 09:45:01.504640+00:00 application/zip CGFP.zip 2025-11-06 09:44:59.782479+00:00 RO-Crate is a community effort to establish a lightweight approach to packaging research data with their metadata. It is based on schema.org annotations in JSON-LD, and aims to make best-practice in formal metadata description accessible and practical for use in a wider variety of situations, from an individual researcher working with a folder of data, to large data-intensive computational research environments. info@esciencelab.org.uk RO-crate https://www.researchobject.org/ro-crate/ demo 9.73360655737705 9.5 earth 13.728813559322035 8.1 earth 7.78688524590164 7.6 geology 100.0 0.9927062392234802 resources for the demo 11.534603811434303 11.5 scientist 12.807377049180328 12.5 This Research Object aggregates some relevant resources for the demo 67.36736736736736 67.3 Research Object 23.975409836065577 23.4 workshop 18.305084745762713 10.8 Education Education space sciences 100.0 0.34137117862701416 relevant resource 4.212637913741224 4.2 earth sciences 100.0 0.9927062392234802 RO-Crate workshop 36.40922768304914 36.3 resource 19.15983606557377 18.7 RO-Crate 15.57377049180328 15.2 resource 31.016949152542374 18.3 workshop 10.963114754098362 10.7 space sciences (general) 100.0 0.34137117862701416 demo version 15.932203389830509 9.4 earth scientist 47.7432296890672 47.6 Science and technology Science and technology relevant resources for the demo 0.10030090270812438 0.1 scientist 21.016949152542374 12.4 RO-Crate workshop for earth scientists. 32.63263263263263 32.6 Raul Palma Environmental research Anne Fouilloux https://raw.githubusercontent.com/FAIR2Adapt/saarland-flooding/refs/heads/main/notebooks/Flood_protection_line_Saarland.ipynb 2025-10-08 08:47:29.592762+00:00 2025-10-08 08:47:30.239969+00:00 Visualizing Generalized Flood Areas for HQ100 Event and relate to an existing flooding event. Flood analysis with JupterGIS 2025-10-08 08:47:29.592762+00:00 https://raw.githubusercontent.com/FAIR2Adapt/saarland-flooding/refs/heads/main/static/flood_in_saarland_with_jqgis.png 2025-10-08 08:46:18.994606+00:00 2025-10-08 08:46:19.636455+00:00 Example for FAIR2Adapt training on RO-Crate and ROHub image/png flood in saarland with JupyterGIS 2025-10-08 08:46:18.994606+00:00 0527eb4e-b7c8-4ac0-9b85-52e0773c3b79 POLYGON ((6.31 49.1, 6.31 49.64, 7.41 49.64, 7.41 49.1, 6.31 49.1)) POLYGON ((6.31 49.1, 6.31 49.64, 7.41 49.64, 7.41 49.1, 6.31 49.1)) 6.31 49.1, 6.31 49.64, 7.41 49.64, 7.41 49.1, 6.31 49.1 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/8a351029-86a8-4e90-a9d1-a67d45d63656/crate/download/ 2025-10-08 08:39:21.885634+00:00 2025-10-16 11:10:21.642786+00:00 2025-10-08 08:39:21.885634+00:00 This Research Object is an example for FAIR2Adapt Case Study 2 application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/8a351029-86a8-4e90-a9d1-a67d45d63656 FAIR2Adapt RO-Crate with Jupyter Notebook MANUAL Fouilloux, Anne. "FAIR2Adapt RO-Crate with Jupyter Notebook." ROHub. Oct 08 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/8a351029-86a8-4e90-a9d1-a67d45d63656. POLYGON ((6.31 49.1, 6.31 49.64, 7.41 49.64, 7.41 49.1, 6.31 49.1)) biblio tool input output 907 https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/4d1eee3a-9631-4d76-a15a-ab1de329fde1/download/ 2025-10-08 08:44:48.739835+00:00 2025-10-08 08:44:50.121842+00:00 image/png Image to illustrate my case study 2025-10-08 08:44:48.739835+00:00 earth sciences 100.0 0.9335481524467468 geosciences 100.0 0.8493164777755737 This Research Object is an example for FAIR2Adapt Case Study 2 65.76576576576576 65.7 case study 13.456090651558075 9.5 crate 15.700737618545837 14.9 research 17.91359325605901 17.0 FAIR2Adapt RO-Crate with Jupyter Notebook. 34.234234234234236 34.2 Ro-crate with Jupyter Notebook 17.935871743486974 17.9 object 15.59536354056902 14.8 FAIR2Adapt 21.390937829293993 20.3 example for FAIR2Adapt case study 2 8.316633266533067 8.3 earth resources and remote sensing 100.0 0.8493164777755737 Ro 10.326659641728135 9.8 crate 20.538243626062325 14.5 case study 2 0.30060120240480964 0.3 Ro 13.597733711048159 9.6 research object 73.44689378757515 73.3 Jupyter notebook 9.062170706006322 8.6 case study 10.010537407797681 9.5 example 7.36543909348442 5.2 research 24.36260623229462 17.2 atmospheric sciences 100.0 0.9335481524467468 aim 20.67988668555241 14.6 Food and drink Lifestyle and leisure/Lifestyle/Food and drink Language Arts, culture and entertainment/Culture/Language Food Economy, business and finance/Economic sector/Consumer goods/Food Applied sciences Biology Climatology Geographical information system Earth observation Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, University of Lisbon igmarques@fc.ul.pt Ines Gomes Marques 0000-0002-2104-3187 ClimRisk, CE3C, Faculty of Sciences, U Lisbon tcapela@fc.ul.pt Tiago Capela Lourenço 0000-0002-8796-5993 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/302b4ebf-db38-49d5-8ab4-4561181f4e94/crate/download/ 2025-10-13 11:12:49.327063+00:00 2025-10-20 13:33:34.491167+00:00 2025-10-13 11:12:49.327063+00:00 Presentation at the CE3C Annual Meeting, Azores - Portugal *10-12 October 2025* The first Portuguese National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change was adopted in 2010, aiming to adjust climate and other sectoral policies, and to increase the countries’ resilience to observed and projected climate change impacts. Since then, many resources (e.g. policy documents, scientific articles, data sets) relevant for national adaptation have been published, yet often remain unknown to, or inaccessible, for the multiple stakeholders that comprise the climate adaptation community (CCA) in Portugal. The application of FAIR (findability, accessibility, interoperability and reusability) principles to these resources has the potential to improve their discoverability, accessibility, and usability and ultimately promote a more effective climate adaptation planning in Portugal. This study explores the state of the art of scientific research on climate change adaptation in Portugal since 2010, to assess strengths and limitations of knowledge, identifying key priority areas for future research and the “FAIRification” of these resources. As the frequency and intensity of extreme heat events in Portugal increases, this study focused on heat-related hazards, and associated impacts. A systematic search was performed across Scopus and ISI Web of Science to identify relevant peer-reviewed articles between January 2010 and May 2025. The resulting publications were analysed by geographical scope, adaptation sectorial focus, knowledge sector, climate hazard and CCA needs. Alignment of the current scientific outputs with FAIR principles was also analysed. A total of 217 articles were reviewed. Research was mostly performed at the city or national level (37% each) and the majority of adaptation actions were done under the agricultural or urban sectors (19% and 26%, respectively). Research was multidisciplinary, covering different knowledge sectors, from health impacts to biodiversity, buildings and construction, and often included several knowledge sectors in the same article. All articles presented accessible metadata but only one made its scripts and data available for further replication. Results show that scientific research on heat-related climate change adaptation in Portugal is diverse and covers many knowledge areas, but the availability of its data needs improvement. Further work will include policy FAIR assessment of policy documents and datasets. This work was developed under the Horizon Europe project FAIR2ADAPT. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/302b4ebf-db38-49d5-8ab4-4561181f4e94 FAIR adaptation climate change heat Facing heat extremes: lessons learned from 15 years of climate change adaptation in Portugal MANUAL Simões, Francisca, Ines Gomes Marques, and Tiago Capela Lourenço. "Facing heat extremes: lessons learned from 15 years of climate change adaptation in Portugal." ROHub. Oct 13 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/302b4ebf-db38-49d5-8ab4-4561181f4e94. 10.24424/xq9z-p873 1057305 https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/a6c04f4c-0a9f-4b8d-8492-96a06dba7808/download/ 2025-10-13 11:48:29.771773+00:00 2025-10-14 08:33:10.492170+00:00 application/pdf Facing heat extremes: lessons learned from 15 years of climate change adaptation in Portugal 2025-10-13 11:48:29.771773+00:00 203263 https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/b1a0d3cc-179c-4077-9d29-f14b8bada1d7/download/ 2025-10-13 11:20:07.788069+00:00 2025-10-13 11:20:08.689183+00:00 image/png Captura de ecrã 2025-10-13 121949.png 2025-10-13 11:20:07.788069+00:00 398943 https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/ebc84d30-9700-471e-ae2f-d04486f18c8d/download/ 2025-10-13 11:18:02.624724+00:00 2025-10-13 11:18:03.764253+00:00 image/png NatAdaptHub.png 2025-10-13 11:18:02.624724+00:00 metadata 11.924119241192415 4.4 availability 10.569105691056912 3.9 IT-computer sciences Science and technology/Technology and engineering/IT-computer sciences Portugal 20.05420054200542 7.4 data 16.260162601626018 6.0 meteorology 20.979020979020977 3.0 Climate change Environment/Climate change stakeholder 5.228758169934641 4.0 Portugal heat event 12.602739726027396 4.6 Since then, many resources (e.g. policy documents, scientific articles, data sets) relevant for national adaptation have been published, yet often remain unknown to, or inaccessible, for the multiple stakeholders that comprise the climate adaptation community (CCA) in Portugal. 31.362467866323907 12.2 Weather Weather Portugal 14.640522875816993 11.2 from 15 years scientific research 11.924119241192415 4.4 between Jan-2010 and May-2025 Information Sciences Institute earth sciences 100.0 0.9895771741867065 article 13.279132791327916 4.9 sector 7.0588235294117645 5.4 application of fair 14.794520547945206 5.4 10-Oct-12-2025 meteorology and climatology 100.0 0.8513408899307251 computer science 20.27972027972028 2.9 Results show that scientific research on heat-related climate change adaptation in Portugal is diverse and covers many knowledge areas, but the availability of its data needs improvement. 30.07712082262211 11.7 assessment 4.967320261437909 3.8 climate 8.235294117647058 6.3 knowledge sector 21.643835616438356 7.9 availability 12.026143790849671 9.2 in 2010 data 11.895424836601308 9.1 heat 4.836601307189542 3.7 Science and technology Science and technology climate change adaptation in Portugal 11.780821917808218 4.3 geosciences 100.0 0.8513408899307251 metadata 8.758169934640524 6.7 climate adaptation community 22.739726027397264 8.3 scientific research 8.627450980392156 6.6 ecology 31.468531468531467 4.5 dataset 13.72549019607843 10.5 since 2010 dataset 15.989159891598916 5.9 heat extreme 16.438356164383563 6.0 database 27.27272727272727 3.9 atmospheric sciences 100.0 0.9895771741867065 Facing heat extremes: lessons learned from 15 years of climate change adaptation in Portugal. 38.56041131105398 15.0 ce3c@ciencias.ulisboa.pt CE3C - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes francisca.simoes@edu.ulisboa.pt Francisca Simões Applied sciences Biology Climatology Geographical information system Earth observation 1364570 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/416a0645-07b8-4c30-99be-a80481dab614/crate/download/ 2025-10-13 11:12:49.327063+00:00 2025-12-17 10:09:09.612910+00:00 2025-10-13 11:12:49.327063+00:00 Presentation at the CE3C Annual Meeting, Azores - Portugal *10-12 October 2025* The first Portuguese National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change was adopted in 2010, aiming to adjust climate and other sectoral policies, and to increase the countries’ resilience to observed and projected climate change impacts. Since then, many resources (e.g. policy documents, scientific articles, data sets) relevant for national adaptation have been published, yet often remain unknown to, or inaccessible, for the multiple stakeholders that comprise the climate adaptation community (CCA) in Portugal. The application of FAIR (findability, accessibility, interoperability and reusability) principles to these resources has the potential to improve their discoverability, accessibility, and usability and ultimately promote a more effective climate adaptation planning in Portugal. This study explores the state of the art of scientific research on climate change adaptation in Portugal since 2010, to assess strengths and limitations of knowledge, identifying key priority areas for future research and the “FAIRification” of these resources. As the frequency and intensity of extreme heat events in Portugal increases, this study focused on heat-related hazards, and associated impacts. A systematic search was performed across Scopus and ISI Web of Science to identify relevant peer-reviewed articles between January 2010 and May 2025. The resulting publications were analysed by geographical scope, adaptation sectorial focus, knowledge sector, climate hazard and CCA needs. Alignment of the current scientific outputs with FAIR principles was also analysed. A total of 217 articles were reviewed. Research was mostly performed at the city or national level (37% each) and the majority of adaptation actions were done under the agricultural or urban sectors (19% and 26%, respectively). Research was multidisciplinary, covering different knowledge sectors, from health impacts to biodiversity, buildings and construction, and often included several knowledge sectors in the same article. All articles presented accessible metadata but only one made its scripts and data available for further replication. Results show that scientific research on heat-related climate change adaptation in Portugal is diverse and covers many knowledge areas, but the availability of its data needs improvement. Further work will include policy FAIR assessment of policy documents and datasets. This work was developed under the Horizon Europe project FAIR2ADAPT. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/416a0645-07b8-4c30-99be-a80481dab614 FAIR climate change heat Facing heat extremes: lessons learned from 15 years of climate change adaptation in Portugal MANUAL Gomes Marques, Ines, Francisca Simões, and Tiago Capela Lourenço. "Facing heat extremes: lessons learned from 15 years of climate change adaptation in Portugal." ROHub. Oct 13 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/416a0645-07b8-4c30-99be-a80481dab614. Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, University of Lisbon igmarques@fc.ul.pt Ines Gomes Marques 0000-0002-2104-3187 ClimRisk, CE3C, Faculty of Sciences, U Lisbon tcapela@fc.ul.pt Tiago Capela Lourenço 0000-0002-8796-5993 10.24424/xq9z-p873 1057305 https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/046b8c59-bbbf-4a38-ae80-1135d5e267f4/download/ 2025-10-13 11:48:29.771773+00:00 2025-11-13 12:51:59.085534+00:00 application/pdf Facing heat extremes: lessons learned from 15 years of climate change adaptation in Portugal 2025-10-13 11:48:29.771773+00:00 398943 https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/d48caeb1-82d1-4a1a-b25c-2a660fbb70c9/download/ 2025-10-13 11:18:02.624724+00:00 2025-11-13 12:51:58.864576+00:00 image/png NatAdaptHub.png 2025-10-13 11:18:02.624724+00:00 Portugal 14.640522875816993 11.2 metadata 11.924119241192415 4.4 availability 10.569105691056912 3.9 stakeholder 5.228758169934641 4.0 IT-computer sciences Science and technology/Technology and engineering/IT-computer sciences data 16.260162601626018 6.0 Information Sciences Institute geosciences 100.0 0.8513408899307251 meteorology and climatology 100.0 0.8513408899307251 sector 7.0588235294117645 5.4 Portugal 20.05420054200542 7.4 from 15 years data 16.260162601626018 6.0 meteorology 20.979020979020977 3.0 meteorology 20.979020979020977 3.0 Climate change Environment/Climate change stakeholder 5.228758169934641 4.0 data 11.895424836601308 9.1 Portugal heat event 12.602739726027396 4.6 Since then, many resources (e.g. policy documents, scientific articles, data sets) relevant for national adaptation have been published, yet often remain unknown to, or inaccessible, for the multiple stakeholders that comprise the climate adaptation community (CCA) in Portugal. 31.362467866323907 12.2 Weather Weather Portugal 14.640522875816993 11.2 from 15 years scientific research 11.924119241192415 4.4 climate change adaptation in Portugal 11.780821917808218 4.3 Climate change Environment/Climate change Portugal scientific research 11.924119241192415 4.4 between Jan-2010 and May-2025 Information Sciences Institute between Jan-2010 and May-2025 earth sciences 100.0 0.9895771741867065 climate adaptation community 22.739726027397264 8.3 article 13.279132791327916 4.9 Facing heat extremes: lessons learned from 15 years of climate change adaptation in Portugal. 38.56041131105398 15.0 sector 7.0588235294117645 5.4 ecology 31.468531468531467 4.5 application of fair 14.794520547945206 5.4 10-Oct-12-2025 meteorology and climatology 100.0 0.8513408899307251 computer science 20.27972027972028 2.9 heat extreme 16.438356164383563 6.0 article 13.279132791327916 4.9 IT-computer sciences Science and technology/Technology and engineering/IT-computer sciences Results show that scientific research on heat-related climate change adaptation in Portugal is diverse and covers many knowledge areas, but the availability of its data needs improvement. 30.07712082262211 11.7 heat 4.836601307189542 3.7 assessment 4.967320261437909 3.8 heat event 12.602739726027396 4.6 dataset 15.989159891598916 5.9 10-Oct-12-2025 metadata 11.924119241192415 4.4 metadata 8.758169934640524 6.7 since 2010 climate 8.235294117647058 6.3 in 2010 knowledge sector 21.643835616438356 7.9 availability 10.569105691056912 3.9 availability 12.026143790849671 9.2 application of fair 14.794520547945206 5.4 in 2010 availability 12.026143790849671 9.2 climate 8.235294117647058 6.3 Weather Weather data 11.895424836601308 9.1 scientific research 8.627450980392156 6.6 knowledge sector 21.643835616438356 7.9 heat 4.836601307189542 3.7 Science and technology Science and technology database 27.27272727272727 3.9 Science and technology Science and technology climate change adaptation in Portugal 11.780821917808218 4.3 geosciences 100.0 0.8513408899307251 dataset 13.72549019607843 10.5 atmospheric sciences 100.0 0.9895771741867065 metadata 8.758169934640524 6.7 Results show that scientific research on heat-related climate change adaptation in Portugal is diverse and covers many knowledge areas, but the availability of its data needs improvement. 30.07712082262211 11.7 climate adaptation community 22.739726027397264 8.3 scientific research 8.627450980392156 6.6 Portugal 20.05420054200542 7.4 ecology 31.468531468531467 4.5 dataset 13.72549019607843 10.5 since 2010 Since then, many resources (e.g. policy documents, scientific articles, data sets) relevant for national adaptation have been published, yet often remain unknown to, or inaccessible, for the multiple stakeholders that comprise the climate adaptation community (CCA) in Portugal. 31.362467866323907 12.2 dataset 15.989159891598916 5.9 computer science 20.27972027972028 2.9 heat extreme 16.438356164383563 6.0 database 27.27272727272727 3.9 atmospheric sciences 100.0 0.9895771741867065 Facing heat extremes: lessons learned from 15 years of climate change adaptation in Portugal. 38.56041131105398 15.0 earth sciences 100.0 0.9895771741867065 assessment 4.967320261437909 3.8 Anna Strusińska ce3c@ciencias.ulisboa.pt CE3C - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes francisca.simoes@edu.ulisboa.pt Francisca Simões Environmental research 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/bc6f13f4-e7d6-4490-ae63-3dff3939f914/crate/download/ 2025-12-07 19:52:04.926440+00:00 2026-04-11 09:47:42.427406+00:00 2025-12-07 19:52:04.926440+00:00 The research object refers to the Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data notebook published in the Environmental Data Science book. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/bc6f13f4-e7d6-4490-ae63-3dff3939f914 Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book MANUAL Abner Bogan, and Lindsay Platt. "Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book." ROHub. Dec 07 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/bc6f13f4-e7d6-4490-ae63-3dff3939f914. output biblio input tool Water management Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation Geographical Scope tool 17.95543905635649 13.7 Institutional: Government policies and programs Weather phenomena Weather/Weather phenomena Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors data pipelining tool 36.442786069651746 29.3 Stakeholders water datum 5.72139303482587 4.6 fact 21.62516382699869 16.5 Academia/ Research Institutions Book industry Economy, business and finance/Economic sector/Media/Book industry European Continent Language Arts, culture and entertainment/Culture/Language book 7.601572739187418 5.8 Storms Key Type Measures User Needs (RAST) data visualization 16.43132220795892 12.8 Funding tool in r 26.74129353233831 21.5 datum 22.0795892169448 17.2 Methodology Geosciences pipeline processing 11.926605504587156 9.1 research 9.82961992136304 7.5 IPCC Climate Hazard research object 22.63681592039801 18.2 data 16.775884665792923 12.8 Engineering Engineering (General) Geosciences (General) Academic/ Institutional Environmental Data Science 9.242618741976893 7.2 Policy Scale Environmental Data Science book 8.45771144278607 6.8 none Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book The research object refers to the Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data notebook published in the Environmental Data Science book. 100.0 100.0 No policy or regulation Literature Arts, culture and entertainment/Arts and entertainment/Literature Environmental Science and Management Weather Weather research 10.141206675224646 7.9 Preparing the ground pipelining 12.708600770218228 9.9 aim 6.553079947575361 5.0 tool 18.485237483953785 14.4 Environmental Sciences Physical and Technological Knowledge Sector (EEA) notebook 7.732634338138926 5.9 data 10.91142490372272 8.5 computer science 100.0 15.9 Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc. abogan@cuahsi.org Abner Bogan Environmental Data Science Book Community Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc. lplatt@cuahsi.org Lindsay Platt Environmental research data visualization 16.43132220795892 12.8 water datum 5.72139303482587 4.6 computer science 100.0 15.9 Policy Scale IPCC Weather Weather Environmental Science and Management Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors research 10.141206675224646 7.9 aim 6.553079947575361 5.0 notebook 7.732634338138926 5.9 Environmental Sciences European Continent tool in r 26.74129353233831 21.5 Literature Arts, culture and entertainment/Arts and entertainment/Literature Water management Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation data pipelining tool 36.442786069651746 29.3 tool 18.485237483953785 14.4 Environmental Data Science book 8.45771144278607 6.8 research object 22.63681592039801 18.2 Physical and Technological Environmental Data Science 9.242618741976893 7.2 Institutional: Government policies and programs tool 17.95543905635649 13.7 book 7.601572739187418 5.8 research 9.82961992136304 7.5 Methodology Geosciences (General) none Book industry Economy, business and finance/Economic sector/Media/Book industry No policy or regulation Funding Storms Geographical Scope Language Arts, culture and entertainment/Culture/Language Engineering (General) Weather phenomena Weather/Weather phenomena Knowledge Sector (EEA) Geosciences Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book The research object refers to the Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data notebook published in the Environmental Data Science book. 100.0 100.0 Engineering Academia/ Research Institutions fact 21.62516382699869 16.5 Key Type Measures Stakeholders Academic/ Institutional data 16.775884665792923 12.8 User Needs (RAST) pipelining 12.708600770218228 9.9 data 10.91142490372272 8.5 Preparing the ground datum 22.0795892169448 17.2 Climate Hazard pipeline processing 11.926605504587156 9.1 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/f4cfe8f4-abcc-41b0-9c8d-8a01bed66730/crate/download/ 2025-12-07 19:52:30.693118+00:00 2026-04-11 09:48:02.572671+00:00 2025-12-07 19:52:30.693118+00:00 The research object refers to the Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data notebook published in the Environmental Data Science book. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/f4cfe8f4-abcc-41b0-9c8d-8a01bed66730 Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book MANUAL Community, Environmental Data Science Book. "Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book." ROHub. Dec 07 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/f4cfe8f4-abcc-41b0-9c8d-8a01bed66730. input output biblio tool Environmental Data Science Book Community Environmental research 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/3a33645c-7d45-452b-a53d-0133d12e991f/crate/download/ 2025-12-07 19:54:27.990497+00:00 2026-04-11 09:47:22.278061+00:00 2025-12-07 19:54:27.990497+00:00 The research object refers to the Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data notebook published in the Environmental Data Science book. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/3a33645c-7d45-452b-a53d-0133d12e991f Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book MANUAL Abner Bogan, and Lindsay Platt. "Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book." ROHub. Dec 07 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/3a33645c-7d45-452b-a53d-0133d12e991f. output biblio input tool data 16.775884665792923 12.8 Preparing the ground Academia/ Research Institutions research object 22.63681592039801 18.2 Methodology Physical and Technological IPCC Geographical Scope Water management Institutional: Government policies and programs Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation data visualization 16.43132220795892 12.8 Weather phenomena Weather/Weather phenomena book 7.601572739187418 5.8 pipeline processing 11.926605504587156 9.1 Storms Weather Weather Book industry Economy, business and finance/Economic sector/Media/Book industry fact 21.62516382699869 16.5 aim 6.553079947575361 5.0 Environmental Data Science 9.242618741976893 7.2 Geosciences Academic/ Institutional Engineering (General) Engineering research 10.141206675224646 7.9 Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book The research object refers to the Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data notebook published in the Environmental Data Science book. 100.0 100.0 Knowledge Sector (EEA) Language Arts, culture and entertainment/Culture/Language notebook 7.732634338138926 5.9 Literature Arts, culture and entertainment/Arts and entertainment/Literature data pipelining tool 36.442786069651746 29.3 water datum 5.72139303482587 4.6 tool 17.95543905635649 13.7 Policy Scale Environmental Data Science book 8.45771144278607 6.8 User Needs (RAST) European Continent Climate Hazard computer science 100.0 15.9 No policy or regulation tool in r 26.74129353233831 21.5 pipelining 12.708600770218228 9.9 tool 18.485237483953785 14.4 Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors research 9.82961992136304 7.5 Environmental Sciences data 10.91142490372272 8.5 Environmental Science and Management Geosciences (General) Stakeholders datum 22.0795892169448 17.2 Key Type Measures none Funding Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc. abogan@cuahsi.org Abner Bogan Environmental Data Science Book Community Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc. lplatt@cuahsi.org Lindsay Platt Environmental research 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/acefb4d3-e320-4df8-a8b1-17cfa1a40ea0/crate/download/ 2025-12-07 19:54:45.553533+00:00 2026-04-11 09:47:32.519324+00:00 2025-12-07 19:54:45.553533+00:00 The research object refers to the Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data notebook published in the Environmental Data Science book. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/acefb4d3-e320-4df8-a8b1-17cfa1a40ea0 Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book MANUAL Abner Bogan, and Lindsay Platt. "Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book." ROHub. Dec 07 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/acefb4d3-e320-4df8-a8b1-17cfa1a40ea0. tool output input biblio none Academia/ Research Institutions Physical and Technological Weather phenomena Weather/Weather phenomena research object 22.63681592039801 18.2 Geosciences (General) Environmental Sciences IPCC Institutional: Government policies and programs Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation Methodology data 10.91142490372272 8.5 Engineering (General) research 9.82961992136304 7.5 Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Knowledge Sector (EEA) No policy or regulation computer science 100.0 15.9 data visualization 16.43132220795892 12.8 Environmental Science and Management Preparing the ground aim 6.553079947575361 5.0 Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book The research object refers to the Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data notebook published in the Environmental Data Science book. 100.0 100.0 fact 21.62516382699869 16.5 tool 18.485237483953785 14.4 Geographical Scope water datum 5.72139303482587 4.6 data 16.775884665792923 12.8 pipeline processing 11.926605504587156 9.1 Funding Key Type Measures Environmental Data Science 9.242618741976893 7.2 book 7.601572739187418 5.8 Weather Weather Book industry Economy, business and finance/Economic sector/Media/Book industry Engineering Storms tool in r 26.74129353233831 21.5 Environmental Data Science book 8.45771144278607 6.8 notebook 7.732634338138926 5.9 Language Arts, culture and entertainment/Culture/Language Literature Arts, culture and entertainment/Arts and entertainment/Literature User Needs (RAST) Stakeholders pipelining 12.708600770218228 9.9 Water management data pipelining tool 36.442786069651746 29.3 tool 17.95543905635649 13.7 European Continent research 10.141206675224646 7.9 datum 22.0795892169448 17.2 Policy Scale Academic/ Institutional Geosciences Climate Hazard Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc. abogan@cuahsi.org Abner Bogan Environmental Data Science Book Community Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc. lplatt@cuahsi.org Lindsay Platt Environmental research 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/70040ead-8d3e-4e1d-ab67-2472d302dabd/crate/download/ 2025-12-07 19:55:20.674161+00:00 2026-04-11 09:47:52.885307+00:00 2025-12-07 19:55:20.674161+00:00 The research object refers to the Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data notebook published in the Environmental Data Science book. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/70040ead-8d3e-4e1d-ab67-2472d302dabd Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book MANUAL Abner Bogan, and Lindsay Platt. "Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book." ROHub. Dec 07 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/70040ead-8d3e-4e1d-ab67-2472d302dabd. input output tool biblio Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book The research object refers to the Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data notebook published in the Environmental Data Science book. 100.0 100.0 Geographical Scope research 10.141206675224646 7.9 Geosciences aim 6.553079947575361 5.0 fact 21.62516382699869 16.5 data pipelining tool 36.442786069651746 29.3 IPCC none Storms Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation tool 17.95543905635649 13.7 Literature Arts, culture and entertainment/Arts and entertainment/Literature pipeline processing 11.926605504587156 9.1 Preparing the ground data 10.91142490372272 8.5 Book industry Economy, business and finance/Economic sector/Media/Book industry Methodology Climate Hazard Weather Weather datum 22.0795892169448 17.2 Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Geosciences (General) data 16.775884665792923 12.8 tool 18.485237483953785 14.4 No policy or regulation research object 22.63681592039801 18.2 Weather phenomena Weather/Weather phenomena Funding tool in r 26.74129353233831 21.5 Language Arts, culture and entertainment/Culture/Language water datum 5.72139303482587 4.6 Key Type Measures Environmental Data Science 9.242618741976893 7.2 Stakeholders Environmental Sciences Engineering (General) computer science 100.0 15.9 Policy Scale Academic/ Institutional Academia/ Research Institutions European Continent data visualization 16.43132220795892 12.8 Water management Environmental Data Science book 8.45771144278607 6.8 Environmental Science and Management User Needs (RAST) Knowledge Sector (EEA) Physical and Technological Institutional: Government policies and programs pipelining 12.708600770218228 9.9 book 7.601572739187418 5.8 Engineering notebook 7.732634338138926 5.9 research 9.82961992136304 7.5 Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc. abogan@cuahsi.org Abner Bogan Environmental Data Science Book Community Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc. lplatt@cuahsi.org Lindsay Platt Environmental research 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/18c1e606-b72e-4971-964a-af90a0503f41/crate/download/ 2025-12-07 19:55:29.829541+00:00 2026-04-11 09:48:22.768026+00:00 2025-12-07 19:55:29.829541+00:00 The research object refers to the Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data notebook published in the Environmental Data Science book. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/18c1e606-b72e-4971-964a-af90a0503f41 Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book MANUAL Abner Bogan, and Lindsay Platt. "Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book." ROHub. Dec 07 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/18c1e606-b72e-4971-964a-af90a0503f41. biblio output tool input Policy Scale water datum 5.72139303482587 4.6 Water management Environmental Science and Management Environmental Data Science book 8.45771144278607 6.8 Stakeholders Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation Physical and Technological Key Type Measures book 7.601572739187418 5.8 Institutional: Government policies and programs Geosciences (General) Environmental Sciences Storms tool 18.485237483953785 14.4 Literature Arts, culture and entertainment/Arts and entertainment/Literature computer science 100.0 15.9 Academia/ Research Institutions aim 6.553079947575361 5.0 User Needs (RAST) Geosciences pipelining 12.708600770218228 9.9 Weather phenomena Weather/Weather phenomena Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book The research object refers to the Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data notebook published in the Environmental Data Science book. 100.0 100.0 No policy or regulation Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors none Geographical Scope datum 22.0795892169448 17.2 Funding fact 21.62516382699869 16.5 Language Arts, culture and entertainment/Culture/Language pipeline processing 11.926605504587156 9.1 Knowledge Sector (EEA) IPCC European Continent Methodology Engineering (General) research 10.141206675224646 7.9 research object 22.63681592039801 18.2 Academic/ Institutional notebook 7.732634338138926 5.9 Environmental Data Science 9.242618741976893 7.2 Weather Weather data pipelining tool 36.442786069651746 29.3 Engineering data 10.91142490372272 8.5 Preparing the ground tool in r 26.74129353233831 21.5 tool 17.95543905635649 13.7 Book industry Economy, business and finance/Economic sector/Media/Book industry data 16.775884665792923 12.8 Climate Hazard data visualization 16.43132220795892 12.8 research 9.82961992136304 7.5 Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc. abogan@cuahsi.org Abner Bogan Environmental Data Science Book Community Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc. lplatt@cuahsi.org Lindsay Platt Environmental research Stakeholders Climate Hazard book 7.601572739187418 5.8 User Needs (RAST) tool 18.485237483953785 14.4 Engineering IPCC Environmental Data Science 9.242618741976893 7.2 Environmental Data Science book 8.45771144278607 6.8 research 10.141206675224646 7.9 Weather Weather pipeline processing 11.926605504587156 9.1 European Continent computer science 100.0 15.9 Water management research object 22.63681592039801 18.2 aim 6.553079947575361 5.0 Policy Scale none research 9.82961992136304 7.5 Language Arts, culture and entertainment/Culture/Language notebook 7.732634338138926 5.9 Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation data 10.91142490372272 8.5 Literature Arts, culture and entertainment/Arts and entertainment/Literature Storms Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book The research object refers to the Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data notebook published in the Environmental Data Science book. 100.0 100.0 Book industry Economy, business and finance/Economic sector/Media/Book industry Academic/ Institutional Physical and Technological Institutional: Government policies and programs Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Preparing the ground Geosciences No policy or regulation water datum 5.72139303482587 4.6 fact 21.62516382699869 16.5 Geosciences (General) Environmental Science and Management Key Type Measures data 16.775884665792923 12.8 Geographical Scope tool in r 26.74129353233831 21.5 Weather phenomena Weather/Weather phenomena Engineering (General) Knowledge Sector (EEA) pipelining 12.708600770218228 9.9 Academia/ Research Institutions Environmental Sciences data visualization 16.43132220795892 12.8 datum 22.0795892169448 17.2 Methodology data pipelining tool 36.442786069651746 29.3 tool 17.95543905635649 13.7 Funding 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/fa165103-2ad7-426e-baf0-b8f52a130720/crate/download/ 2025-12-07 19:55:45.229974+00:00 2026-04-11 09:48:12.622500+00:00 2025-12-07 19:55:45.229974+00:00 The research object refers to the Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data notebook published in the Environmental Data Science book. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/fa165103-2ad7-426e-baf0-b8f52a130720 Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book MANUAL Abner Bogan, and Lindsay Platt. "Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book." ROHub. Dec 07 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/fa165103-2ad7-426e-baf0-b8f52a130720. input biblio output tool Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc. abogan@cuahsi.org Abner Bogan Environmental Data Science Book Community Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc. lplatt@cuahsi.org Lindsay Platt Earth observation https://github.com/EOPF-Sample-Service/eopf-sample-notebooks 2025-12-21 14:59:18.341013+00:00 2025-12-21 14:59:18.963543+00:00 ESA Earth Observation Processing Framework for Sentinel-1, 2 and 3 data access EOPF Sample Service 2025-12-21 14:59:18.341013+00:00 https://github.com/geojupyter/jupytergis 2025-12-21 14:59:14.270649+00:00 2025-12-21 14:59:14.934927+00:00 Collaborative GIS environment for Jupyter - required to open .jGIS files JupyterGIS 2025-12-21 14:59:14.270649+00:00 Anne Fouilloux https://raw.githubusercontent.com/annefou/jupytergis-showcases/refs/heads/main/content/../requirements.txt 2025-12-21 14:59:16.320382+00:00 2025-12-21 14:59:16.930237+00:00 Conda environment specification with all Python dependencies text/plain Conda Environment 2025-12-21 14:59:16.320382+00:00 https://raw.githubusercontent.com/annefou/jupytergis-showcases/refs/heads/main/content/Wetland_ML_Demo_EOPF.ipynb 2025-12-21 14:59:20.404796+00:00 2025-12-21 14:59:21.070859+00:00 Main Jupyter notebook implementing the wetland classification workflow Wetland ML Demo Notebook 2025-12-21 14:59:20.404796+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/972ba092-9239-4947-9bf6-495c53e57266/crate/download/ 2025-12-21 14:59:12.328362+00:00 2026-04-11 03:22:47.701619+00:00 2025-12-21 14:59:12.328362+00:00 Human-in-the-loop machine learning workflow for wetland classification using Sentinel-2 data from ESA EOPF. Demonstrates collaborative annotation using JupyterGIS, model retraining with expert corrections, and FAIR research practices. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/972ba092-9239-4947-9bf6-495c53e57266 JupyterGIS Wetland Classification Demo - ESA EOPF MANUAL Fouilloux, Anne. "JupyterGIS Wetland Classification Demo - ESA EOPF." ROHub. Dec 21 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/972ba092-9239-4947-9bf6-495c53e57266. output tool biblio input Geographical Scope annotation 13.086770981507822 9.2 Knowledge Sector (EEA) Physical and Technological Demonstrates collaborative annotation using JupyterGIS, model retraining with expert corrections, and FAIR research practices. 30.93093093093093 30.9 Academic/ Institutional Preparing the ground Aerospace Engineering Climate Hazard Mathematical and computer sciences (general) classification 12.091038406827881 8.5 Policy Scale JupyterGIS Wetland Classification Demo IT-computer sciences Science and technology/Technology and engineering/IT-computer sciences Methodology Academia/ Research Institutions User Needs (RAST) machine learning workflow 29.345372460496613 26.0 Geosciences correction 9.174311926605505 6.0 Geosciences (General) Funding collaborative annotation 13.31828442437923 11.8 Key Type Measures Mathematical and computer sciences practice 7.339449541284403 4.8 Wetlands Environment/Natural resources/Water/Wetlands Retraining Labour/Employment/Employment training/Retraining JupyterGIS Wetland Classification Demo - ESA EOPF Human-in-the-loop machine learning workflow for wetland classification using Sentinel-2 data from ESA EOPF. 69.06906906906906 69.0 computer science 100.0 11.7 European Continent Education Education Computer programming and software data 15.443425076452598 10.1 Other Technology Case Study Engineering Sentinel-2 13.371266002844951 9.4 Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Data Format Land use planning Engineering (General) Teaching and learning Education/Teaching and learning Esa Eopf 15.07823613086771 10.6 Earth resources and remote sensing Distributed Computing none workflow 11.009174311926605 7.2 IPCC Esa Eopf wetland 7.339449541284403 4.8 wetland classification 29.006772009029344 25.7 research 7.798165137614677 5.1 Stakeholders note 13.608562691131498 8.9 Other Engineering Other Information and Computing Sciences No policy or regulation Information Systems Interdisciplinary Engineering Biodiversity: state of habitats and species category 13.30275229357798 8.7 Computer Software Engineering JupyterGIS Wetland Classification Demo 17.780938833570413 12.5 machine learning 14.22475106685633 10.0 Information and Computing Sciences research practice 20.428893905191874 18.1 data from Esa eopf 7.900677200902933 7.0 machine learning 14.984709480122325 9.8 Technology data 14.366998577524894 10.1 Computer systems none Earth observation https://annefou.github.io/jupytergis-showcases/lab/index.html?path=Wetland_Annotation.jGIS 2025-12-21 16:29:01.808092+00:00 2025-12-21 16:29:02.435279+00:00 Interactive map with expert annotations for model corrections text/html JupyterGIS Annotation Document 2025-12-21 16:29:01.808092+00:00 https://github.com/EOPF-Sample-Service/eopf-sample-notebooks 2025-12-21 16:28:57.399750+00:00 2025-12-21 16:28:58.038982+00:00 ESA Earth Observation Processing Framework for Sentinel-1, 2 and 3 data access EOPF Sample Service 2025-12-21 16:28:57.399750+00:00 https://github.com/annefou/jupytergis-showcases 2025-12-21 16:29:33.240998+00:00 2025-12-21 16:29:33.849049+00:00 Source repository for this demo GitHub Repository 2025-12-21 16:29:33.240998+00:00 https://github.com/geojupyter/jupytergis 2025-12-21 16:28:53.494405+00:00 2025-12-21 16:28:54.119033+00:00 Collaborative GIS environment for Jupyter - required to open .jGIS files JupyterGIS 2025-12-21 16:28:53.494405+00:00 Simula Research Laboratory annef@simula.no Anne Fouilloux 0000-0002-1784-2920 https://raw.githubusercontent.com/annefou/jupytergis-showcases/refs/heads/main/content/../requirements.txt 2025-12-21 16:28:55.442396+00:00 2025-12-21 16:28:56.067960+00:00 Conda environment specification with all Python dependencies text/plain Conda Environment 2025-12-21 16:28:55.442396+00:00 https://raw.githubusercontent.com/annefou/jupytergis-showcases/refs/heads/main/content/Wetland_ML_Demo_EOPF.ipynb 2025-12-21 16:28:59.461288+00:00 2025-12-21 16:29:00.096604+00:00 Main Jupyter notebook implementing the wetland classification workflow Wetland ML Demo Notebook 2025-12-21 16:28:59.461288+00:00 https://raw.githubusercontent.com/annefou/jupytergis-showcases/refs/heads/main/content/Wetland_ML_ROhub.ipynb 2025-12-21 16:41:18.541514+00:00 2025-12-21 16:41:19.390117+00:00 Jupyter notebook to create a RO-Crate in ROHub Wetland_ML_ROhub 2025-12-21 16:41:18.541514+00:00 https://raw.githubusercontent.com/annefou/jupytergis-showcases/refs/heads/main/content/wetland_outputs/corrections.geojson 2025-12-21 16:29:08.929182+00:00 2025-12-21 16:29:13.322705+00:00 Expert corrections extracted from JupyterGIS annotations Expert Corrections (GeoJSON) 2025-12-21 16:29:08.929182+00:00 https://raw.githubusercontent.com/annefou/jupytergis-showcases/refs/heads/main/content/wetland_outputs/sentinel2_rgb.tif 2025-12-21 16:29:04.078500+00:00 2025-12-21 16:54:53.937124+00:00 Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF - RGB composite from Sentinel-2 L2A image/tiff Sentinel-2 RGB Composite (COG) 2025-12-21 16:29:04.078500+00:00 https://raw.githubusercontent.com/annefou/jupytergis-showcases/refs/heads/main/content/wetland_outputs/wetland_model_v2.joblib 2025-12-21 16:29:27.413086+00:00 2025-12-21 16:29:31.950449+00:00 Serialized Random Forest model retrained with expert corrections Trained Model v2 (joblib) 2025-12-21 16:29:27.413086+00:00 https://raw.githubusercontent.com/annefou/jupytergis-showcases/refs/heads/main/content/wetland_outputs/wetland_prediction_v1.tif 2025-12-21 16:29:06.069310+00:00 2025-12-21 16:29:06.645893+00:00 Initial Random Forest classification - before expert corrections image/tiff Wetland Prediction v1 2025-12-21 16:29:06.069310+00:00 https://raw.githubusercontent.com/annefou/jupytergis-showcases/refs/heads/main/content/wetland_outputs/wetland_prediction_v2_corrected.tif 2025-12-21 16:29:16.556974+00:00 2025-12-21 16:29:23.003791+00:00 Improved classification after retraining with expert corrections image/tiff Wetland Prediction v2 (Corrected) 2025-12-21 16:29:16.556974+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/10dc322d-eedd-43ff-a4af-7adb6281cb6e/crate/download/ 2025-12-21 16:28:47.782517+00:00 2026-04-11 03:23:09.225173+00:00 2025-12-21 16:28:47.782517+00:00 Human-in-the-loop machine learning workflow for wetland classification using Sentinel-2 data from ESA EOPF. Demonstrates collaborative annotation using JupyterGIS, model retraining with expert corrections, and FAIR research practices. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/10dc322d-eedd-43ff-a4af-7adb6281cb6e JupyterGIS Wetland ML Classification Demo - ESA EOPF MANUAL Fouilloux, Anne. "JupyterGIS Wetland ML Classification Demo - ESA EOPF." ROHub. Dec 21 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/10dc322d-eedd-43ff-a4af-7adb6281cb6e. biblio tool input output Biodiversity Methodology IT-computer sciences Science and technology/Technology and engineering/IT-computer sciences machine learning workflow 29.345372460496613 26.0 computer science 100.0 11.7 machine learning 14.22475106685633 10.0 Psychology and Cognitive Sciences data 15.443425076452598 10.1 none Computer Software Engineering (General) Other Physical Sciences Other Mathematical Sciences Wetlands Environment/Natural resources/Water/Wetlands Other History and Archaeology Other Commerce, Management, Tourism and Services Other Engineering JupyterGIS Wetland ML Classification Demo - ESA EOPF Human-in-the-loop machine learning workflow for wetland classification using Sentinel-2 data from ESA EOPF. 69.06906906906906 69.0 research 7.798165137614677 5.1 Other Technology JupyterGIS Wetland ML Classification Demo 17.780938833570413 12.5 Engineering Other Language, Literature and Culture Sentinel-2 13.371266002844951 9.4 Medical and Health Sciences Other Philosophy and Religious Studies Distributed Computing Institutional: Government policies and programs European Continent Other Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences Information and Computing Sciences Technology Education Other Studies in Human Society Other Studies in Creative Arts and Writing Other Medical and Health Sciences Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences Studies in Creative Arts and Writing Mathematical Sciences wetland classification 29.006772009029344 25.7 Preparing the ground wetland 7.339449541284403 4.8 Biodiversity: state of habitats and species Other Psychology and Cognitive Sciences collaborative annotation 13.31828442437923 11.8 Commerce, Management, Tourism and Services classification 12.091038406827881 8.5 Physical Sciences History and Archaeology Teaching and learning Education/Teaching and learning Stakeholders Knowledge Sector (EEA) Key Type Measures Law and Legal Studies Mathematical Physics Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Physical and Technological Geographical Scope Academic/ Institutional Data Format Artifical Intelligence and Image Processing Case Study annotation 13.086770981507822 9.2 Environmental Science and Management machine learning 14.984709480122325 9.8 Earth resources and remote sensing Philosophy and Religious Studies Geosciences (General) Geosciences Computer systems Astronomical and Space Sciences Computation Theory and Mathematics Studies in Human Society Other Information and Computing Sciences Policy Scale Funding Other Education Retraining Labour/Employment/Employment training/Retraining Demonstrates collaborative annotation using JupyterGIS, model retraining with expert corrections, and FAIR research practices. 30.93093093093093 30.9 note 13.608562691131498 8.9 research practice 20.428893905191874 18.1 data from Esa eopf 7.900677200902933 7.0 User Needs (RAST) Mathematical and computer sciences (general) Other Environmental Sciences Environmental Sciences Esa Eopf workflow 11.009174311926605 7.2 Built Environment and Design Other Law and Legal Studies Computer programming and software Engineering Mathematical and computer sciences IPCC practice 7.339449541284403 4.8 Other Built Environment and Design correction 9.174311926605505 6.0 Economics data 14.366998577524894 10.1 Language, Communication and Culture category 13.30275229357798 8.7 Esa Eopf 15.07823613086771 10.6 Climate Hazard Education Education Academia/ Research Institutions No policy or regulation Other Economics Information Systems JupyterGIS Wetland ML Classification Demo Life sciences https://asreview.nl/ 2025-12-27 20:18:46.006779+00:00 2025-12-27 20:18:46.748331+00:00 AI-assisted systematic review screening tool ASReview LAB v2.2 2025-12-27 20:18:46.006779+00:00 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71 2025-12-29 13:49:18.378333+00:00 2025-12-29 13:49:19.090463+00:00 The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, published in 2009, was designed to help systematic reviewers transparently report why the review was done, what the authors did, and what they found. Over the past decade, advances in systematic review methodology and terminology have necessitated an update to the guideline. The PRISMA 2020 statement replaces the 2009 statement and includes new reporting guidance that reflects advances in methods to identify, select, appraise, and synthesise studies. The structure and presentation of the items have been modified to facilitate implementation. In this article, we present the PRISMA 2020 27-item checklist, an expanded checklist that details reporting recommendations for each item, the PRISMA 2020 abstract checklist, and the revised flow diagrams for original and updated reviews. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews 2025-12-29 13:49:18.378333+00:00 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18070377 2025-12-27 20:19:29.530182+00:00 2025-12-29 20:35:05.913407+00:00 Complete dataset including search results, ASReview project, screening decisions, and nanopub URIs. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18070378 Systematic Review Dataset - Zenodo 2025-12-27 20:19:29.530182+00:00 https://github.com/FAIR2Adapt/systematic-review-pipeline 2025-12-27 20:19:30.824807+00:00 2025-12-27 20:23:11.216634+00:00 Source code repository containing all Jupyter notebooks, configuration templates, and documentation Systematic Review Pipeline - GitHub Repository 2025-12-27 20:19:30.824807+00:00 https://github.com/FAIR2Adapt/systematic-review-pipeline/blob/main/inputs/quantum-biodiversity/pico-quantum-biodiversity.json 2025-12-27 20:18:17.913600+00:00 2025-12-28 15:54:46.796468+00:00 JSON configuration for quantum computing + biodiversity PICO question application/json PICO Configuration 2025-12-27 20:18:17.913600+00:00 https://github.com/FAIR2Adapt/systematic-review-pipeline/blob/main/inputs/quantum-biodiversity/search-execution-quantum-biodiversity.json 2025-12-27 20:18:33.107854+00:00 2025-12-28 15:56:06.224813+00:00 JSON configuration with API endpoints and result counts application/json Search Execution Configuration 2025-12-27 20:18:33.107854+00:00 https://github.com/FAIR2Adapt/systematic-review-pipeline/blob/main/inputs/quantum-biodiversity/search-strategy-quantum-biodiversity.json 2025-12-27 20:18:24.605191+00:00 2025-12-28 15:55:16.275118+00:00 JSON configuration with search terms, databases, and date ranges application/json Search Strategy Configuration 2025-12-27 20:18:24.605191+00:00 https://github.com/FAIR2Adapt/systematic-review-pipeline/blob/main/inputs/quantum-biodiversity/study-assessment-quantum-biodiversity.json 2025-12-27 20:18:54.656235+00:00 2025-12-30 09:17:31.394335+00:00 JSON with study characteristics and quality assessment application/json Study Assessment Configuration 2025-12-27 20:18:54.656235+00:00 https://github.com/FAIR2Adapt/systematic-review-pipeline/blob/main/notebooks/asreview-to-nanopub.ipynb 2025-12-27 20:18:39.646664+00:00 2025-12-28 15:56:38.085081+00:00 Extracts screening decisions from ASReview project file ASReview Export to Nanopub 2025-12-27 20:18:39.646664+00:00 https://github.com/FAIR2Adapt/systematic-review-pipeline/blob/main/notebooks/database-search-nanopubs.ipynb 2025-12-29 19:42:12.362288+00:00 2025-12-29 19:42:13.080219+00:00 Create of a nanopublication for storing the results of a bibliography search. A nanopublication is created for each database search. PRISMA Database Search Nanopublications 2025-12-29 19:42:12.362288+00:00 https://github.com/FAIR2Adapt/systematic-review-pipeline/blob/main/notebooks/pico-nanopub-from-json.ipynb 2025-12-27 20:18:15.715938+00:00 2025-12-28 15:54:20.949348+00:00 Generates PICO research question nanopublication from JSON config PICO Nanopub Generator 2025-12-27 20:18:15.715938+00:00 https://github.com/FAIR2Adapt/systematic-review-pipeline/blob/main/notebooks/search-execution-api-queries.ipynb 2025-12-27 20:18:28.872086+00:00 2025-12-28 15:55:33.585290+00:00 Queries OpenAlex, arXiv, PubMed, Europe PMC, Semantic Scholar APIs Search Execution - API Queries 2025-12-27 20:18:28.872086+00:00 https://github.com/FAIR2Adapt/systematic-review-pipeline/blob/main/notebooks/search-execution-nanopub-from-json.ipynb 2025-12-27 20:18:30.964263+00:00 2025-12-28 15:55:54.942706+00:00 Generates search execution dataset nanopublication Search Execution Nanopub Generator 2025-12-27 20:18:30.964263+00:00 https://github.com/FAIR2Adapt/systematic-review-pipeline/blob/main/notebooks/search-strategy-nanopub-from-json.ipynb 2025-12-27 20:18:22.497310+00:00 2025-12-28 15:55:06.338250+00:00 Generates search strategy nanopublication with Boolean queries Search Strategy Nanopub Generator 2025-12-27 20:18:22.497310+00:00 https://github.com/FAIR2Adapt/systematic-review-pipeline/blob/main/notebooks/study-assessment-nanopub-from-json.ipynb 2025-12-27 20:18:52.499249+00:00 2025-12-30 09:17:07.137288+00:00 Generates study assessment dataset nanopublication Study Assessment Nanopub Generator 2025-12-27 20:18:52.499249+00:00 https://github.com/FAIR2Adapt/systematic-review-pipeline/blob/main/notebooks/study-inclusion-nanopub-asreview.ipynb 2025-12-27 20:18:48.208829+00:00 2025-12-28 15:57:18.333484+00:00 Generates individual nanopubs for each included/excluded study Study Inclusion Nanopub Generator 2025-12-27 20:18:48.208829+00:00 https://github.com/FAIR2Adapt/systematic-review-pipeline/blob/main/requirements.txt 2025-12-27 20:19:32.004249+00:00 2025-12-27 20:23:28.849828+00:00 Python package dependencies: pandas, numpy, requests, rdflib, nanopub, asreview, jupyter text/plain requirements.txt 2025-12-27 20:19:32.004249+00:00 Simula Research Laboratory annef@simula.no Anne Fouilloux 0000-0002-1784-2920 https://raw.githubusercontent.com/FAIR2Adapt/systematic-review-pipeline/refs/heads/main/Quantum-and-Biodiversity-Perplexity.png 2025-12-29 15:46:22.541340+00:00 2025-12-29 15:57:44.661899+00:00 Illustration of Quantum Computingfor Biodiversity. This illustration was generated by Perplexity.ai on 29th December 2025. image/png ai-generated Quantum Computing applied to Biodiversity 2025-12-29 15:46:22.541340+00:00 04c04g438 LifeWatch ERIC https://w3id.org/np/RAJW9kn9Syx7y_1Okl4HPwqUlUssxi0daadJNM1AT8-PU 2025-12-27 20:18:26.730521+00:00 2025-12-27 20:18:27.450626+00:00 Published nanopub documenting the search strategy Search Strategy Nanopublication 2025-12-27 20:18:26.730521+00:00 https://w3id.org/np/RASr_5SP0NhXfz43auGCrxon4_kUUj0AfA56gW13Yfqak 2025-12-27 20:18:20.280170+00:00 2025-12-29 15:49:50.022727+00:00 Published nanopub defining the research question PICO Nanopublication 2025-12-27 20:18:20.280170+00:00 https://w3id.org/np/RAhFlAUVte1zioZDIBXyg6GdSziwLxgqwxPkDi7v110WU 2025-12-27 20:18:35.263368+00:00 2025-12-29 19:14:15.467721+00:00 Published nanopub with search execution metadata Search Execution Nanopublication 2025-12-27 20:18:35.263368+00:00 https://w3id.org/np/RAlN5rGFTlXawYWAMdSDMm2SfTh8mfsN9Jhx-Oh7yXR-4 2025-12-27 20:18:56.771035+00:00 2025-12-30 09:25:09.003318+00:00 Published nanopub with aggregated study characteristics Study Assessment Nanopublication 2025-12-27 20:18:56.771035+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/b6e01d7a-9f25-4b37-82df-32ef2e7171e3/crate/download/ 2025-12-27 20:03:25.858398+00:00 2026-01-26 10:09:47.582777+00:00 2025-12-27 20:03:25.858398+00:00 A PRISMA-compliant scoping review investigating applications of quantum computing in biodiversity and ecological research. This Research Object contains the complete reproducible workflow from research question to study assessment, implemented as a pipeline of Jupyter notebooks with nanopublication outputs for transparent, machine-readable documentation. Screening: 1,649 records → 569 screened → 283 included → 238 nanopubs published. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/b6e01d7a-9f25-4b37-82df-32ef2e7171e3 ASReview PRISMA active learning biodiversity nanopublications quantum computing reproducible research scoping review systematic review Research Question Quantum Computing Applications in Biodiversity Research - Scoping Review MANUAL Fouilloux, Anne. "Quantum Computing Applications in Biodiversity Research - Scoping Review." ROHub. Dec 27 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/b6e01d7a-9f25-4b37-82df-32ef2e7171e3. API queries and search result aggregation 3-search-execution biblio Search strategy with Boolean operators and database selection 2-search-strategy AI-assisted screening with ASReview LAB 4-screening Study characteristics and quality assessment 5b-study-assessment Included/excluded study nanopublications 5a-study-inclusion PICO framework research question definition 1-pico-research-question https://zenodo.org/records/18070378/files/included_studies.csv 2025-12-27 20:18:37.421635+00:00 2025-12-27 20:18:38.184563+00:00 Aggregated search results from all databases text/csv Search Results CSV 2025-12-27 20:18:37.421635+00:00 https://zenodo.org/records/18070378/files/search_results_combined.asreview 2025-12-27 20:18:41.777731+00:00 2025-12-27 20:18:42.474928+00:00 ASReview LAB project with screening decisions ASReview Project File 2025-12-27 20:18:41.777731+00:00 https://zenodo.org/records/18070378/files/study_inclusion.json 2025-12-27 20:18:43.877924+00:00 2025-12-27 20:18:44.598993+00:00 Extracted inclusion/exclusion decisions with reasons application/json Screening Decisions JSON 2025-12-27 20:18:43.877924+00:00 https://zenodo.org/records/18070686/files/published_uris_updated.json 2025-12-27 20:18:50.315296+00:00 2025-12-29 20:38:18.771481+00:00 Index of all published study inclusion nanopublications application/json Published Nanopub URIs (238 studies) 2025-12-27 20:18:50.315296+00:00 Earth sciences https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15313672 2025-12-31 10:57:48.638315+00:00 2025-12-31 10:57:49.356851+00:00 This is the version of the corpus used in the paper. Corpus 2025-12-31 10:57:48.638315+00:00 https://github.com/ArvinRastegar/i-adopt-llm-based-service 2025-12-31 10:59:01.841725+00:00 2025-12-31 10:59:02.523867+00:00 This repository contains the source code used to run the experiments and the results obtained. Source code repository for evaluation 2025-12-31 10:59:01.841725+00:00 https://github.com/i-adopt/Corpus/ 2025-12-31 10:54:57.270901+00:00 2025-12-31 10:56:56.694242+00:00 In this repository you can find the TTL files of the corpus. Corpus repository 2025-12-31 10:54:57.270901+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/52654482-5442-45ea-a4b7-80a9af510c0b/crate/download/ 2025-12-31 10:52:28.470807+00:00 2026-04-11 03:01:43.580973+00:00 2025-12-31 10:52:28.470807+00:00 This Research Objects contains the supplementary material of the paper "From Scientific Variables to Knowledge Graphs: The I-ADOPT Benchmark" sent to the Semantic Web Journal. This paper presents the I-ADOPT benchmark, an expert annotated corpus and task designed to measure the performance of LLMs in the different stages of automatically creating a machine readable scientific variable. Our corpus includes more than 100 scientific variables as structured knowledge graphs You can find in the Research Object the corpus, as well as the source code needed to execute the experiments, and the results of them. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/52654482-5442-45ea-a4b7-80a9af510c0b I-ADOPT LLM corpus scientific variables From Scientific Variables to Knowledge Graphs: The I-ADOPT Benchmark MANUAL GONZALEZ GUARDIA, ESTEBAN. "From Scientific Variables to Knowledge Graphs: The I-ADOPT Benchmark." ROHub. Dec 31 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/52654482-5442-45ea-a4b7-80a9af510c0b. Key Type Measures No policy or regulation Distributed Computing research 8.630952380952381 5.8 Computer systems Climate Hazard benchmark 10.21897810218978 8.4 Engineering (General) Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors graph 17.857142857142858 12.0 Methodology Numerical analysis Academic/ Institutional source code 6.32603406326034 5.2 none Systemic Literature Review Information and Computing Sciences Preparing the ground research object 15.282791817087844 12.7 Knowledge Sector (EEA) European Continent I-ADOPT corpus 8.090024330900244 6.65 newspaper publisher 4.5012165450121655 3.7 variable 17.410714285714285 11.7 I-ADOPT 22.023809523809522 14.8 This paper presents the I-ADOPT benchmark, an expert annotated corpus and task designed to measure the performance of LLMs in the different stages of automatically creating a machine readable scientific variable. 41.458106637649614 38.1 Data Format knowledge 8.333333333333332 5.6 Information Systems Engineering Theoretical mathematics expert annotated corpus 7.099879663056558 5.9 corpus 12.797619047619047 8.6 variable 14.233576642335766 11.7 Social and information sciences none Academia/ Research Institutions research 6.934306569343065 5.7 material of the paper 6.257521058965102 5.2 Documentation and information science Other Mathematical Sciences task 5.231143552311435 4.3 Computer Software aim 5.839416058394161 4.8 IT-computer sciences Science and technology/Technology and engineering/IT-computer sciences linguistics 100.0 8.8 Mathematical Sciences none Our corpus includes more than 100 scientific variables as structured knowledge graphs 15.88683351468988 14.6 Geographical Scope I-ADOPT benchmark 44.4043321299639 36.9 knowledge 7.177615571776156 5.9 Computer programming and software Funding Statistics and probability Stakeholders User Needs (RAST) Science and technology Science and technology Physical and Technological none material 4.257907542579075 3.5 Policy Scale knowledge graph 26.955475330926593 22.4 Mathematical and computer sciences (general) benchmark 12.94642857142857 8.7 Mathematical and computer sciences experiment 4.622871046228711 3.8 IPCC From Scientific Variables to Knowledge Graphs: The I-ADOPT Benchmark This Research Objects contains the supplementary material of the paper "From Scientific Variables to Knowledge Graphs: The I-ADOPT Benchmark" sent to the Semantic Web Journal. 42.6550598476605 39.2 graph 14.476885644768856 11.9 Systems analysis and operations research Computation Theory and Mathematics esteban.gonzalez@upm.es ESTEBAN GONZALEZ GUARDIA Historical geography 1cb12e51-a719-48ce-aef8-c82dd4eb52c5 POINT (20.997070278972387 52.23520112180287) 20.997070278972387 52.23520112180287 POINT (20.997070278972387 52.23520112180287) 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/e9de4f85-969b-411f-993b-bbb9178b37a9/crate/download/ 2026-01-15 00:33:56.004323+00:00 2026-04-11 02:35:46.162204+00:00 2026-01-15 00:33:56.004323+00:00 Kino radzieckie lat dwudziestych XX wieku stanowi jeden z najbardziej wyrazistych przykładów instrumentalizacji filmu jako narzędzia ideologicznego. W młodym państwie bolszewickim kinematografia nie była wyłącznie dziedziną sztuki, lecz elementem projektu politycznego – środkiem edukacji mas, narzędziem legitymizacji władzy oraz budowania nowej, rewolucyjnej mitologii. Jednym z najbardziej znanych i wpływowych filmów tego okresu jest Pancernik Potiomkin (1925) w reżyserii Siergieja Michajłowicza Eisensteina. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/e9de4f85-969b-411f-993b-bbb9178b37a9 Document Esej "Historia i władza w „Pancerniku Potiomkinie” Siergieja Eisensteina" MANUAL W, Monika. "Esej "Historia i władza w „Pancerniku Potiomkinie” Siergieja Eisensteina"." ROHub. Jan 15 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/e9de4f85-969b-411f-993b-bbb9178b37a9. POINT (20.997070278972387 52.23520112180287) Physics Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based Individuals or citizens Physical Sciences Astronautics User Needs (RAST) Astronautics (General) none Mathematical Sciences Policy Scale Space sciences (General) Quantum Physics Key Type Measures Portugal Astronomy Geographical Scope Physics (General) Systemic Literature Review Physical and Technological Mathematical Physics IPCC Climate Hazard Local policy Knowledge Sector (EEA) Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Stakeholders Chemical Sciences Identification of risks Funding Space sciences none Other Physical Sciences Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Aerospace medicine Life sciences Climate change mitigation: reducing emissions Not reported/ Unknown Methodology Monika Wójcikiewicz Meteorology Applied sciences Ecology https://aqicn.org/map/warsaw/pl/ 2026-01-15 09:56:50.534689+00:00 2026-01-15 10:04:04.245960+00:00 Zanieczyszczenie powietrza w Warszawa Mapa wizualna jakości powietrza w czasie rzeczywistym. Zanieczyszczenie powietrza w Warszawa Mapa wizualna jakości powietrza w czasie rzeczywistym. 2026-01-15 09:56:50.534689+00:00 https://iot.warszawa.pl/ 2026-01-15 10:02:54.788955+00:00 2026-01-15 10:03:23.971993+00:00 Indeks Jakości Powietrza Sprawdź poziom jakości powietrza w swojej okolicy. Wskaż na mapie stację pomiarową, przejrzyj aktualne informacje o poziomie stężenia zanieczyszczeń i zapoznaj się z zaleceniami dotyczącymi ochrony Twojego zdrowia. Warszawska Platforma IoT 2026-01-15 10:02:54.788955+00:00 21.007713326253 52.234864715699715 POINT (21.007713326253 52.234864715699715) 912ad5e5-ed9f-46f5-b4d8-491bd4113270 POINT (21.007713326253 52.234864715699715) 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/d006ed2d-2fa9-438d-b830-a7d4aef81469/crate/download/ 2026-01-15 09:36:30.138049+00:00 2026-04-11 03:22:17.313678+00:00 2026-01-15 09:36:30.138049+00:00 Projekt analizuje jakość powietrza w Warszawie, koncentrując się na wartości stężeń pyłów zawieszonych PM2.5 i PM10 oraz ich wpływie na zdrowie ludzi. W ramach projektu gromadzone są raporty i dane pomiarowe z lokalnych narzędzi monitoringu, a następnie są one porównywane z normami Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia (WHO). Badanie uwzględnia różne dni, pory dnia i miejsca pomiarów na terenie całego miasta Warszawy oraz identyfikuje możliwe przyczyny i skutki przekroczenia dopuszczalnych poziomów zanieczyszczeń. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/d006ed2d-2fa9-438d-b830-a7d4aef81469 Air Quality Environment Monitoring PM10 PM2.5 Warsaw Dataset Jakość powietrza w Warszawie — analiza stężeń PM2.5 i PM10 oraz ich przekroczeń MANUAL Janek Gębicki Gębicki, Janek, and Janek Gębicki. "Jakość powietrza w Warszawie — analiza stężeń PM2.5 i PM10 oraz ich przekroczeń." ROHub. Jan 15 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/d006ed2d-2fa9-438d-b830-a7d4aef81469. POINT (21.007713326253 52.234864715699715) biblio data raw data metadata 6205 https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/25295fee-4813-4aaf-ac4b-fb60c693f3a6/download/ 2026-01-15 10:08:30.311996+00:00 2026-01-15 10:08:32.429209+00:00 Dane symulowane, wygenerowane na potrzeby projektu edukacyjnego. Nie przedstawiają rzeczywistych pomiarów, ale odzwierciedlają realistyczne trendy sezonowe i dobowe jakości powietrza w Warszawie. application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet Jakość powietrza Warszawa - dane 2026-01-15 10:08:30.311996+00:00 364153 https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/28481e37-3b7d-463e-aa51-da710e432904/download/ 2026-01-15 09:50:01.944724+00:00 2026-01-15 09:50:04.071778+00:00 Ocena jakości powietrza jest bardzo złożonym zagadnieniem, na które wpływa bardzo wiele czynników natury środowiskowej jak i antropogenicznej. Aby określić czy, a jeśli tak to, w jaki sposób pandemia przełożyła się na jakość powietrza w Warszawie, należy wyodrębnić główne czynniki, które przyczyniają się do zmian poziomu zanieczyszczenia powietrza. application/pdf Air Quality PM2.5 Jakość powietrza - raport COVIDOVY 2026-01-15 09:50:01.944724+00:00 36906127 https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/98fe4e3c-4b90-4e25-9752-c314a6cb3938/download/ 2026-01-15 09:51:41.659860+00:00 2026-01-15 09:51:44.977381+00:00 Celem niniejszego raportu jest prezentacja danych z pomiarów stężenia pyłu zawieszonego PM2,5 zebranych w ramach projektu Poszukiwacze Powietrza, zainicjowanego przez Warszawski Alarm Smogowy przy udziale Partnerów w 2019 r. Jego celem jest upowszechnianie wiedzy o skali i źródłach zanieczyszczenia powietrza w Warszawie dzięki rozbudowie sieci obywatelskich czujników smogu Sensor Community (S.C.). Czujniki dokonują pomiarów stężenia pyłu zawieszonego odpowiednio o średnicy nie większej niż 10 i 2,5 mm. Zebrane dane są publicznie dostępne, pozwalając na lepsze zrozumienie problemu zanieczyszczenia powietrza. application/pdf Air Quality PM10 PM2.5 ANALIZA ZANIECZYSZCZENIA POWIETRZA PYŁEM ZAWIESZONYM PM2,5 W WARSZAWIE Z WYKORZYSTANIEM SIECI OBYWATELSKICH CZUJNIKÓW SMOGU 2026-01-15 09:51:41.659860+00:00 43507 https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/e3dd7d26-f36f-4a82-b4f0-f8d1f081502c/download/ 2026-01-15 09:45:53.134501+00:00 2026-01-15 10:04:13.680897+00:00 image/jpeg zanieczyszczenie.jpg 2026-01-15 09:45:53.134501+00:00 Key Type Measures Aerospace medicine Space sciences (General) Geographical Scope Identification of risks Climate Hazard Not reported/ Unknown Astronomy none Physical Sciences Methodology Funding Life sciences Physical and Technological Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Astronautics User Needs (RAST) Stakeholders Physics Mathematical Sciences Systemic Literature Review Portugal Quantum Physics Astronautics (General) Physics (General) none IPCC Local policy Mathematical Physics Policy Scale Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based Knowledge Sector (EEA) Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Individuals or citizens Chemical Sciences Space sciences Other Physical Sciences Climate change mitigation: reducing emissions j.gebicki@student.uw.edu.pl Janek Gębicki Applied sciences Social sciences uw@edu.pl 111111111 Uniwersytet Warszawski 21.019707014456873 52.24116383984816 POINT (21.019707014456873 52.24116383984816) 7fd3288a-63dc-4653-8eef-09f09ec4607e POINT (21.019707014456873 52.24116383984816) 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/49a44dd4-efc3-45a0-8dd3-790081990133/crate/download/ 2026-01-15 12:53:40.702912+00:00 2026-04-11 09:59:15.083441+00:00 2026-01-15 12:53:40.702912+00:00 Badanie analizuje, w jaki sposób wykorzystanie cyfrowych narzędzi do zarządzania informacją (takich jak repozytoria danych, systemy notatek i platformy współpracy online) wpływa na efektywność pracy zespołów badawczych w środowisku akademickim. W ramach projektu przeprowadzono analizę porównawczą zespołów korzystających z różnych modeli organizacji wiedzy, z uwzględnieniem takich czynników jak czas realizacji projektów, jakość dokumentacji oraz subiektywna ocena obciążenia poznawczego badaczy. Celem badania jest identyfikacja dobrych praktyk wspierających procesy badawcze w warunkach rosnącej ilości informacji. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/49a44dd4-efc3-45a0-8dd3-790081990133 narzędzia cyfrowe organizacja informacji zarządzanie wiedzą Hypothesis Wpływ cyfrowych narzędzi organizacji wiedzy na efektywność pracy badawczej zespołów akademickich MANUAL student I, J, and Agata Połatyńska. "Wpływ cyfrowych narzędzi organizacji wiedzy na efektywność pracy badawczej zespołów akademickich." ROHub. Jan 15 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/49a44dd4-efc3-45a0-8dd3-790081990133. POINT (21.019707014456873 52.24116383984816) ddd 1099582 https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/2c338402-4d50-4ef4-921c-2a1d9303391a/download/ 2026-01-15 13:17:11.072437+00:00 2026-01-15 13:17:11.919072+00:00 image/png sustainability-17-07823-g001.png 2026-01-15 13:17:11.072437+00:00 33001 https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/41f43e61-4c4d-4427-85be-fbd3df9fc3b9/download/ 2026-02-14 01:07:36.917025+00:00 2026-02-14 01:07:38.055018+00:00 image/png Crystal_Project_Atlantik.png 2026-02-14 01:07:36.917025+00:00 153 https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/beaad2c4-c479-485d-b123-cf6fc5146bfe/download/ 2026-01-15 13:22:56.497659+00:00 2026-01-15 13:22:58.753316+00:00 lorem ipsum text/plain Opis badania 2026-01-15 13:22:56.497659+00:00 IPCC Astronautics User Needs (RAST) Key Type Measures Policy Scale Systemic Literature Review Aerospace medicine Astronautics (General) Physical and Technological Climate change mitigation: reducing emissions Climate Hazard Physics (General) none Not reported/ Unknown Individuals or citizens Physics Quantum Physics Physical Sciences Stakeholders Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based Chemical Sciences Local policy Life sciences Space sciences Portugal Space sciences (General) Mathematical Sciences Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Other Physical Sciences Knowledge Sector (EEA) Mathematical Physics none Geographical Scope Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Funding Astronomy Methodology Identification of risks a.polatynsk2@student.uw.edu.pl Agata Połatyńska j.iwicka@student.uw.edu.pl Joanna Iwicka Applied sciences Social sciences POINT (21.019707014456873 52.24116383984816) uw@edu.pl 111111111 Uniwersytet Warszawski 815d63ec-d9fd-4c80-b574-062ad537e465 POINT (21.019707014456873 52.24116383984816) POINT (21.019707014456873 52.24116383984816) 21.019707014456873 52.24116383984816 POINT (21.019707014456873 52.24116383984816) e859e521-c01f-445d-a496-eea7e9c352f1 POINT (21.019707014456873 52.24116383984816) 1126898 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/7c0fe5d9-6901-411b-b377-c8516f42058e/crate/download/ 2026-01-15 12:53:40.702912+00:00 2026-04-11 09:59:25.033637+00:00 2026-01-15 12:53:40.702912+00:00 Badanie analizuje, w jaki sposób wykorzystanie cyfrowych narzędzi do zarządzania informacją (takich jak repozytoria danych, systemy notatek i platformy współpracy online) wpływa na efektywność pracy zespołów badawczych w środowisku akademickim. W ramach projektu przeprowadzono analizę porównawczą zespołów korzystających z różnych modeli organizacji wiedzy, z uwzględnieniem takich czynników jak czas realizacji projektów, jakość dokumentacji oraz subiektywna ocena obciążenia poznawczego badaczy. Celem badania jest identyfikacja dobrych praktyk wspierających procesy badawcze w warunkach rosnącej ilości informacji. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/7c0fe5d9-6901-411b-b377-c8516f42058e narzędzia cyfrowe organizacja informacji Hypothesis Wpływ cyfrowych narzędzi organizacji wiedzy na efektywność pracy badawczej zespołów akademickich MANUAL student I, J, and Agata Połatyńska. "Wpływ cyfrowych narzędzi organizacji wiedzy na efektywność pracy badawczej zespołów akademickich." ROHub. Jan 15 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/7c0fe5d9-6901-411b-b377-c8516f42058e. ddd 153 https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/177216b1-4df6-44bb-a4d1-8cacf0801105/download/ 2026-01-15 13:22:56.497659+00:00 2026-02-14 01:40:32.554610+00:00 lorem ipsum text/plain Opis badania 2026-01-15 13:22:56.497659+00:00 33001 https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/766f82ce-c5b9-4e20-b582-c431d0c7841e/download/ 2026-02-14 01:07:36.917025+00:00 2026-02-14 01:40:33.033725+00:00 image/png Crystal_Project_Atlantik.png 2026-02-14 01:07:36.917025+00:00 1099582 https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/abd4263f-566e-4982-bd99-1ac487f2033c/download/ 2026-01-15 13:17:11.072437+00:00 2026-02-14 01:40:32.180624+00:00 image/png sustainability-17-07823-g001.png 2026-01-15 13:17:11.072437+00:00 Systemic Literature Review Aerospace medicine Other Physical Sciences Funding Not reported/ Unknown Space sciences Portugal IPCC Physics Key Type Measures Mathematical Physics Individuals or citizens Policy Scale Astronautics Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Local policy Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based Stakeholders Physical and Technological User Needs (RAST) Astronomy Climate change mitigation: reducing emissions Physical Sciences Geographical Scope Climate Hazard none Life sciences Chemical Sciences Methodology Knowledge Sector (EEA) Space sciences (General) Astronautics (General) Identification of risks Mathematical Sciences Physics (General) Quantum Physics none Theoretical and Computational Chemistry a.polatynsk2@student.uw.edu.pl Agata Połatyńska j.iwicka@student.uw.edu.pl J I Joanna Iwicka Environmental research Góral Dariusz Dariusz Góral RepOD datacite Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Lublinie https://doi.org/10.18150/KKG1CN 2026-05-06 10:55:50.653097+00:00 2026-05-06 10:55:52.631543+00:00 The samples were examined using a transmission electron microscope (Zeiss LIBRA, Oberkochen, Germany). The examinations were conducted on Formvar-coated grids at an accelerating voltage of 80 kV and a magnification of 50,000×. Obrazy z transmisyjnego mikroskopu elektronowego (TEM) nanocząstek NiFe₂O₄ otrzymywanych metodą zielonej syntezy 2026-05-06 10:55:50.653097+00:00 Góral Dariusz Dariusz Góral Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Lublinie 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/ea792c69-9037-4d06-84a8-6fded7356e12/crate/download/ 2026-02-25 14:28:09.653062+00:00 2026-05-06 14:13:26.439990+00:00 2026-02-25 14:28:09.653062+00:00 This Research Object aggregates the research resources related to sea surface observations application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/ea792c69-9037-4d06-84a8-6fded7356e12 Arctic Radioisotopes - Sea surface observations MANUAL Palma, Raul. "Arctic Radioisotopes - Sea surface observations." ROHub. Feb 25 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/ea792c69-9037-4d06-84a8-6fded7356e12. 1 degree 2010/2018 JRAOC20TRNRPv2 812165 https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/56dfa02d-4a58-4a78-8e8f-77e7c7e2cabd/download/ 2026-03-19 10:13:57.954583+00:00 2026-03-19 10:13:59.868037+00:00 application/pdf wiad-1183742-Zaproszenie_na_spektakl_muzyczny_o_Janie_Nowaku-Jezioranskim.pdf 2026-03-19 10:13:57.954583+00:00 Earth Sea surface salinity (SSS) Sea surface temperature (SST) Arctic radioisotope 10.030090270812437 10.0 Methodology Marine and fisheries Funding Arctic Radioisotopes - Sea surface observations This Research Object aggregates the research resources related to sea surface observations 100.0 100.0 Research Object surface 20.585267406659938 20.4 research resource 21.865596790371114 21.8 Stakeholders Oceanography radioisotope 12.108980827447024 12.0 Key Type Measures resource 12.083847102342787 9.8 Academia/ Research Institutions Earth Sciences aggregate the research 4.513540621865596 4.5 Geographical Scope radioisotope 14.180024660912451 11.5 Seas and coasts surface 25.893958076448826 21.0 surface observation 4.212637913741224 4.2 none Atomic, Molecular, Nuclear, Particle and Plasma Physics none Data on climate Knowledge Sector (EEA) IPCC Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Climate Hazard sea surface observation 59.37813440320963 59.2 Nuclear accident and incident Disaster, accident and emergency incident/Accident and emergency incident/Explosion accident and incident/Industrial accident and incident/Nuclear accident and incident sea 18.163471241170537 18.0 Geosciences (General) none Physical and Technological research 18.002466091245374 14.6 Geosciences Research Object 19.87891019172553 19.7 observation 4.540867810292634 4.5 observation 7.274969173859432 5.9 Oceanography research 14.732593340060546 14.6 none sea 22.56473489519112 18.3 resource 9.989909182643794 9.9 none Policy Scale Physical Sciences Other Earth Sciences User Needs (RAST) none Raul Palma Environmental research 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/82e51b26-cc4e-4271-9bb0-5881ae8d7c73/crate/download/ 2026-03-18 11:28:47.536714+00:00 2026-04-11 01:30:21.150444+00:00 2026-03-18 11:28:47.536714+00:00 Climatic database about Portugal, Madeira and Azores. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/82e51b26-cc4e-4271-9bb0-5881ae8d7c73 Climatic database about Portugal MANUAL Pantazi, Despina. "Climatic database about Portugal." ROHub. Mar 18 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/82e51b26-cc4e-4271-9bb0-5881ae8d7c73. http://rna2100.portaldoclima.pt/pt/ RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP8.5 Azores Madeira Minimum air temperature Maximum air temperature Mean air temperature Number of heatwave days Number of tropical nights Thermic amplitudes Geosciences Madeira Policy Scale database 30.27806385169928 29.4 Knowledge Sector (EEA) Stakeholders Weather Weather Earth Sciences Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors none Funding Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation Portugal 31.513903192584966 30.6 Azores User Needs (RAST) Physical and Technological Methodology Azores 19.567456230690013 19.0 Meteorology Science and technology/Natural science/Meteorology Geosciences (General) IT-computer sciences Science and technology/Technology and engineering/IT-computer sciences climatic database about Portugal 0.9009009009009008 0.9 Portugal Systemic Literature Review Madeira 18.12564366632338 17.6 Data on climate Geographical Scope Climatology National policy Azores 19.979402677651905 19.4 database about Portugal 35.93593593593594 35.9 Madeira 18.022657054582904 17.5 Oceanography IPCC database 30.48403707518023 29.6 Portugal Other Earth Sciences Climatic database about Portugal Climatic database about Portugal, Madeira and Azores. 100.0 100.0 Key Type Measures Meteorology and climatology Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based Government/ Public Sector Climate Hazard climatic database 63.16316316316316 63.1 Portugal 32.02883625128734 31.1 EU Despina Pantazi Earth sciences Climatology https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19112545 2026-03-20 13:30:17.698601+00:00 2026-03-20 13:30:20.023982+00:00 Floodlevels in increments of 10 cm ranging from 30 cm to 100cm. Hamburg Floodlevels 2026-03-20 13:30:17.698601+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/24165a93-ac0d-46ef-98a7-046e6d5a287e/crate/download/ 2026-03-20 13:26:33.130248+00:00 2026-03-27 10:38:55.226794+00:00 2026-03-20 13:26:33.130248+00:00 Floodlevels in increments of 10 cm ranging from 30 cm to 100cm. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/24165a93-ac0d-46ef-98a7-046e6d5a287e Hamburg flood levels pluvial flood risk Hamburg Floodlevels MANUAL GONZALEZ GUARDIA, ESTEBAN. "Hamburg Floodlevels." ROHub. Mar 20 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/24165a93-ac0d-46ef-98a7-046e6d5a287e. biblio data metadata raw data Flooding increase 100.0 85.1 Key Type Measures Data on climate-relate hazards Local policy Physics Water management Government/ Public Sector IPCC Extreme weather: floods, droughts, heatwaves Stakeholders increment 87.18718718718719 87.1 Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics Knowledge Sector (EEA) Structural/physical: Engineered and built environments Climate Hazard Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Engineering National government agencies User Needs (RAST) European Continent Geographical Scope Methodology Mathematical Physics Mathematical Sciences Physical and Technological Scenario Analysis Policy Scale Hamburg Floodlevels Floodlevels in increments of 10 cm ranging from 30 cm to 100cm. 100.0 100.0 Hamburg Floodlevels Floodlevels in increment 100.0 100.0 Funding Physics (General) Other Mathematical Sciences Hamburg Floodlevels Floodlevels 12.812812812812814 12.8 ESTEBAN GONZALEZ GUARDIA Environmental research 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/ed5942f9-4d46-441b-96c1-46f50db5ff29/crate/download/ 2026-03-20 16:10:37.682205+00:00 2026-03-20 17:44:58.341204+00:00 2026-03-20 16:10:37.682205+00:00 Climatic database about Portugal, Madeira and Azores. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/ed5942f9-4d46-441b-96c1-46f50db5ff29 Test CS4 MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "Test CS4." ROHub. Mar 20 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/ed5942f9-4d46-441b-96c1-46f50db5ff29. http://rna2100.portaldoclima.pt/pt/ test 12.06030150753769 9.6 Funding Climate Hazard Policy Scale Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors CS4 20.5050505050505 20.3 Other Earth Sciences Portugal 23.366834170854275 18.6 Portugal Azores 18.58585858585858 18.4 Government/ Public Sector Madeira 22.864321608040203 18.2 Earth Sciences Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based User Needs (RAST) Geosciences (General) Data on climate test CS4 9.40940940940941 9.4 database 18.592964824120603 14.8 Stakeholders Meteorology Science and technology/Natural science/Meteorology Oceanography Wildfires test 8.989898989898988 8.9 Meteorology and climatology National policy IT-computer sciences Science and technology/Technology and engineering/IT-computer sciences climatic database 90.59059059059058 90.5 Madeira Geosciences Portugal database 15.353535353535351 15.2 Other Environmental Sciences Test CS4 Climatic database about Portugal, Madeira and Azores. 100.0 100.0 Weather Weather Methodology Systemic Literature Review Key Type Measures Portugal 18.58585858585858 18.4 Physical and Technological Madeira 17.979797979797976 17.8 IPCC Environmental Sciences EU Azores Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation Climatology Azores 23.115577889447234 18.4 Knowledge Sector (EEA) Geographical Scope Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/4fdb4e5d-e51d-4f22-936f-1db447c87ddc/crate/download/ 2026-03-20 17:41:42.485581+00:00 2026-03-20 17:44:52.858872+00:00 2026-03-20 17:41:42.485581+00:00 This deliverable summarises FAIR2Adapt activities and governance during its first reporting period (M1–M12, 2025), reviewing progress across all seven work packages and defining priorities for Year 2. Year 1 built a strong foundation for FAIR implementation across six case studies through targeted capacity building, transforming initial uncertainty into readiness. While FAIR understanding is now in place, communities do not yet clearly see the practical value of FAIR Digital Objects, as technical developments progressed in parallel with onboarding. Year 2 will therefore focus on FAIR in practice, demonstrating concrete benefits through co-design, demonstrators, dashboards, and solution pathways linking stakeholder needs to technical services. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/4fdb4e5d-e51d-4f22-936f-1db447c87ddc D1.3 - First Project activity, including Governance report MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "D1.3 - First Project activity, including Governance report." ROHub. Mar 20 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/4fdb4e5d-e51d-4f22-936f-1db447c87ddc. Geographical Scope Information and Computing Sciences General Preparing the ground administration 5.317769130998703 4.1 summarise FAIR2Adapt activity 8.09968847352025 5.2 uncertainty 11.18143459915612 5.3 M1-M12 15.822784810126585 7.5 doubt 8.560311284046692 6.6 Documentation and information science Engineering (General) Knowledge Sector (EEA) FAIR2Adapt 11.814345991561183 5.6 Project activity 52.80373831775701 33.9 FAIR2Adapt foundation 15.189873417721522 7.2 implementation 7.522697795071337 5.8 community 8.041504539559014 6.2 Demonstration Conflicts, war and peace/Civil unrest/Demonstration Key Type Measures Other Engineering class 15.82360570687419 12.2 Methodology Engineering stakeholder 5.706874189364463 4.4 European Continent foundation 12.062256809338523 9.3 User Needs (RAST) fair understanding 8.566978193146417 5.5 Information Systems construction industry 76.08695652173914 3.5 Computer systems Stakeholders community 10.126582278481015 4.8 Engineering M1-M12 IPCC building 5.836575875486382 4.5 Climate Hazard Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation Data Format Year 2 will therefore focus on FAIR in practice, demonstrating concrete benefits through co-design, demonstrators, dashboards, and solution pathways linking stakeholder needs to technical services. 13.024282560706403 11.8 Governance and Institutional D1.3 - First Project activity, including Governance report This deliverable summarises FAIR2Adapt activities and governance during its first reporting period (M1–M12, 2025), reviewing progress across all seven work packages and defining priorities for Year 2. 52.53863134657837 47.6 activity 16.033755274261605 7.6 Mathematical and computer sciences (general) Space sciences case study 6.614785992217898 5.1 Computation Theory and Mathematics none Policy Scale Year 1 built a strong foundation for FAIR implementation across six case studies through targeted capacity building, transforming initial uncertainty into readiness. 34.437086092715234 31.2 year 19.831223628691987 9.4 Social and information sciences parcel 5.706874189364463 4.4 Academia/ Research Institutions No policy or regulation work package 7.943925233644858 5.1 Space sciences (General) trade 23.913043478260875 1.1 Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Case Study Mathematical and computer sciences Computer Software General solution pathway 22.585669781931465 14.5 progress 6.22568093385214 4.8 activity 12.5810635538262 9.7 Distributed Computing Funding Institutional: Government policies and programs none EU Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/7c349915-a90b-4113-a16d-74d8a0e9d068/crate/download/ 2026-03-20 17:43:21.033013+00:00 2026-03-20 17:44:58.297286+00:00 2026-03-20 17:43:21.033013+00:00 This deliverable summarises FAIR2Adapt activities and governance during its first reporting period (M1–M12, 2025), reviewing progress across all seven work packages and defining priorities for Year 2. Year 1 built a strong foundation for FAIR implementation across six case studies through targeted capacity building, transforming initial uncertainty into readiness. While FAIR understanding is now in place, communities do not yet clearly see the practical value of FAIR Digital Objects, as technical developments progressed in parallel with onboarding. Year 2 will therefore focus on FAIR in practice, demonstrating concrete benefits through co-design, demonstrators, dashboards, and solution pathways linking stakeholder needs to technical services. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/7c349915-a90b-4113-a16d-74d8a0e9d068 D1.3 - First Project activity, including Governance report MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "D1.3 - First Project activity, including Governance report." ROHub. Mar 20 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/7c349915-a90b-4113-a16d-74d8a0e9d068. Year 1 built a strong foundation for FAIR implementation across six case studies through targeted capacity building, transforming initial uncertainty into readiness. 34.437086092715234 31.2 Academia/ Research Institutions Space sciences (General) Mathematical and computer sciences (general) implementation 7.522697795071337 5.8 Institutional: Government policies and programs foundation 12.062256809338523 9.3 administration 5.317769130998703 4.1 foundation 15.189873417721522 7.2 Climate Hazard Project activity 52.80373831775701 33.9 case study 6.614785992217898 5.1 Key Type Measures uncertainty 11.18143459915612 5.3 Computation Theory and Mathematics work package 7.943925233644858 5.1 progress 6.22568093385214 4.8 none Space sciences year 19.831223628691987 9.4 IPCC Geographical Scope Governance and Institutional solution pathway 22.585669781931465 14.5 General M1-M12 parcel 5.706874189364463 4.4 building 5.836575875486382 4.5 community 8.041504539559014 6.2 Documentation and information science Engineering stakeholder 5.706874189364463 4.4 Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation Policy Scale Demonstration Conflicts, war and peace/Civil unrest/Demonstration Stakeholders FAIR2Adapt 11.814345991561183 5.6 trade 23.913043478260875 1.1 Other Engineering EU none European Continent No policy or regulation M1-M12 15.822784810126585 7.5 User Needs (RAST) Knowledge Sector (EEA) summarise FAIR2Adapt activity 8.09968847352025 5.2 Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Mathematical and computer sciences activity 12.5810635538262 9.7 Data Format Social and information sciences fair understanding 8.566978193146417 5.5 General D1.3 - First Project activity, including Governance report This deliverable summarises FAIR2Adapt activities and governance during its first reporting period (M1–M12, 2025), reviewing progress across all seven work packages and defining priorities for Year 2. 52.53863134657837 47.6 Methodology class 15.82360570687419 12.2 construction industry 76.08695652173914 3.5 FAIR2Adapt community 10.126582278481015 4.8 Computer Software Distributed Computing Engineering Preparing the ground activity 16.033755274261605 7.6 Engineering (General) Computer systems Information and Computing Sciences Case Study doubt 8.560311284046692 6.6 Year 2 will therefore focus on FAIR in practice, demonstrating concrete benefits through co-design, demonstrators, dashboards, and solution pathways linking stakeholder needs to technical services. 13.024282560706403 11.8 Funding Information Systems Esteban Gonzalez Applied sciences https://fair2adapt.github.io/riomar-dashboard/ 2026-03-20 15:22:58.427334+00:00 2026-03-20 18:12:17.330524+00:00 Dashboard Dashboard 2026-03-20 15:22:58.427334+00:00 https://pangeo-eosc-minioapi.vm.fedcloud.eu/afouilloux-dggs/sentinel_bbox_l20_pyramid.zarr/7 2026-03-20 18:13:34.399299+00:00 2026-03-20 19:26:14.441919+00:00 sentinel_bbox_l20_pyramid.zarr 2026-03-20 18:13:34.399299+00:00 https://pangeo-eosc-minioapi.vm.fedcloud.eu/afouilloux-dggs/sentinel_bbox_l20_pyramid.zarr/7 Academia/ Research Institutions HEALPix DGGS 15.098468271334792 6.9 Monitoring, evaluating and learning HEALPix DGGS approach 23.11046511627907 15.9 Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Rouen Climate Hazard database 28.448275862068968 3.3 Information Systems Mathematical Sciences Funding Geographical Scope Computer Software Stakeholders France Mathematical and computer sciences France 10.48951048951049 7.5 Methodology none Computer systems pyramid 14.879649890590809 6.8 satellite 8.251748251748252 5.9 Paris HEALPix Discrete Global Grid System 26.744186046511626 18.4 visualization 6.013986013986014 4.3 Normandie Mathematical Physics Social and information sciences Physics Case Study Key Type Measures computer science 30.17241379310345 3.5 Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based Discrete Global Grid System 12.472647702407002 5.7 geometry 13.793103448275863 1.6 Information and Computing Sciences Mathematical and computer sciences (general) metadata 6.293706293706293 4.5 EU pyramid 12.167832167832167 8.7 nested HEALPix 15.116279069767442 10.4 Geosciences (General) collection 4.895104895104895 3.5 Engineering (General) ### FAIRification - Satellite imagery converted to DGGS using [xhealpixify](https://github.com/IAOCEA/xhealpixify) - Machine-actionable: `schema:ViewAction` links the dataset to the [FAIR2Adapt dashboard](https://fair2adapt.github.io/riomar-dashboard/) for interactive visualization at any zoom level - Metadata enriched with [I-ADOPT](https://i-adopt.github.io/) variable decomposition 23.014804845222073 17.1 ### Dataset - **Variable**: Band 02 (Blue, 490nm) top-of-atmosphere reflectance - **Spatial coverage**: Normandy, France (~48.5°N–49.5°N, 0.5°E–1.5°E) - **Grid**: HEALPix multiscale pyramid (11 levels) - Finest: level 20 (nside=1,048,576, ~10m resolution, 208M cells) - Coarsest: level 10 (nside=1,024, ~10km resolution) - Resampling: mean aggregation between levels - **Format**: Cloud-optimized Zarr with nested HEALPix indexing on WGS84 ellipsoid 26.514131897711973 19.7 User Needs (RAST) Nanotechnology Science and technology/Technology and engineering/Micro science/Nanotechnology Physics (General) http 13.426573426573427 9.6 Knowledge Sector (EEA) IPCC European Continent Geosciences reflectivity 7.972027972027972 5.7 Documentation and information science dataset 13.006993006993008 9.3 Numerical and Computational Mathematics Policy Scale Normandie 10.48951048951049 7.5 FAIR2Adapt — Sentinel-2 B02 reflectance on HEALPix DGGS (multiscale pyramid) Sentinel-2 Level-1C satellite observation converted to a HEALPix Discrete Global Grid System (DGGS) multiscale pyramid, covering a region in **Normandy, France** (Seine Valley, between Rouen and Paris) 50.47106325706594 37.5 Statistics information technology 27.586206896551726 3.2 Engineering France 12.691466083150983 5.8 Earth resources and remote sensing Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation Physical and Technological Physical Sciences http 16.192560175054705 7.4 spirit level 6.993006993006993 5.0 Agriculture Astronomical and Space Sciences Regional policy FAIR2Adapt 12.910284463894966 5.9 multiscale pyramid 10.755813953488373 7.4 IT-computer sciences Science and technology/Technology and engineering/IT-computer sciences dataset 15.754923413566738 7.2 satellite observation 24.27325581395349 16.7 Seine Valley Data Format 2026-03-20 18:12:17.997118+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/fdc1c071-76d7-44df-a565-8217ebcc59fe/crate/download/ 2026-02-20 22:03:58.321018+00:00 2026-04-11 02:51:16.533696+00:00 2026-02-20 22:03:58.321018+00:00 Sentinel-2 Level-1C satellite observation converted to a HEALPix Discrete Global Grid System (DGGS) multiscale pyramid, covering a region in **Normandy, France** (Seine Valley, between Rouen and Paris). ### Dataset - **Variable**: Band 02 (Blue, 490nm) top-of-atmosphere reflectance - **Spatial coverage**: Normandy, France (~48.5°N–49.5°N, 0.5°E–1.5°E) - **Grid**: HEALPix multiscale pyramid (11 levels) - Finest: level 20 (nside=1,048,576, ~10m resolution, 208M cells) - Coarsest: level 10 (nside=1,024, ~10km resolution) - Resampling: mean aggregation between levels - **Format**: Cloud-optimized Zarr with nested HEALPix indexing on WGS84 ellipsoid ### FAIRification - Satellite imagery converted to DGGS using [xhealpixify](https://github.com/IAOCEA/xhealpixify) - Machine-actionable: `schema:ViewAction` links the dataset to the [FAIR2Adapt dashboard](https://fair2adapt.github.io/riomar-dashboard/) for interactive visualization at any zoom level - Metadata enriched with [I-ADOPT](https://i-adopt.github.io/) variable decomposition ### Context Part of the [FAIR2Adapt](https://fair2adapt.eu) project, demonstrating that the HEALPix DGGS approach works for both ocean model outputs and Earth observation data. The multiscale pyramid enables efficient visualization from global overview to full 10m resolution. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/fdc1c071-76d7-44df-a565-8217ebcc59fe FAIR2Adapt — Sentinel-2 B02 reflectance on HEALPix DGGS (multiscale pyramid) MANUAL Fouilloux, Anne. "FAIR2Adapt — Sentinel-2 B02 reflectance on HEALPix DGGS (multiscale pyramid)." ROHub. Feb 20 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/fdc1c071-76d7-44df-a565-8217ebcc59fe. View Sentinel-2 data in FAIR2Adapt Dashboard https://fair2adapt.github.io/riomar-dashboard/#{dataset_url} The Sentinel-2 Level-1C satellite observation can be converted to a HEALPix DGGS multiscale pyramid, enabling efficient visualization from global overview to 10m resolution. The HEALPix DGGS multiscale pyramid allows for efficient visualization of Sentinel-2 Level-1C satellite data from global overview to 10m resolution. The Sentinel-2 Level-1C satellite observation is converted to a HEALPix DGGS multiscale pyramid, covering a region in Normandy, France, with a spatial coverage of ~48.5°N–49.5°N, 0.5°E–1.5°E. The HEALPix multiscale pyramid has 11 levels, with the finest level having a resolution of approximately 10 meters and the coarsest level having a resolution of approximately 10 kilometers. Mean aggregation between levels is used for resampling in the HEALPix multiscale pyramid. The dataset is stored in a Cloud-optimized Zarr format with nested HEALPix indexing on the WGS84 ellipsoid, enabling efficient data retrieval and visualization. The Sentinel-2 Level-1C satellite observation was successfully converted to a HEALPix Discrete Global Grid System (DGGS) multiscale pyramid using the xhealpixify tool. The dataset is machine-actionable, allowing for interactive visualization at any zoom level through the FAIR2Adapt dashboard. I-ADOPT variable decomposition is applied to the metadata of the Sentinel-2 Level-1C satellite observation dataset. The HEALPix Discrete Global Grid System (DGGS) can be applied to both ocean model outputs and Earth observation data, such as Sentinel-2 Level-1C satellite observations, for efficient visualization and analysis. biblio output tool input Normandy, France (Seine Valley) Sentinel-2 b02 reflectance https://w3id.org/sciencelive/np/RA2Cp-j2iDsRzhpuoyq6rqhZCjCV6GFX3qOmt68irgRRs 2026-03-22 10:50:50.167563+00:00 2026-03-22 10:50:50.525764+00:00 AIDA Claim 4: The dataset is machine-actionable, allowing for interactive visualization at any... 2026-03-22 10:50:50.167563+00:00 https://w3id.org/sciencelive/np/RA4unVW6jtvBeBsMW_XM69mXq-umYgZ35GA3TT4DtoJcw 2026-03-22 10:50:47.231042+00:00 2026-03-22 10:50:47.597248+00:00 AIDA Claim 3: The dataset is stored in a Cloud-optimized Zarr format with nested HEALPix index... 2026-03-22 10:50:47.231042+00:00 https://w3id.org/sciencelive/np/RA6lk8d22TSZCdI2WnnZXAm2aO5JMvaEVM1zlpR6BdaLM 2026-03-22 10:51:02.220190+00:00 2026-03-22 10:51:02.595615+00:00 AIDA Claim 8: The Sentinel-2 Level-1C satellite observation was successfully converted to a HE... 2026-03-22 10:51:02.220190+00:00 https://w3id.org/sciencelive/np/RAAES9N-NOvhLFhdkybwLFzvx6sseVlH8B5t6woBpJf_Y 2026-03-22 10:50:53.297244+00:00 2026-03-22 10:50:53.658092+00:00 AIDA Claim 5: The HEALPix Discrete Global Grid System (DGGS) can be applied to both ocean mode... 2026-03-22 10:50:53.297244+00:00 https://w3id.org/sciencelive/np/RAISh_0MxXiTLY_5F1FUo0hECp2wPhI0RsLbPeiamW6pw 2026-03-22 10:50:59.299305+00:00 2026-03-22 10:50:59.670709+00:00 AIDA Claim 7: Mean aggregation between levels is used for resampling in the HEALPix multiscale... 2026-03-22 10:50:59.299305+00:00 https://w3id.org/sciencelive/np/RAJwqE_J7SsyDKi3aH6MkLvJlMf0N_9mVlx83_Ka0jT9M 2026-03-22 10:51:08.175488+00:00 2026-03-22 10:51:08.570679+00:00 AIDA Claim 10: The Sentinel-2 Level-1C satellite observation can be converted to a HEALPix DGGS... 2026-03-22 10:51:08.175488+00:00 https://w3id.org/sciencelive/np/RAaJZOla75L703Yidp2zrTxDPLxKKaUVyCyr3GRacTtAI 2026-03-22 10:50:44.309113+00:00 2026-03-22 10:50:44.682697+00:00 AIDA Claim 2: The HEALPix multiscale pyramid has 11 levels, with the finest level having a res... 2026-03-22 10:50:44.309113+00:00 https://w3id.org/sciencelive/np/RAbOTm3IKX_isnQvjnNePD9i6I1EiwqjFeukAwDvH7avY 2026-03-22 10:51:05.331972+00:00 2026-03-22 10:51:05.672327+00:00 AIDA Claim 9: I-ADOPT variable decomposition is applied to the metadata of the Sentinel-2 Leve... 2026-03-22 10:51:05.331972+00:00 https://w3id.org/sciencelive/np/RAoxsjIwlHNmLaHjZ5isgye2W7ttFTtk7H6NVdBvugGJY 2026-03-22 10:50:40.600533+00:00 2026-03-22 10:50:40.958827+00:00 AIDA Claim 1: The HEALPix DGGS multiscale pyramid allows for efficient visualization of Sentin... 2026-03-22 10:50:40.600533+00:00 https://w3id.org/sciencelive/np/RAridbsSM86NKY8_8ndXhNBX563gMIHNrR7hBy8hCR0XE 2026-03-22 10:50:56.145571+00:00 2026-03-22 10:50:56.546047+00:00 AIDA Claim 6: The Sentinel-2 Level-1C satellite observation is converted to a HEALPix DGGS mul... 2026-03-22 10:50:56.145571+00:00 Environmental research 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/5cdbb82c-6147-4585-832e-0f203ab639f8/crate/download/ 2026-03-20 18:23:31.546150+00:00 2026-04-11 07:31:21.242662+00:00 2026-03-20 18:23:31.546150+00:00 Climatic database about Portugal, Madeira and Azores. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/5cdbb82c-6147-4585-832e-0f203ab639f8 Horizon Europe EOSC FAIR2Adapt project Project title delivery date document description governance activity governance report governance structure implementation implementation profile project management structure implementation work programme Test CS4 MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "Test CS4." ROHub. Mar 20 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/5cdbb82c-6147-4585-832e-0f203ab639f8. Portugal 18.58585858585858 18.4 Earth Sciences Portugal 23.366834170854275 18.6 Other Environmental Sciences Portugal Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based database 18.592964824120603 14.8 test 12.06030150753769 9.6 EU Madeira 22.864321608040203 18.2 Azores 18.58585858585858 18.4 Madeira Government/ Public Sector Other Earth Sciences database 15.353535353535351 15.2 Environmental Sciences Azores 23.115577889447234 18.4 Madeira 17.979797979797976 17.8 Data on climate test CS4 9.40940940940941 9.4 test 8.989898989898988 8.9 Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Physical and Technological Key Type Measures CS4 20.5050505050505 20.3 Funding Knowledge Sector (EEA) Climatology Climate Hazard Geosciences (General) IT-computer sciences Science and technology/Technology and engineering/IT-computer sciences User Needs (RAST) Portugal National policy Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation IPCC Meteorology and climatology Test CS4 Climatic database about Portugal, Madeira and Azores. 100.0 100.0 climatic database 90.59059059059058 90.5 Stakeholders Systemic Literature Review Geographical Scope Geosciences Oceanography Weather Weather Meteorology Science and technology/Natural science/Meteorology Policy Scale Azores Wildfires Methodology Esteban Gonzalez Earth sciences https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19125517 2026-03-21 12:45:25.444387+00:00 2026-03-21 12:45:27.225023+00:00 Data of the street outlines in the city of Hamburg. Hamburg Street Data 2026-03-21 12:45:25.444387+00:00 861d719d-fe10-4b8e-a274-c2688593b709 POINT (9.994812011718752 53.57293832648609) 9.994812011718752 53.57293832648609 POINT (9.994812011718752 53.57293832648609) d8f03ff1-8ad1-455a-89d8-8bfe450285e0 POLYGON ((9.819030761718752 53.49294782332984, 9.819030761718752 53.63405351645887, 10.206298828125002 53.63405351645887, 10.206298828125002 53.49294782332984, 9.819030761718752 53.49294782332984)) POLYGON ((9.819030761718752 53.49294782332984, 9.819030761718752 53.63405351645887, 10.206298828125002 53.63405351645887, 10.206298828125002 53.49294782332984, 9.819030761718752 53.49294782332984)) 9.819030761718752 53.49294782332984, 9.819030761718752 53.63405351645887, 10.206298828125002 53.63405351645887, 10.206298828125002 53.49294782332984, 9.819030761718752 53.49294782332984 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/1884b780-507e-4447-975c-87b970c5b503/crate/download/ 2026-03-21 12:43:13.627334+00:00 2026-03-23 09:46:24.296804+00:00 2026-03-21 12:43:13.627334+00:00 Data of the street outlines in the city of Hamburg. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/1884b780-507e-4447-975c-87b970c5b503 pluvial flood risk street data Hamburg Street Data MANUAL GONZALEZ GUARDIA, ESTEBAN. "Hamburg Street Data." ROHub. Mar 21 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/1884b780-507e-4447-975c-87b970c5b503. POINT (9.994812011718752 53.57293832648609) POLYGON ((9.819030761718752 53.49294782332984, 9.819030761718752 53.63405351645887, 10.206298828125002 53.63405351645887, 10.206298828125002 53.49294782332984, 9.819030761718752 53.49294782332984)) metadata data raw data biblio city of Hamburg 35.87174348697395 35.8 Geosciences (General) Data on climate street 34.62157809983897 21.5 General Land use planning Key Type Measures Local policy Stakeholders National government agencies Hamburg 26.409017713365536 16.4 Hamburg 17.217217217217218 17.2 Systemic Literature Review street 19.91991991991992 19.9 city 38.969404186795494 24.2 Funding outline in the city of Hamburg 0.10020040080160321 0.1 Land use Methodology none General Climate Hazard User Needs (RAST) Engineering (General) Hamburg Street Data Data of the street 62.324649298597194 62.2 Physical and Technological IPCC Government/ Public Sector Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Hamburg Street Data Data 39.33933933933934 39.3 Hamburg Street Data Data of the street outlines in the city of Hamburg. 100.0 100.0 Geosciences Knowledge Sector (EEA) Policy Scale Geographical Scope Structural/physical: Engineered and built environments Engineering Hamburg Hamburg Street Data Data outline in the city 1.7034068136272547 1.7 European Continent city 23.523523523523526 23.5 ESTEBAN GONZALEZ GUARDIA Earth sciences https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19113146 2026-03-21 12:52:54.126993+00:00 2026-03-21 12:52:55.351508+00:00 Data on the building level containing the number of inhabitants, the building type and the number of floors for each building. Furthermore, each building is assigned to its Statistical Unit (=Urban District) and the corresponding social vulnerability data. Hamburg: Preprocessed Data on the Building Level 2026-03-21 12:52:54.126993+00:00 POLYGON ((9.830017089843752 53.5117346755535, 9.830017089843752 53.63812471860769, 10.128021240234377 53.63812471860769, 10.128021240234377 53.5117346755535, 9.830017089843752 53.5117346755535)) 9.830017089843752 53.5117346755535, 9.830017089843752 53.63812471860769, 10.128021240234377 53.63812471860769, 10.128021240234377 53.5117346755535, 9.830017089843752 53.5117346755535 e3a4512b-43a9-47aa-ae82-56f6151449ac POLYGON ((9.830017089843752 53.5117346755535, 9.830017089843752 53.63812471860769, 10.128021240234377 53.63812471860769, 10.128021240234377 53.5117346755535, 9.830017089843752 53.5117346755535)) 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/6984727e-5804-4de7-98cf-36068c22c426/crate/download/ 2026-03-21 12:50:10.527429+00:00 2026-04-11 03:16:51.462372+00:00 2026-03-21 12:50:10.527429+00:00 Data on the building level containing the number of inhabitants, the building type and the number of floors for each building. Furthermore, each building is assigned to its Statistical Unit (=Urban District) and the corresponding social vulnerability data. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/6984727e-5804-4de7-98cf-36068c22c426 Hamburg building level pluvial flood risk social vulnerability Hamburg: Preprocessed Data on the Building Level MANUAL GONZALEZ GUARDIA, ESTEBAN. "Hamburg: Preprocessed Data on the Building Level." ROHub. Mar 21 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/6984727e-5804-4de7-98cf-36068c22c426. POLYGON ((9.830017089843752 53.5117346755535, 9.830017089843752 53.63812471860769, 10.128021240234377 53.63812471860769, 10.128021240234377 53.5117346755535, 9.830017089843752 53.5117346755535)) biblio data raw data metadata Mathematical and computer sciences Structural/physical: Engineered and built environments Mathematical and computer sciences (general) building 23.508771929824565 20.1 Preparing the ground Methodology data on the Building Level Data 5.864197530864197 5.7 Geosciences Engineering vulnerability 8.304093567251462 7.1 Funding data 23.21243523316062 22.4 Statistics and probability vulnerability data 27.469135802469136 26.7 Engineering (General) Buildings and construction Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors User Needs (RAST) Policy Scale IPCC Climate Hazard Buildings Construction and property Economy, business and finance/Economic sector/Construction and property building level 33.74485596707818 32.8 Environmental Sciences Hamburg 10.409356725146198 8.9 floor 10.673575129533678 10.3 Hamburg Statistics construction industry 52.517985611510795 7.3 Physical and Technological Portugal Stakeholders building 20.621761658031083 19.9 building type 23.25102880658436 22.6 Hamburg 8.290155440414507 8.0 Key Type Measures Geosciences (General) Mathematical Sciences Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy exposure 6.943005181347149 6.7 Systemic Literature Review Furthermore, each building is assigned to its Statistical Unit (=Urban District) and the corresponding social vulnerability data. 46.346346346346344 46.3 Regional policy floor 11.345029239766081 9.7 statistical unit 5.595854922279792 5.4 data 26.783625730994153 22.9 none Government/ Public Sector General Other Environmental Sciences Hamburg: Preprocessed Data on the Building Level Data on the building level containing the number of inhabitants, the building type and the number of floors for each building. 53.65365365365365 53.6 level 11.461988304093568 9.8 inhabitant 6.113989637305699 5.9 Knowledge Sector (EEA) number 7.6683937823834185 7.4 Computer systems storey 10.88082901554404 10.5 Geographical Scope number of floor 9.670781893004115 9.4 computer science 47.48201438848921 6.6 General number 8.187134502923977 7.0 National government agencies ESTEBAN GONZALEZ GUARDIA Earth sciences 10.24424/e8am-pd37 https://github.com/FAIR2Adapt/urban_pfr_toolbox_hamburg 2026-03-21 12:56:39.535363+00:00 2026-03-21 12:56:42.651509+00:00 Python package conversion of the ArcGIS workflow from Urban Pluvial Flood Risk Mapping: A High-Resolution Assessment for the City of Hamburg (von Szombathely et al., 2025). Urban Pluvial Flood Risk Assessment 2026-03-21 12:56:39.535363+00:00 POLYGON ((9.849243164062502 53.525615259225226, 9.849243164062502 53.643009642582335, 10.1898193359375 53.643009642582335, 10.1898193359375 53.525615259225226, 9.849243164062502 53.525615259225226)) 9.849243164062502 53.525615259225226, 9.849243164062502 53.643009642582335, 10.1898193359375 53.643009642582335, 10.1898193359375 53.525615259225226, 9.849243164062502 53.525615259225226 ad6788c7-ad07-4290-b24b-cd990a931c1d POLYGON ((9.849243164062502 53.525615259225226, 9.849243164062502 53.643009642582335, 10.1898193359375 53.643009642582335, 10.1898193359375 53.525615259225226, 9.849243164062502 53.525615259225226)) 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/8ee17c14-089e-40a7-98ea-023dd03358fc/crate/download/ 2026-03-21 12:55:13.194418+00:00 2026-04-21 18:38:20.301920+00:00 2026-03-21 12:55:13.194418+00:00 Python package conversion of the ArcGIS workflow from Urban Pluvial Flood Risk Mapping: A High-Resolution Assessment for the City of Hamburg (von Szombathely et al., 2025). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/8ee17c14-089e-40a7-98ea-023dd03358fc Urban Pluvial Flood Risk Assessment MANUAL GONZALEZ GUARDIA, ESTEBAN. "Urban Pluvial Flood Risk Assessment." ROHub. Mar 21 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/8ee17c14-089e-40a7-98ea-023dd03358fc. POLYGON ((9.849243164062502 53.525615259225226, 9.849243164062502 53.643009642582335, 10.1898193359375 53.643009642582335, 10.1898193359375 53.525615259225226, 9.849243164062502 53.525615259225226)) output biblio input tool Szombathely 11.533586818757923 9.1 Identification of risks Weather Weather Environmental Science and Management python 17.748917748917748 12.3 Knowledge and Behavioural Change Computer Software assessment 15.728715728715729 10.9 workflow 12.265512265512266 8.5 Academia/ Research Institutions Academic/ Institutional flood risk assessment python package conversion 5.751173708920187 4.9 package 19.624819624819626 13.6 Szombathely 13.131313131313131 9.1 Knowledge Sector (EEA) Climate Hazard assessment 13.814955640050698 10.9 Meteorology and climatology conversion of the ArcGIS workflow 32.27699530516431 27.5 Stakeholders flood risk 18.25095057034221 14.4 Key Type Measures Language Arts, culture and entertainment/Culture/Language Engineering flood risk assessment python package conversion of the ArcGIS workflow 3.5211267605633796 3.0 Urban Mathematical and computer sciences Computer programming and software von Szombathely 8.68544600938967 7.4 package 17.49049429657795 13.8 Geosciences (General) Geosciences Hamburg 13.70851370851371 9.5 Local policy Modeling/ Simulation Hamburg 12.040557667934095 9.5 Policy Scale Hamburg Geographical Scope workflow 10.899873257287707 8.6 Funding Environment pollution Szombathely Environmental Sciences Information and Computing Sciences none User Needs (RAST) python 15.969581749049432 12.6 IPCC Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Extreme weather: floods, droughts, heatwaves Flooding Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics none city 7.792207792207792 5.4 Urban and Regional Planning assessment python package conversion 49.76525821596243 42.4 Built Environment and Design Urban Pluvial Flood Risk Assessment Python package conversion of the ArcGIS workflow from Urban Pluvial Flood Risk Mapping: A High-Resolution Assessment for the City of Hamburg (von Szombathely et al., 2025) 100.0 100.0 Methodology ESTEBAN GONZALEZ GUARDIA Applied sciences https://fair2adapt.duckdns.org/afouilloux-noresm/JRAOC20TRNRPv2_2010-2018.zarr 2026-03-21 14:36:50.419688+00:00 2026-03-21 14:36:51.227235+00:00 JRAOC20TRNRPv2_2010-2018.zarr 2026-03-21 14:36:50.419688+00:00 https://fair2adapt.github.io/riomar-dashboard/ 2026-03-20 15:22:58.427334+00:00 2026-03-21 13:58:21.687298+00:00 Dashboard Dashboard 2026-03-20 15:22:58.427334+00:00 https://fair2adapt.duckdns.org/afouilloux-noresm/JRAOC20TRNRPv2_2010-2018.zarr 2026-03-21 13:58:22.446540+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/1f0b5044-ae4f-483d-b7a2-48a5a6ac3965/crate/download/ 2026-02-20 22:03:58.321018+00:00 2026-03-23 09:45:52.099813+00:00 2026-02-20 22:03:58.321018+00:00 Ocean reanalysis data from the **NorESM2/BLOM** model (JRA-OC20 forcing), providing monthly average sea surface temperature and 3D ocean temperature fields for 2010–2018. ### Dataset - **Variables**: sea surface temperature (SST), ocean temperature on 53 sigma density levels - **Temporal coverage**: January 2010 – December 2018, monthly averages (108 timesteps) - **Spatial coverage**: Near-global ocean (-80°S to 90°N), BLOM tripolar curvilinear grid (385×360) - **Grid**: Original BLOM tripolar curvilinear grid with 2D latitude/longitude coordinates - **Format**: Cloud-optimized Zarr (Zstd compressed) ### FAIRification - NetCDF model outputs converted to Zarr with 2D coordinates from the BLOM grid file - Served through an authenticated HTTPS proxy for access-controlled sharing - Machine-actionable: `schema:ViewAction` links the dataset to the [FAIR2Adapt dashboard](https://fair2adapt.github.io/riomar-dashboard/) for interactive visualization - Metadata enriched with [I-ADOPT](https://i-adopt.github.io/) variable decomposition ### Context Part of the [FAIR2Adapt](https://fair2adapt.eu) project. Data generated by Yanchun He (NERSC) and formatted by NERSC under the FAIR2Adapt project (EU grant 101188256). Licensed under CC-BY 4.0. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/1f0b5044-ae4f-483d-b7a2-48a5a6ac3965 FAIR2Adapt ARCTIC — NorESM2 ocean reanalysis (SST + Temperature) 2010-2018 MANUAL Fouilloux, Anne. "FAIR2Adapt ARCTIC — NorESM2 ocean reanalysis (SST + Temperature) 2010-2018." ROHub. Feb 20 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/1f0b5044-ae4f-483d-b7a2-48a5a6ac3965. View ARCTIC dataset in dashboard https://fair2adapt.github.io/riomar-dashboard/#{dataset_url} tool output input biblio Global ocean (-80S to 90N) Ocean surface temperature Temperature re-analysis 5.837173579109062 3.8 108 timesteps NorESM2 sea surface temperature 13.013698630136986 5.7 information technology 31.645569620253166 7.5 Physical and Technological Information Systems proxy server 8.755760368663593 5.7 Earth Sciences Oceans Environment/Natural resources/Water/Oceans Meteorology and climatology Geosciences Engineering (General) Cloud-optimized Zarr 16.504854368932037 10.2 FAIR2Adapt ARCTIC — NorESM2 ocean reanalysis (SST + Temperature) 2010-2018 Ocean reanalysis data from the **NorESM2/BLOM** model (JRA-OC20 forcing), providing monthly average sea surface temperature and 3D ocean temperature fields for 2010–2018. 46.51162790697674 40.0 coordinate 12.78538812785388 5.6 European Continent database 26.582278481012658 6.3 User Needs (RAST) Key Type Measures Weather statistic Weather/Weather statistic sea surface temperature 11.82795698924731 7.7 Environmental Science and Management Policy Scale Environmental Sciences Yanchun He NERSC Geosciences (General) Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics Climate Hazard Data on climate-relate hazards Data Format Engineering output 8.755760368663593 5.7 Oceanography ### FAIRification - NetCDF model outputs converted to Zarr with 2D coordinates from the BLOM grid file - Served through an authenticated HTTPS proxy for access-controlled sharing - Machine-actionable: `schema:ViewAction` links the dataset to the [FAIR2Adapt dashboard](https://fair2adapt.github.io/riomar-dashboard/) for interactive visualization - Metadata enriched with [I-ADOPT](https://i-adopt.github.io/) variable decomposition 22.093023255813954 19.0 Climatology Computer Software European Union grid 14.15525114155251 6.2 Information and Computing Sciences Sea Level Rise ocean temperature 23.300970873786408 14.4 ### Dataset - **Variables**: sea surface temperature (SST), ocean temperature on 53 sigma density levels - **Temporal coverage**: January 2010 – December 2018, monthly averages (108 timesteps) - **Spatial coverage**: Near-global ocean (-80°S to 90°N), BLOM tripolar curvilinear grid (385×360) - **Grid**: Original BLOM tripolar curvilinear grid with 2D latitude/longitude coordinates - **Format**: Cloud-optimized Zarr (Zstd compressed) 31.3953488372093 27.0 Geographical Scope Zstd IT-computer sciences Science and technology/Technology and engineering/IT-computer sciences Oceanography No policy or regulation BLOM 14.383561643835614 6.3 Funding Methodology Knowledge Sector (EEA) dataset 15.753424657534245 6.9 Academia/ Research Institutions Zarr grid network 13.056835637480797 8.5 NetCDF coordinate 11.674347158218124 7.6 BLOM grid 26.051779935275086 16.1 ocean reanalysis 14.563106796116505 9.0 Jan-2010 - Dec-2018 Zarr 12.557077625570775 5.5 dataset 13.978494623655912 9.1 Structural/physical: Technological http 17.35159817351598 7.6 http 15.821812596006142 10.3 Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors temperature 10.291858678955451 6.7 Physics BLOM tripolar curvilinear grid 19.57928802588997 12.1 Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation none 2010-2018 computer science 41.77215189873418 9.9 IPCC Stakeholders Physics (General) Academic/ Institutional Environmental research 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/ce925871-0304-45ba-adbf-782342f5c639/crate/download/ 2026-03-22 18:33:57.984278+00:00 2026-03-23 12:37:23.421624+00:00 2026-03-22 18:33:57.984278+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/ce925871-0304-45ba-adbf-782342f5c639 A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 22 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/ce925871-0304-45ba-adbf-782342f5c639. summer IPCC dependent territory 6.25 5.1 of summer Geosciences (General) physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation Lisbon Mathematical Sciences sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 Earth Sciences Mathematical Physics land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 between 1951-1980 Climate change Environment/Climate change sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 Physical Sciences result 6.61764705882353 5.4 maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 Physical and Technological Climatology Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Geosciences mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 Funding land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 Extreme heat Portugal Statistics meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 extrication 6.25 5.1 Climate Hazard E20C Stakeholders City in Portugal land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 1981-2010 periods Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy User Needs (RAST) temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 Engineering Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based Other Physical Sciences Academic/ Institutional Environmental Science and Management Meteorology and climatology The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 none per 30 years fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 Atmospheric Sciences A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 Policy Scale Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics No policy or regulation Geographical Scope Environmental Sciences Academia/ Research Institutions Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 Engineering (General) Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 Knowledge Sector (EEA) Key Type Measures Methodology Weather Weather Preparing the ground Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/871f8aa3-6675-4a67-a22b-557d9911af94/crate/download/ 2026-03-23 12:35:03.665944+00:00 2026-03-25 14:47:47.329308+00:00 2026-03-23 12:35:03.665944+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/871f8aa3-6675-4a67-a22b-557d9911af94 A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 23 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/871f8aa3-6675-4a67-a22b-557d9911af94. sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 Environmental Science and Management Funding Academia/ Research Institutions Environmental Sciences temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 User Needs (RAST) Climate change Environment/Climate change No policy or regulation summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 Portugal Engineering (General) Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 Methodology IPCC Climate Hazard Engineering dependent territory 6.25 5.1 This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 Other Physical Sciences Mathematical Sciences Weather Weather Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 Academic/ Institutional Geographical Scope A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 Policy Scale Climatology E20C Preparing the ground Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 Stakeholders disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 Mathematical Physics Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 City in Portugal maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy Physical and Technological Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 Statistics land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 1981-2010 periods meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 Atmospheric Sciences Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 summer land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 Physical Sciences Lisbon mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 Key Type Measures between 1951-1980 Meteorology and climatology result 6.61764705882353 5.4 The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 per 30 years Knowledge Sector (EEA) Earth Sciences Extreme heat extrication 6.25 5.1 none of summer Geosciences (General) Geosciences Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/582b0124-cb3d-4ed4-b941-47e260792a81/crate/download/ 2026-03-23 12:55:10.444052+00:00 2026-03-25 14:44:38.324233+00:00 2026-03-23 12:55:10.444052+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/582b0124-cb3d-4ed4-b941-47e260792a81 A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 23 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/582b0124-cb3d-4ed4-b941-47e260792a81. Lisbon This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based Climate change Environment/Climate change land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 Mathematical Sciences emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 of summer physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 Extreme heat City in Portugal extrication 6.25 5.1 Policy Scale none Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation result 6.61764705882353 5.4 Physical and Technological summer Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 between 1951-1980 Engineering mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 Mathematical Physics Academia/ Research Institutions Key Type Measures Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy per 30 years Portugal A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 Climatology Statistics Geographical Scope Physical Sciences Stakeholders dependent territory 6.25 5.1 IPCC Academic/ Institutional Geosciences (General) Climate Hazard Meteorology and climatology land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 Environmental Science and Management E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 Geosciences Weather Weather The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 Preparing the ground Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 Environmental Sciences summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 Other Physical Sciences Engineering (General) Knowledge Sector (EEA) sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 E20C User Needs (RAST) No policy or regulation Earth Sciences Atmospheric Sciences Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 1981-2010 periods Methodology Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 Funding Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/6bb432f6-cafb-4999-a0a8-37acca5d6874/crate/download/ 2026-03-23 15:14:37.942775+00:00 2026-03-25 14:44:15.880108+00:00 2026-03-23 15:14:37.942775+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/6bb432f6-cafb-4999-a0a8-37acca5d6874 A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 23 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/6bb432f6-cafb-4999-a0a8-37acca5d6874. sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 Geosciences (General) Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation Geosciences Academic/ Institutional mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 Engineering (General) Academia/ Research Institutions land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 IPCC none between 1951-1980 Mathematical Sciences No policy or regulation maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 Preparing the ground temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 Policy Scale Funding Engineering extrication 6.25 5.1 Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Statistics Extreme heat Stakeholders E20C T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 User Needs (RAST) Climate Hazard temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 Knowledge Sector (EEA) Other Physical Sciences Mathematical Physics Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 Meteorology and climatology Physical Sciences climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 of summer summer Methodology Physical and Technological Earth Sciences Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 Environmental Science and Management Climatology Geographical Scope Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 dependent territory 6.25 5.1 Atmospheric Sciences Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 per 30 years Portugal Climate change Environment/Climate change summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 Environmental Sciences fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 Key Type Measures Lisbon Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry result 6.61764705882353 5.4 Weather Weather City in Portugal Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy 1981-2010 periods This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/ddf399fc-b532-4e4e-9b13-1796a7a144d7/crate/download/ 2026-03-23 17:27:30.746575+00:00 2026-03-25 14:43:04.015341+00:00 2026-03-23 17:27:30.746575+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/ddf399fc-b532-4e4e-9b13-1796a7a144d7 A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 23 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/ddf399fc-b532-4e4e-9b13-1796a7a144d7. Climatology sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 IPCC User Needs (RAST) Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Geographical Scope Engineering (General) Geosciences (General) E20C climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 per 30 years Academia/ Research Institutions Key Type Measures disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 result 6.61764705882353 5.4 Extreme heat extrication 6.25 5.1 Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 Weather Weather land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 Mathematical Physics Funding City in Portugal mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy Policy Scale Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 Preparing the ground Environmental Science and Management No policy or regulation T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 Geosciences Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 Meteorology and climatology 1981-2010 periods temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 Engineering Mathematical Sciences mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 Statistics none Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry Climate change Environment/Climate change summer Other Physical Sciences Environmental Sciences Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based Methodology Lisbon Atmospheric Sciences Physical and Technological between 1951-1980 Stakeholders maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 of summer sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 dependent territory 6.25 5.1 Climate Hazard meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 Knowledge Sector (EEA) Physical Sciences Portugal Academic/ Institutional Earth Sciences temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research Portugal Funding E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 Statistics Preparing the ground land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics Geosciences (General) Weather Weather User Needs (RAST) T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 Physical Sciences Climatology Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 Extreme heat summer Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based Other Physical Sciences fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 of summer Lisbon land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 Environmental Sciences Stakeholders Mathematical Sciences Key Type Measures Engineering This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 Climate Hazard Atmospheric Sciences meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 IPCC Mathematical Physics sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 Climate change Environment/Climate change E20C temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 Knowledge Sector (EEA) Geographical Scope City in Portugal none land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors between 1951-1980 temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 No policy or regulation Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 dependent territory 6.25 5.1 Meteorology and climatology Policy Scale Methodology Earth Sciences physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry 1981-2010 periods Engineering (General) result 6.61764705882353 5.4 sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 Physical and Technological Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy per 30 years climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 extrication 6.25 5.1 Geosciences Academia/ Research Institutions Environmental Science and Management Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 Academic/ Institutional 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/f46983ca-a0f2-4b8e-a3ea-fce696d20d7a/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 00:10:50.927788+00:00 2026-03-25 14:47:16.207961+00:00 2026-03-24 00:10:50.927788+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/f46983ca-a0f2-4b8e-a3ea-fce696d20d7a A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/f46983ca-a0f2-4b8e-a3ea-fce696d20d7a. Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/b4dd13a7-679a-4e2c-b3f0-16bee1c67b88/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 00:17:18.811253+00:00 2026-03-25 14:45:19.295237+00:00 2026-03-24 00:17:18.811253+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/b4dd13a7-679a-4e2c-b3f0-16bee1c67b88 A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/b4dd13a7-679a-4e2c-b3f0-16bee1c67b88. summer Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 User Needs (RAST) physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 per 30 years Earth Sciences Climatology Preparing the ground Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry Stakeholders Key Type Measures sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 Weather Weather E20C Academic/ Institutional Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation Geosciences meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 Engineering (General) Academia/ Research Institutions The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 Extreme heat land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 none Mathematical Sciences land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 Mathematical Physics of summer Portugal This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 IPCC Geographical Scope result 6.61764705882353 5.4 Knowledge Sector (EEA) No policy or regulation Geosciences (General) Climate Hazard mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 dependent territory 6.25 5.1 Environmental Sciences Methodology Meteorology and climatology Physical Sciences Climate change Environment/Climate change land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 Funding Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics between 1951-1980 Engineering climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 extrication 6.25 5.1 Statistics Lisbon City in Portugal Atmospheric Sciences Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 Policy Scale emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 1981-2010 periods Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Environmental Science and Management Physical and Technological Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 Other Physical Sciences Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/140d2b83-a813-40a0-8abd-9cf30783f321/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 00:19:30.322056+00:00 2026-03-25 13:38:59.672334+00:00 2026-03-24 00:19:30.322056+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/140d2b83-a813-40a0-8abd-9cf30783f321 A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/140d2b83-a813-40a0-8abd-9cf30783f321. Knowledge Sector (EEA) climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 Geosciences (General) Funding Climate Hazard of summer Geosciences Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy Portugal land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 Methodology Climate change Environment/Climate change Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 between 1951-1980 Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 Engineering (General) none maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 Other Physical Sciences Policy Scale Geographical Scope Environmental Sciences extrication 6.25 5.1 The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 Climatology emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 Mathematical Sciences 1981-2010 periods result 6.61764705882353 5.4 Meteorology and climatology Mathematical Physics Weather Weather sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 Academic/ Institutional temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 Preparing the ground temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 User Needs (RAST) Key Type Measures summer Earth Sciences E20C Atmospheric Sciences Statistics Extreme heat mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 dependent territory 6.25 5.1 This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics Lisbon disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 Environmental Science and Management IPCC per 30 years A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Engineering Stakeholders T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation Academia/ Research Institutions sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 City in Portugal Physical Sciences No policy or regulation Physical and Technological E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f 2026-03-24 00:22:55.319849+00:00 2026-03-24 00:22:56.412088+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon 2026-03-24 00:22:55.319849+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/19b58956-ef0d-4777-af80-cffc3d1467f5/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 00:22:53.709226+00:00 2026-03-25 14:45:41.263600+00:00 2026-03-24 00:22:53.709226+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/19b58956-ef0d-4777-af80-cffc3d1467f5 A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/19b58956-ef0d-4777-af80-cffc3d1467f5. Engineering (General) Portugal Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 Environmental Sciences land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 Mathematical Sciences Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry Physical Sciences disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 Mathematical Physics Stakeholders Other Physical Sciences mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 between 1951-1980 Climatology Extreme heat sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 Lisbon result 6.61764705882353 5.4 extrication 6.25 5.1 This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 Statistics Geosciences (General) Engineering fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 Atmospheric Sciences climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 Physical and Technological Academia/ Research Institutions Weather Weather Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation none temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 Geographical Scope meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 User Needs (RAST) Funding Meteorology and climatology per 30 years dependent territory 6.25 5.1 mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 summer Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 Environmental Science and Management A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 Geosciences City in Portugal E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics Key Type Measures Knowledge Sector (EEA) Earth Sciences Academic/ Institutional Climate change Environment/Climate change E20C Policy Scale Preparing the ground Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 Methodology IPCC 1981-2010 periods maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 of summer Climate Hazard T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy No policy or regulation summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research https://doi.org/10.1080/10643380802238137 2026-03-24 01:17:45.860419+00:00 2026-03-24 01:17:46.945369+00:00 This paper reviews the European summer heat wave of 2003, with special emphasis on the first half of August 2003, jointly with its significant societal and environmental impact across Western and Central Europe. We show the pattern of record-breaking temperature anomalies, discuss it in the context of the past, and address the role of the main contributing factors responsible for the occurrence and persistence of this event: blocking episodes, soil moisture deficit, and sea surface temperatures. We show that the anticyclonic pattern corresponds more to an anomalous northern displacement of the North Atlantic subtropical high than a canonical blocking structure, and that soil moisture deficit was a key factor to reach unprecedented temperature anomalies. There are indications that the anomalous Mediterranean Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) have contributed to the heat wave of 2003, whereas the role of SST anomalies in other oceanic regions is still under debate. There are methodological limitations to evaluate excess mortality due to excessive temperatures; however, the different studies available in the literature allow us to estimate that around 40,000 deaths were registered in Europe during the heat wave, mostly elderly persons. Despite previous efforts undertaken by a few cities to implement warning systems, this dramatic episode has highlighted the widespread un-preparedness of most civil and health authorities to cope with such large events. Therefore, the implementation of early warning systems in most European cities to mitigate the impact of extreme heat is the main consequence to diminish the impact of future similar events. In addition to mortality (by far the most dramatic impact), we have also analyzed the record-breaking forest fires in Portugal and the evidence of other relevant impacts, including agriculture and air pollution. A Review of the European Summer Heat Wave of 2003 2026-03-24 01:17:45.860419+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/14b4b9e7-c8b7-42dd-b5b8-857330399855/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 01:17:44.353200+00:00 2026-03-25 14:42:56.836781+00:00 2026-03-24 01:17:44.353200+00:00 This paper reviews the European summer heat wave of 2003, with special emphasis on the first half of August 2003, jointly with its significant societal and environmental impact across Western and Central Europe. We show the pattern of record-breaking temperature anomalies, discuss it in the context of the past, and address the role of the main contributing factors responsible for the occurrence and persistence of this event: blocking episodes, soil moisture deficit, and sea surface temperatures. We show that the anticyclonic pattern corresponds more to an anomalous northern displacement of the North Atlantic subtropical high than a canonical blocking structure, and that soil moisture deficit was a key factor to reach unprecedented temperature anomalies. There are indications that the anomalous Mediterranean Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) have contributed to the heat wave of 2003, whereas the role of SST anomalies in other oceanic regions is still under debate. There are methodological limitations to evaluate excess mortality due to excessive temperatures; however, the different studies available in the literature allow us to estimate that around 40,000 deaths were registered in Europe during the heat wave, mostly elderly persons. Despite previous efforts undertaken by a few cities to implement warning systems, this dramatic episode has highlighted the widespread un-preparedness of most civil and health authorities to cope with such large events. Therefore, the implementation of early warning systems in most European cities to mitigate the impact of extreme heat is the main consequence to diminish the impact of future similar events. In addition to mortality (by far the most dramatic impact), we have also analyzed the record-breaking forest fires in Portugal and the evidence of other relevant impacts, including agriculture and air pollution. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/14b4b9e7-c8b7-42dd-b5b8-857330399855 A Review of the European Summer Heat Wave of 2003 MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A Review of the European Summer Heat Wave of 2003." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/14b4b9e7-c8b7-42dd-b5b8-857330399855. Ecological Applications role 7.2481572481572485 5.9 Meteorology and climatology Policy Scale Environmental pollution Environment/Environmental pollution Physical and Technological Funding Knowledge Sector (EEA) Portugal Extreme heat 2003 Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based A Review of the European Summer Heat Wave of 2003 This paper reviews the European summer heat wave of 2003, with special emphasis on the first half of August 2003, jointly with its significant societal and environmental impact across Western and Central Europe. 44.656488549618324 23.4 Earth Sciences Climate Hazard Population growth Environment/Natural resources/Population growth Environmental Science and Management Other Biological Sciences Academic/ Institutional soil moisture deficit 34.31635388739946 12.8 Systemic Literature Review Key Type Measures geology 24.590163934426226 1.5 Central Europe Mediterranean Sea Methodology event 7.125307125307126 5.8 forest fire 16.076294277929154 5.9 summer meteorology 55.73770491803278 3.4 Biological Sciences Extreme weather: floods, droughts, heatwaves preparedness 11.716621253405993 4.3 Health IPCC hydrography 19.67213114754098 1.2 surface temperature 12.806539509536783 4.7 summer heat wave 25.469168900804288 9.5 Data on climate-relate hazards health authority 11.989100817438693 4.4 Other Environmental Sciences Geographical Scope mortality rate 8.722358722358724 7.1 Atmospheric Sciences on the first half of Aug-2003 User Needs (RAST) Geosciences Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors hot weather 16.216216216216218 13.2 of 2003 warning system 5.15970515970516 4.2 European Continent readiness 8.230958230958231 6.7 Stakeholders Records and achievements Human interest/Accomplishment/Records and achievements We show the pattern of record-breaking temperature anomalies, discuss it in the context of the past, and address the role of the main contributing factors responsible for the occurrence and persistence of this event: blocking episodes, soil moisture deficit, and sea surface temperatures. 26.52671755725191 13.9 Environment pollution deficit 11.716621253405993 4.3 European/ Subnational policy Geosciences (General) shortage 8.353808353808354 6.8 indication 5.2825552825552835 4.3 Weather Weather Weather phenomena Weather/Weather phenomena Earth resources and remote sensing factor 5.528255528255529 4.5 health authority 8.599508599508601 7.0 wildfire 11.670761670761673 9.5 role of the main 13.404825737265414 5.0 Mediterranean Sea surface temperatures 17.15817694369973 6.4 Environmental Sciences Other Earth Sciences Geology mortality 11.716621253405993 4.3 record-breaking temperature anomalies 9.651474530831099 3.6 Academia/ Research Institutions There are indications that the anomalous Mediterranean Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) have contributed to the heat wave of 2003, whereas the role of SST anomalies in other oceanic regions is still under debate. 28.816793893129773 15.1 heat wave 23.978201634877387 8.8 impact 7.8624078624078635 6.4 Europe Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research https://doi.org/10.1080/10643380802238137 2026-03-24 07:14:19.380860+00:00 2026-03-24 07:14:20.399545+00:00 This paper reviews the European summer heat wave of 2003, with special emphasis on the first half of August 2003, jointly with its significant societal and environmental impact across Western and Central Europe. We show the pattern of record-breaking temperature anomalies, discuss it in the context of the past, and address the role of the main contributing factors responsible for the occurrence and persistence of this event: blocking episodes, soil moisture deficit, and sea surface temperatures. We show that the anticyclonic pattern corresponds more to an anomalous northern displacement of the North Atlantic subtropical high than a canonical blocking structure, and that soil moisture deficit was a key factor to reach unprecedented temperature anomalies. There are indications that the anomalous Mediterranean Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) have contributed to the heat wave of 2003, whereas the role of SST anomalies in other oceanic regions is still under debate. There are methodological limitations to evaluate excess mortality due to excessive temperatures; however, the different studies available in the literature allow us to estimate that around 40,000 deaths were registered in Europe during the heat wave, mostly elderly persons. Despite previous efforts undertaken by a few cities to implement warning systems, this dramatic episode has highlighted the widespread un-preparedness of most civil and health authorities to cope with such large events. Therefore, the implementation of early warning systems in most European cities to mitigate the impact of extreme heat is the main consequence to diminish the impact of future similar events. In addition to mortality (by far the most dramatic impact), we have also analyzed the record-breaking forest fires in Portugal and the evidence of other relevant impacts, including agriculture and air pollution. A Review of the European Summer Heat Wave of 2003 2026-03-24 07:14:19.380860+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/d5e7d8f9-36f3-4742-b9f5-382009a433d7/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 07:14:17.839290+00:00 2026-03-25 14:43:16.742924+00:00 2026-03-24 07:14:17.839290+00:00 This paper reviews the European summer heat wave of 2003, with special emphasis on the first half of August 2003, jointly with its significant societal and environmental impact across Western and Central Europe. We show the pattern of record-breaking temperature anomalies, discuss it in the context of the past, and address the role of the main contributing factors responsible for the occurrence and persistence of this event: blocking episodes, soil moisture deficit, and sea surface temperatures. We show that the anticyclonic pattern corresponds more to an anomalous northern displacement of the North Atlantic subtropical high than a canonical blocking structure, and that soil moisture deficit was a key factor to reach unprecedented temperature anomalies. There are indications that the anomalous Mediterranean Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) have contributed to the heat wave of 2003, whereas the role of SST anomalies in other oceanic regions is still under debate. There are methodological limitations to evaluate excess mortality due to excessive temperatures; however, the different studies available in the literature allow us to estimate that around 40,000 deaths were registered in Europe during the heat wave, mostly elderly persons. Despite previous efforts undertaken by a few cities to implement warning systems, this dramatic episode has highlighted the widespread un-preparedness of most civil and health authorities to cope with such large events. Therefore, the implementation of early warning systems in most European cities to mitigate the impact of extreme heat is the main consequence to diminish the impact of future similar events. In addition to mortality (by far the most dramatic impact), we have also analyzed the record-breaking forest fires in Portugal and the evidence of other relevant impacts, including agriculture and air pollution. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/d5e7d8f9-36f3-4742-b9f5-382009a433d7 A Review of the European Summer Heat Wave of 2003 MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A Review of the European Summer Heat Wave of 2003." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/d5e7d8f9-36f3-4742-b9f5-382009a433d7. Environment pollution summer Key Type Measures Extreme weather: floods, droughts, heatwaves Environmental pollution Environment/Environmental pollution role of the main 13.404825737265414 5.0 impact 7.8624078624078635 6.4 Atmospheric Sciences Earth Sciences health authority 11.989100817438693 4.4 Academic/ Institutional Geosciences (General) We show the pattern of record-breaking temperature anomalies, discuss it in the context of the past, and address the role of the main contributing factors responsible for the occurrence and persistence of this event: blocking episodes, soil moisture deficit, and sea surface temperatures. 26.52671755725191 13.9 Geographical Scope Physical and Technological 2003 Biological Sciences Knowledge Sector (EEA) Health indication 5.2825552825552835 4.3 mortality 11.716621253405993 4.3 Earth resources and remote sensing wildfire 11.670761670761673 9.5 Weather phenomena Weather/Weather phenomena Europe Data on climate-relate hazards Mediterranean Sea role 7.2481572481572485 5.9 Records and achievements Human interest/Accomplishment/Records and achievements Population growth Environment/Natural resources/Population growth readiness 8.230958230958231 6.7 Other Earth Sciences warning system 5.15970515970516 4.2 Weather Weather Environmental Science and Management European Continent forest fire 16.076294277929154 5.9 mortality rate 8.722358722358724 7.1 Geology Environmental Sciences European/ Subnational policy Extreme heat surface temperature 12.806539509536783 4.7 factor 5.528255528255529 4.5 Mediterranean Sea surface temperatures 17.15817694369973 6.4 Meteorology and climatology Systemic Literature Review Other Biological Sciences Funding Climate Hazard on the first half of Aug-2003 Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based deficit 11.716621253405993 4.3 hydrography 19.67213114754098 1.2 heat wave 23.978201634877387 8.8 There are indications that the anomalous Mediterranean Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) have contributed to the heat wave of 2003, whereas the role of SST anomalies in other oceanic regions is still under debate. 28.816793893129773 15.1 Stakeholders IPCC Portugal soil moisture deficit 34.31635388739946 12.8 meteorology 55.73770491803278 3.4 of 2003 A Review of the European Summer Heat Wave of 2003 This paper reviews the European summer heat wave of 2003, with special emphasis on the first half of August 2003, jointly with its significant societal and environmental impact across Western and Central Europe. 44.656488549618324 23.4 hot weather 16.216216216216218 13.2 Other Environmental Sciences Ecological Applications User Needs (RAST) shortage 8.353808353808354 6.8 preparedness 11.716621253405993 4.3 Central Europe Methodology Policy Scale summer heat wave 25.469168900804288 9.5 record-breaking temperature anomalies 9.651474530831099 3.6 geology 24.590163934426226 1.5 event 7.125307125307126 5.8 Academia/ Research Institutions Geosciences health authority 8.599508599508601 7.0 Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127548 2026-03-24 07:17:49.352074+00:00 2026-03-24 07:17:50.439486+00:00 Implementing measures to adapt and mitigate climate change effects in cities has been considered increasingly urgent since the quality of life, health, and well-being of urban residents is threatened by this change. Novel communities of plant species that emerge and thrive in the harsh conditions of cities may represent a promising opportunity to address climate change adaptation and mitigation through the planting design and management of urban green spaces. The objective of this study is to develop an adaptive planting design and management framework. The proposed framework is grounded on previous adaptive approaches and focuses on the opportunities emerging from novel plant communities in urban conditions. The framework comprises three main steps (1 – Climate change assessment, 2 – Plant species database, and 3 – Planting design and management procedure). A proposal on how the framework could be tested was developed for the city of Porto, Portugal. Still, the application of the framework can also be adjusted to other urban contexts, offering a starting point for experimentation and assessment of plants’ adaptation and mitigation capacities through design and management. As lack of knowledge and uncertainty about climate change limits global capacity to implement robust adaptation and mitigation strategies, building knowledge in an adaptive way and context-specific locations will be of paramount interest to tackle climate change in cities. Adaptive planting design and management framework for urban climate change adaptation and mitigation 2026-03-24 07:17:49.352074+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/5a191e95-25b2-436f-9559-65c36a845789/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 07:17:47.285826+00:00 2026-03-25 14:42:27.266435+00:00 2026-03-24 07:17:47.285826+00:00 Implementing measures to adapt and mitigate climate change effects in cities has been considered increasingly urgent since the quality of life, health, and well-being of urban residents is threatened by this change. Novel communities of plant species that emerge and thrive in the harsh conditions of cities may represent a promising opportunity to address climate change adaptation and mitigation through the planting design and management of urban green spaces. The objective of this study is to develop an adaptive planting design and management framework. The proposed framework is grounded on previous adaptive approaches and focuses on the opportunities emerging from novel plant communities in urban conditions. The framework comprises three main steps (1 – Climate change assessment, 2 – Plant species database, and 3 – Planting design and management procedure). A proposal on how the framework could be tested was developed for the city of Porto, Portugal. Still, the application of the framework can also be adjusted to other urban contexts, offering a starting point for experimentation and assessment of plants’ adaptation and mitigation capacities through design and management. As lack of knowledge and uncertainty about climate change limits global capacity to implement robust adaptation and mitigation strategies, building knowledge in an adaptive way and context-specific locations will be of paramount interest to tackle climate change in cities. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/5a191e95-25b2-436f-9559-65c36a845789 Adaptive planting design and management framework for urban climate change adaptation and mitigation MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "Adaptive planting design and management framework for urban climate change adaptation and mitigation." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/5a191e95-25b2-436f-9559-65c36a845789. Geosciences (General) climate change adaptation 12.291666666666666 5.9 management framework 18.277310924369743 8.7 none climate change 10.243902439024392 8.4 User Needs (RAST) Earth resources and remote sensing knowledge 7.926829268292685 6.5 Policy Scale IPCC Systemic Literature Review Methodology Stakeholders Other Biological Sciences Novel communities of plant species that emerge and thrive in the harsh conditions of cities may represent a promising opportunity to address climate change adaptation and mitigation through the planting design and management of urban green spaces. 39.15857605177994 24.2 Academic/ Institutional Porto mitigation strategy 30.462184873949578 14.5 Geosciences Life sciences (General) Geographical Scope Environmental Science and Management Biological Sciences emergency measure 17.195121951219516 14.1 Other Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences Preparing the ground rack 7.3170731707317085 6.0 pattern 10.0 8.2 Life sciences Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation Knowledge Sector (EEA) Other Environmental Sciences ecology 38.52459016393443 4.7 Agriculture Economy, business and finance/Economic sector/Agriculture Environment pollution aim 4.26829268292683 3.5 Weather Weather strategy 5.121951219512196 4.2 Climate change Environment/Climate change plant species 10.833333333333334 5.2 botany 13.114754098360656 1.6 The objective of this study is to develop an adaptive planting design and management framework. 22.168284789644012 13.7 Extreme heat planting 9.26829268292683 7.6 European Continent Built Environment and Design Key Type Measures Climate Hazard management 5.060975609756098 4.15 planting design 20.168067226890756 9.6 Environmental Sciences Urban and Regional Planning Meteorology and climatology Ecological Applications Adaptive planting design and management framework for urban climate change adaptation and mitigation Implementing measures to adapt and mitigate climate change effects in cities has been considered increasingly urgent since the quality of life, health, and well-being of urban residents is threatened by this change. 38.673139158576056 23.9 Nature-based Solutions and Ecosystem-based Approach No policy or regulation mitigation 26.666666666666668 12.8 opportunity 12.083333333333334 5.8 framework 11.041666666666666 5.3 Academia/ Research Institutions Other Built Environment and Design opportunity 7.560975609756099 6.2 Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences mitigation Implementing measure 19.32773109243697 9.2 locating 4.390243902439025 3.6 community 6.585365853658538 5.4 building knowledge 11.76470588235294 5.6 Plant Human interest/Plant biology 24.59016393442623 3.0 Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors meteorology 23.77049180327869 2.9 knowledge 12.5 6.0 Urban Agriculture, Land and Farm Management planting 14.583333333333334 7.0 Funding Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ad7527 2026-03-24 07:22:00.899615+00:00 2026-03-24 07:22:01.922059+00:00 Abstract As extreme event attribution (EEA) matures, explaining the impacts of extreme events has risen to be a key focus for attribution scientists. Studies of this type usually assess the contribution of anthropogenic climate change to observed impacts. Other scientific communities have developed tools to assess how human activities influence impacts of extreme weather events on ecosystems and societies. For example, the disaster risk reduction (DRR) community analyses how the structure of human societies affects exposure, vulnerability, and ultimately the impacts of extreme weather events, with less attention to the role of anthropogenic climate change. In this perspective, we argue that adapting current practice in EEA to also consider other causal factors in attribution of extreme weather impacts would provide richer and more comprehensive insight into the causes of disasters. To this end, we propose a framework for EEA that would generate a more complete picture of human influences on impacts and bridge the gap between the EEA and DRR communities. We provide illustrations for five case studies: the 2021–2022 Kenyan drought; the 2013–2015 marine heatwave in the northeast Pacific; the 2017 forest fires in Portugal; Acqua Alta (flooding) events in Venice and evaluation of the efficiency of the Experimental Electromechanical Module, an ensemble of mobile barriers that can be activated to mitigate the influx of seawater in the city; and California droughts and the Forecast Informed Reservoir Operations system as an adaptation strategy. Broadening the scope of anthropogenic influence in extreme event attribution 2026-03-24 07:22:00.899615+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/611168c5-cd96-4ff1-a973-46be7b669d56/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 07:21:59.320509+00:00 2026-03-25 13:49:49.477493+00:00 2026-03-24 07:21:59.320509+00:00 Abstract As extreme event attribution (EEA) matures, explaining the impacts of extreme events has risen to be a key focus for attribution scientists. Studies of this type usually assess the contribution of anthropogenic climate change to observed impacts. Other scientific communities have developed tools to assess how human activities influence impacts of extreme weather events on ecosystems and societies. For example, the disaster risk reduction (DRR) community analyses how the structure of human societies affects exposure, vulnerability, and ultimately the impacts of extreme weather events, with less attention to the role of anthropogenic climate change. In this perspective, we argue that adapting current practice in EEA to also consider other causal factors in attribution of extreme weather impacts would provide richer and more comprehensive insight into the causes of disasters. To this end, we propose a framework for EEA that would generate a more complete picture of human influences on impacts and bridge the gap between the EEA and DRR communities. We provide illustrations for five case studies: the 2021–2022 Kenyan drought; the 2013–2015 marine heatwave in the northeast Pacific; the 2017 forest fires in Portugal; Acqua Alta (flooding) events in Venice and evaluation of the efficiency of the Experimental Electromechanical Module, an ensemble of mobile barriers that can be activated to mitigate the influx of seawater in the city; and California droughts and the Forecast Informed Reservoir Operations system as an adaptation strategy. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/611168c5-cd96-4ff1-a973-46be7b669d56 Broadening the scope of anthropogenic influence in extreme event attribution MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "Broadening the scope of anthropogenic influence in extreme event attribution." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/611168c5-cd96-4ff1-a973-46be7b669d56. Other Environmental Sciences Experimental Electromechanical Module Ecosystem Environment/Nature/Ecosystem the 2013-2015 European Continent insight 6.58578856152513 3.8 Climate Hazard anthropogenic climate change 12.740384615384617 5.3 extreme event attribution 15.384615384615387 6.4 Disaster risk reduction drr community 15.789473684210526 6.0 Experimental Electromechanical Module 13.157894736842104 5.0 event attribution Abstract 26.05263157894737 9.9 meteorology 62.711864406779654 3.7 ecology 37.28813559322034 2.2 influx 6.239168110918545 3.6 Key Type Measures International/ Global policy Venice Weather Weather Methodology contribution 6.759098786828424 3.9 Atmospheric Sciences Preparing the ground study 10.051993067590988 5.8 Science and technology Science and technology Academic/ Institutional Earth Sciences Geosciences (General) California Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation extreme weather 11.53846153846154 4.8 Energy production and conversion In this perspective, we argue that adapting current practice in EEA to also consider other causal factors in attribution of extreme weather impacts would provide richer and more comprehensive insight into the causes of disasters. 24.518388791593694 14.0 the 2021-2022 Ecological Applications Non specific Environmental Sciences act 8.492201039861353 4.9 Institutional: Government policies and programs impacts of extreme weather event 11.842105263157896 4.5 Climate change Environment/Climate change Portugal Environment pollution Academia/ Research Institutions Geographical Scope Systemic Literature Review User Needs (RAST) Geosciences study 11.53846153846154 4.8 As extreme event attribution (EEA) matures, explaining the impacts of extreme events has risen to be a key focus for attribution scientists. 52.53940455341506 30.0 Policy Scale Physical and Technological Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors attribution scientist 33.1578947368421 12.6 Stakeholders Knowledge Sector (EEA) impact 13.461538461538463 5.6 determinant 6.412478336221837 3.7 attribution 20.673076923076927 8.6 community 14.66346153846154 6.1 IPCC Environmental Science and Management community 18.717504332755635 10.8 Broadening the scope of anthropogenic influence in extreme event attribution Abstract 22.942206654991242 13.1 impact 9.878682842287695 5.7 Funding Meteorology and climatology Geophysics attribution 16.984402079722706 9.8 Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f 2026-03-24 07:30:27.392753+00:00 2026-03-24 07:30:28.416665+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon 2026-03-24 07:30:27.392753+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/b2e03e61-d513-4394-82c6-09742ad9b0bf/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 07:30:25.596802+00:00 2026-03-25 14:48:18.692247+00:00 2026-03-24 07:30:25.596802+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/b2e03e61-d513-4394-82c6-09742ad9b0bf A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/b2e03e61-d513-4394-82c6-09742ad9b0bf. Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 Key Type Measures No policy or regulation Geosciences (General) between 1951-1980 Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 IPCC sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 Engineering User Needs (RAST) Physical and Technological Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 Preparing the ground Geosciences Methodology land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 Stakeholders Other Physical Sciences extrication 6.25 5.1 of summer Funding Physical Sciences Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 Policy Scale Lisbon per 30 years summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 dependent territory 6.25 5.1 physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 Engineering (General) Extreme heat land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 Knowledge Sector (EEA) Portugal Environmental Science and Management climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 result 6.61764705882353 5.4 City in Portugal Statistics The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 Environmental Sciences Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Geographical Scope Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 Academia/ Research Institutions fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 Climate change Environment/Climate change Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation Climate Hazard Weather Weather Earth Sciences Mathematical Physics sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 Climatology E20C 1981-2010 periods Atmospheric Sciences Meteorology and climatology summer emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics Academic/ Institutional Mathematical Sciences none Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f 2026-03-24 08:20:54.277645+00:00 2026-03-24 08:20:55.345399+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon 2026-03-24 08:20:54.277645+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/139232bf-65ac-4b90-8e50-378e66f4b88f/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 08:20:52.809064+00:00 2026-03-25 14:43:35.410683+00:00 2026-03-24 08:20:52.809064+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/139232bf-65ac-4b90-8e50-378e66f4b88f A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/139232bf-65ac-4b90-8e50-378e66f4b88f. Climate Hazard No policy or regulation Geosciences Physical Sciences Engineering (General) land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 result 6.61764705882353 5.4 Geographical Scope Physical and Technological maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 none of summer summer Portugal Methodology Meteorology and climatology land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 Stakeholders E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics Engineering mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 Preparing the ground Knowledge Sector (EEA) City in Portugal Geosciences (General) Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy Climatology sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 Funding Weather Weather extrication 6.25 5.1 Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 User Needs (RAST) temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 Extreme heat The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 Climate change Environment/Climate change Key Type Measures This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 Earth Sciences IPCC Lisbon Policy Scale Statistics Mathematical Physics Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry Environmental Science and Management between 1951-1980 Mathematical Sciences Other Physical Sciences Academia/ Research Institutions Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 Environmental Sciences temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 Atmospheric Sciences per 30 years meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 1981-2010 periods emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 Academic/ Institutional sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors E20C dependent territory 6.25 5.1 mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f 2026-03-24 08:51:46.046981+00:00 2026-03-24 08:51:47.158524+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon 2026-03-24 08:51:46.046981+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/e9a82f6c-3bbe-40e6-bb17-daa68cd07f4c/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 08:51:44.416774+00:00 2026-03-25 14:46:44.756211+00:00 2026-03-24 08:51:44.416774+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/e9a82f6c-3bbe-40e6-bb17-daa68cd07f4c A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/e9a82f6c-3bbe-40e6-bb17-daa68cd07f4c. E20C Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 Atmospheric Sciences sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 Other Physical Sciences Engineering (General) Environmental Sciences per 30 years Academia/ Research Institutions Weather Weather Climatology Geographical Scope The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 Earth Sciences temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 dependent territory 6.25 5.1 land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 Meteorology and climatology extrication 6.25 5.1 Knowledge Sector (EEA) Environmental Science and Management Engineering Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 City in Portugal A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 summer Geosciences (General) summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 Funding 1981-2010 periods between 1951-1980 User Needs (RAST) Mathematical Physics Key Type Measures land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 Physical and Technological sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 of summer No policy or regulation Extreme heat Stakeholders Lisbon Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 Methodology Physical Sciences none meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 Geosciences disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 result 6.61764705882353 5.4 Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation Policy Scale Climate Hazard Statistics IPCC Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 Preparing the ground Climate change Environment/Climate change Portugal emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Academic/ Institutional Mathematical Sciences physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f 2026-03-24 09:22:04.887010+00:00 2026-03-24 09:22:06.345506+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon 2026-03-24 09:22:04.887010+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/c72367c0-9ce3-48a3-8d50-c1ad5811cdd7/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 09:22:03.148849+00:00 2026-03-25 14:44:26.868247+00:00 2026-03-24 09:22:03.148849+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/c72367c0-9ce3-48a3-8d50-c1ad5811cdd7 A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/c72367c0-9ce3-48a3-8d50-c1ad5811cdd7. No policy or regulation City in Portugal Funding Other Physical Sciences Climatology Earth Sciences E20C Lisbon E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation result 6.61764705882353 5.4 Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 Engineering (General) Stakeholders Statistics Academia/ Research Institutions Mathematical Sciences Physical Sciences 1981-2010 periods Policy Scale per 30 years Mathematical Physics Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 Weather Weather Geosciences (General) physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 Physical and Technological Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 Geosciences Meteorology and climatology between 1951-1980 mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 Engineering extrication 6.25 5.1 climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 Climate change Environment/Climate change Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics Extreme heat Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 IPCC meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 Climate Hazard Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy Academic/ Institutional Portugal sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 Methodology T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 User Needs (RAST) Atmospheric Sciences temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 Knowledge Sector (EEA) none The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 of summer Environmental Science and Management This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 summer Environmental Sciences dependent territory 6.25 5.1 Preparing the ground Geographical Scope emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 Key Type Measures Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f 2026-03-24 09:27:55.555823+00:00 2026-03-24 09:27:56.567408+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon 2026-03-24 09:27:55.555823+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/d9c756dd-0481-405a-911b-23ce97e81abd/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 09:27:53.744918+00:00 2026-03-25 14:43:46.111587+00:00 2026-03-24 09:27:53.744918+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/d9c756dd-0481-405a-911b-23ce97e81abd A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/d9c756dd-0481-405a-911b-23ce97e81abd. between 1951-1980 meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 Climate Hazard temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 Other Physical Sciences Academia/ Research Institutions Statistics Meteorology and climatology land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 User Needs (RAST) result 6.61764705882353 5.4 none mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 Physical and Technological E20C Lisbon land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 Atmospheric Sciences Climate change Environment/Climate change Earth Sciences summer Knowledge Sector (EEA) per 30 years Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based Geographical Scope fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 Methodology disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 Extreme heat extrication 6.25 5.1 Mathematical Sciences Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 City in Portugal Portugal Climatology Stakeholders Geosciences (General) Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry Preparing the ground dependent territory 6.25 5.1 Academic/ Institutional Mathematical Physics Policy Scale Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 Key Type Measures E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy Engineering (General) Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation Weather Weather Environmental Sciences land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 of summer T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Geosciences A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 Environmental Science and Management The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 IPCC No policy or regulation mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 Engineering Physical Sciences maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 Funding climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 1981-2010 periods temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f 2026-03-24 09:34:15.157056+00:00 2026-03-24 09:34:16.191304+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon 2026-03-24 09:34:15.157056+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/4a7bb92b-6d39-498a-a1d0-c974fd399f4a/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 09:34:13.450108+00:00 2026-03-25 14:44:48.997939+00:00 2026-03-24 09:34:13.450108+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/4a7bb92b-6d39-498a-a1d0-c974fd399f4a A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/4a7bb92b-6d39-498a-a1d0-c974fd399f4a. land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 Atmospheric Sciences temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 Funding Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 Portugal disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 No policy or regulation A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics none Earth Sciences meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 Environmental Sciences Environmental Science and Management maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy 1981-2010 periods Preparing the ground Methodology Meteorology and climatology Lisbon mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 Other Physical Sciences Engineering (General) Physical and Technological of summer sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 City in Portugal Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 Climate change Environment/Climate change E20C summer extrication 6.25 5.1 Engineering Statistics Mathematical Sciences Weather Weather Policy Scale Key Type Measures The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 User Needs (RAST) Knowledge Sector (EEA) Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors between 1951-1980 Extreme heat Mathematical Physics per 30 years IPCC Climate Hazard Physical Sciences Stakeholders Academia/ Research Institutions Climatology dependent territory 6.25 5.1 Geographical Scope Academic/ Institutional This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 Geosciences (General) sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 Geosciences Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 result 6.61764705882353 5.4 Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f 2026-03-24 09:36:49.616449+00:00 2026-03-24 09:36:50.807140+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon 2026-03-24 09:36:49.616449+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/ae854009-c98e-44e9-bf6d-3f6fbd65be7d/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 09:36:47.975506+00:00 2026-03-25 09:40:18.035331+00:00 2026-03-24 09:36:47.975506+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/ae854009-c98e-44e9-bf6d-3f6fbd65be7d A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/ae854009-c98e-44e9-bf6d-3f6fbd65be7d. Climate Hazard disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 Policy Scale maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 Environmental Science and Management Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry Weather Weather User Needs (RAST) summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 Methodology result 6.61764705882353 5.4 Atmospheric Sciences Preparing the ground Statistics Funding A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 extrication 6.25 5.1 Other Physical Sciences Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based 1981-2010 periods dependent territory 6.25 5.1 Geosciences Environmental Sciences Geographical Scope Physical Sciences mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 Knowledge Sector (EEA) Earth Sciences per 30 years Academic/ Institutional Key Type Measures climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 City in Portugal Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 between 1951-1980 IPCC No policy or regulation Extreme heat The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 Physical and Technological sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 Meteorology and climatology E20C Stakeholders Academia/ Research Institutions of summer fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation Portugal physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 Engineering meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 Climatology land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 Mathematical Sciences summer E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 Engineering (General) Geosciences (General) mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 Mathematical Physics none temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Lisbon Climate change Environment/Climate change Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f 2026-03-24 09:42:43.093080+00:00 2026-03-24 09:42:44.202124+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon 2026-03-24 09:42:43.093080+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/e6aca448-8af3-48aa-950c-3ce09607bb9e/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 09:42:41.064953+00:00 2026-04-09 17:39:33.080581+00:00 2026-03-24 09:42:41.064953+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/e6aca448-8af3-48aa-950c-3ce09607bb9e A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/e6aca448-8af3-48aa-950c-3ce09607bb9e. Academic/ Institutional result 6.61764705882353 5.4 Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 No policy or regulation Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 E20C Physical Sciences Physical and Technological mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 Engineering (General) Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 Environmental Sciences Earth Sciences Academia/ Research Institutions summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 Climatology Environmental Science and Management none Extreme heat Weather Weather Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation Statistics Funding climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 Preparing the ground 1981-2010 periods sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 Geosciences (General) temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 Climate change Environment/Climate change disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 between 1951-1980 sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 dependent territory 6.25 5.1 Mathematical Physics Key Type Measures Engineering land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 Stakeholders Knowledge Sector (EEA) per 30 years emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 Mathematical Sciences mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 City in Portugal Meteorology and climatology Portugal Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 Geosciences The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 Atmospheric Sciences of summer Methodology meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 User Needs (RAST) Other Physical Sciences Policy Scale summer Geographical Scope IPCC Climate Hazard Lisbon extrication 6.25 5.1 fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f 2026-03-24 09:43:09.566917+00:00 2026-03-24 09:43:10.707716+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon 2026-03-24 09:43:09.566917+00:00 Academia/ Research Institutions Atmospheric Sciences City in Portugal physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 IPCC Engineering Mathematical Sciences Environmental Sciences extrication 6.25 5.1 No policy or regulation of summer land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry Mathematical Physics sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 Academic/ Institutional This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 Geographical Scope Key Type Measures between 1951-1980 User Needs (RAST) Extreme heat Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy Methodology result 6.61764705882353 5.4 per 30 years none disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 Climate change Environment/Climate change mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 Climatology Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 Policy Scale Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 Earth Sciences Stakeholders E20C Climate Hazard land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 Statistics meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 Engineering (General) Geosciences summer Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Knowledge Sector (EEA) Environmental Science and Management Funding dependent territory 6.25 5.1 A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 Preparing the ground land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 Portugal Geosciences (General) Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based Weather Weather temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 Meteorology and climatology T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 1981-2010 periods Physical and Technological Other Physical Sciences The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation Lisbon climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 Physical Sciences E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/f9e45bd4-6ed9-4c36-889d-849a2c698b8d/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 09:43:07.990194+00:00 2026-03-25 09:40:28.104286+00:00 2026-03-24 09:43:07.990194+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/f9e45bd4-6ed9-4c36-889d-849a2c698b8d A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/f9e45bd4-6ed9-4c36-889d-849a2c698b8d. Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f 2026-03-24 09:45:20.158181+00:00 2026-03-24 09:45:21.275905+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon 2026-03-24 09:45:20.158181+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/1709a1f4-9cbf-4430-bd38-ce8b2747196e/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 09:45:18.478393+00:00 2026-03-25 14:45:29.701217+00:00 2026-03-24 09:45:18.478393+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/1709a1f4-9cbf-4430-bd38-ce8b2747196e A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/1709a1f4-9cbf-4430-bd38-ce8b2747196e. Stakeholders Policy Scale Statistics land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 Geosciences Earth Sciences of summer fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 Physical and Technological mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 Weather Weather Knowledge Sector (EEA) Environmental Science and Management Atmospheric Sciences Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors City in Portugal E20C mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 Physical Sciences Climate Hazard extrication 6.25 5.1 Portugal Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 dependent territory 6.25 5.1 emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 Meteorology and climatology 1981-2010 periods Methodology per 30 years disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 Preparing the ground Mathematical Physics sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 summer temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 none between 1951-1980 Geosciences (General) Funding Key Type Measures Environmental Sciences Academia/ Research Institutions land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 User Needs (RAST) result 6.61764705882353 5.4 Engineering (General) Academic/ Institutional Extreme heat This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 Geographical Scope temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 No policy or regulation climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 IPCC Lisbon Other Physical Sciences Climatology Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 Mathematical Sciences Engineering Climate change Environment/Climate change meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f 2026-03-24 10:06:14.152415+00:00 2026-03-24 10:06:15.214609+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon 2026-03-24 10:06:14.152415+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/51ef67fc-b04f-4902-ae69-4a8a34ab60db/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 10:06:12.633941+00:00 2026-03-25 13:47:19.774891+00:00 2026-03-24 10:06:12.633941+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/51ef67fc-b04f-4902-ae69-4a8a34ab60db A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/51ef67fc-b04f-4902-ae69-4a8a34ab60db. Africa Campo Grande Lisbon Portugal maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 Statistics User Needs (RAST) fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 Key Type Measures Climate Hazard Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 Knowledge Sector (EEA) Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based Atmospheric Sciences Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 Lisbon result 6.61764705882353 5.4 Preparing the ground disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 Environmental Sciences Weather Weather Geographical Scope extrication 6.25 5.1 Portugal Academia/ Research Institutions Academic/ Institutional Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy Engineering sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 none Geosciences (General) Policy Scale Climate change Environment/Climate change Physical and Technological land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 Physical Sciences of summer summer summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 Mathematical Physics Other Physical Sciences Extreme heat No policy or regulation E20C Stakeholders The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 between 1951-1980 Meteorology and climatology mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 Earth Sciences physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 Funding 1981-2010 periods City in Portugal Environmental Science and Management Methodology land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 dependent territory 6.25 5.1 Engineering (General) meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 per 30 years Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics Mathematical Sciences Climatology Geosciences IPCC T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f 2026-03-24 10:14:40.608471+00:00 2026-03-24 10:14:41.650392+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon 2026-03-24 10:14:40.608471+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/5df6b246-7aee-464e-9135-c77c57059f9d/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 10:14:38.771759+00:00 2026-03-25 14:42:32.303916+00:00 2026-03-24 10:14:38.771759+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/5df6b246-7aee-464e-9135-c77c57059f9d A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/5df6b246-7aee-464e-9135-c77c57059f9d. Africa Campo Grande Lisbon Portugal Extreme heat Geosciences IPCC meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics extrication 6.25 5.1 Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation No policy or regulation disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry Geographical Scope Policy Scale Methodology This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 Mathematical Physics E20C Physical Sciences between 1951-1980 result 6.61764705882353 5.4 Lisbon mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 Knowledge Sector (EEA) mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 Climate change Environment/Climate change Engineering 1981-2010 periods temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 Physical and Technological physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 Atmospheric Sciences User Needs (RAST) none summer summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 Academia/ Research Institutions Academic/ Institutional land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 of summer dependent territory 6.25 5.1 Earth Sciences sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 Other Physical Sciences Statistics Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 Meteorology and climatology Key Type Measures E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 Engineering (General) Climate Hazard Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 Environmental Science and Management Environmental Sciences Climatology Funding Preparing the ground per 30 years temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Portugal Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 Geosciences (General) City in Portugal Weather Weather Mathematical Sciences sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 Stakeholders land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f 2026-03-24 10:16:01.828034+00:00 2026-03-24 10:16:02.792827+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon 2026-03-24 10:16:01.828034+00:00 Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 E20C Geographical Scope summer User Needs (RAST) Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 Climate Hazard Geosciences dependent territory 6.25 5.1 Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy Mathematical Physics Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based of summer Preparing the ground Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 Engineering Physical and Technological Physical Sciences Key Type Measures No policy or regulation Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 Climatology mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 Policy Scale IPCC Meteorology and climatology between 1951-1980 Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 Lisbon temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 Engineering (General) Knowledge Sector (EEA) temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 Funding Mathematical Sciences Climate change Environment/Climate change Academic/ Institutional physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 result 6.61764705882353 5.4 Environmental Science and Management Extreme heat Portugal climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 Earth Sciences City in Portugal sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 Stakeholders Weather Weather maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 Environmental Sciences none per 30 years Academia/ Research Institutions Atmospheric Sciences Geosciences (General) 1981-2010 periods This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 Methodology Other Physical Sciences extrication 6.25 5.1 land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Statistics 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/ffbc587d-278f-435c-98fb-6b589c3a4d29/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 10:15:58.640070+00:00 2026-04-11 09:37:47.507608+00:00 2026-03-24 10:15:58.640070+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/ffbc587d-278f-435c-98fb-6b589c3a4d29 A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/ffbc587d-278f-435c-98fb-6b589c3a4d29. Africa Campo Grande Lisbon Portugal Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f 2026-03-24 11:05:29.749638+00:00 2026-03-24 11:05:30.869255+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon 2026-03-24 11:05:29.749638+00:00 Geographical Scope 1981-2010 periods Urban Portugal disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 IPCC Climate change Environment/Climate change summer of summer This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 Policy Scale Physical and Technological Modeling/ Simulation Knowledge Sector (EEA) land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy Extreme heat Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 Not reported/ Unknown extrication 6.25 5.1 Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 Climate Hazard between 1951-1980 Data on climate-relate hazards fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 Earth Sciences Other Earth Sciences none City in Portugal physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry Meteorology and climatology result 6.61764705882353 5.4 Lisbon Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 Geosciences (General) Geosciences Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 Funding Environmental Science and Management Key Type Measures maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 Methodology Local policy climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 Academia/ Research Institutions mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 dependent territory 6.25 5.1 Stakeholders E20C Environmental Sciences Weather Weather T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 per 30 years Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience Atmospheric Sciences A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 User Needs (RAST) The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/f8152637-f8b2-4f29-8b24-771b9a8ecadb/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 11:05:27.879436+00:00 2026-04-27 18:30:09.977542+00:00 2026-03-24 11:05:27.879436+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/f8152637-f8b2-4f29-8b24-771b9a8ecadb A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/f8152637-f8b2-4f29-8b24-771b9a8ecadb. Africa Campo Grande Lisbon Portugal Esteban Gonzalez Information science Social sciences 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/8eff08fb-ac8b-4e0d-af28-5d7a8d39602e/crate/download/ 2026-03-27 13:53:52.564812+00:00 2026-04-11 00:15:06.213451+00:00 2026-03-27 13:53:52.564812+00:00 Metabolic activity data and analysis application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/8eff08fb-ac8b-4e0d-af28-5d7a8d39602e 02 - Metabolic Activity MANUAL Tykhonov, Slava. "02 - Metabolic Activity." ROHub. Mar 27 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/8eff08fb-ac8b-4e0d-af28-5d7a8d39602e. 146221 https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/78024781-eea7-4330-8905-c99c85e841ab/download/ 2026-03-27 13:53:55.777393+00:00 2026-03-27 13:54:01.883505+00:00 Metabolic activity data (raw, compiled, analyzed); Statistical analysis application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet MetabolicActivity.xlsx 2026-03-27 13:53:55.777393+00:00 metabolic Activity Metabolic activity datum 8.224674022066198 8.2 Methodology activity 34.032634032634036 29.2 Energy Biological Sciences Environmental health impacts Academia/ Research Institutions Social: Informational Activity Metabolic activity datum 91.27382146439318 91.0 User Needs (RAST) datum 58.878504672897186 56.7 Activity Metabolic 0.20060180541624875 0.2 fact 62.47086247086247 53.6 metabolic Activity Metabolic 0.10030090270812438 0.1 Non specific European Continent Other Biological Sciences Knowledge Sector (EEA) IPCC Biochemistry and Cell Biology Life sciences Data on climate Mathematical and computer sciences 02 - Metabolic Activity Metabolic activity data and analysis 100.0 100.0 analysis 11.94184839044652 11.5 activity 29.17964693665628 28.1 Stakeholders activity datum 0.20060180541624875 0.2 Key Type Measures Mathematical and computer sciences (general) No policy or regulation Funding Physics (General) Life sciences (General) Academic/ Institutional Engineering Climate Hazard Systemic Literature Review Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Physical and Technological Engineering (General) Geographical Scope metabolic 3.4965034965034967 3.0 Physics Policy Scale Slava Tykhonov Applied sciences Anne Fouilloux none Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience jeopardy 14.345991561181432 10.2 geophysics 65.71428571428571 2.3 Weather Weather Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Local policy Knowledge Sector (EEA) Physical and Technological Szombathely Academia/ Research Institutions pipeline 7.31364275668073 5.2 flood risk 11.29032258064516 4.2 job market 34.285714285714285 1.2 ellipsoid 7.735583684950773 5.5 column mapping 12.14470284237726 4.7 FAIR2Adapt — Hamburg Pluvial Flood Risk Assessment (CS3) **Urban pluvial flood risk assessment for Hamburg** using the IPCC risk framework (Risk = Hazard × Exposure × Vulnerability) 66.84587813620071 37.3 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 6.61040787623066 4.7 Funding von Szombathely 11.627906976744185 4.5 Meteorology and climatology Case Study Policy Scale Atmospheric Sciences Climate change Environment/Climate change Jewellery Arts, culture and entertainment/Arts and entertainment/Fashion/Jewellery none exposure 7.172995780590716 5.1 Szombathely 13.978494623655912 5.2 I-ADOPT 10.75268817204301 4.0 Extreme weather: floods, droughts, heatwaves risk 17.741935483870968 6.6 Geophysics Geosciences Climate Hazard IPCC risk framework 38.50129198966408 14.9 Hamburg 12.51758087201125 8.9 input file 8.157524613220815 5.8 2025 IPCC User Needs (RAST) Earth Sciences ### Pipeline - Repository: https://github.com/FAIR2Adapt/urban_pfr_toolbox_hamburg - Paper: von Szombathely et al. (2025) Urban Pluvial Flood Risk Mapping for Hamburg 16.845878136200717 9.4 Identification of risks Geographical Scope Hamburg mapping 12.903225806451612 4.8 end product 6.751054852320674 4.8 Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors risk 8.157524613220815 5.8 Geosciences (General) Environmental Science and Management Flooding Szombathely 11.111111111111109 7.9 Geography Science and technology/Social sciences/Geography Engineering Key Type Measures mapping 10.126582278481012 7.2 Urban Other Earth Sciences HEALPix 18.01075268817204 6.7 HEALPix cell 16.537467700258397 6.4 Hamburg 15.32258064516129 5.7 Stakeholders Environmental Sciences exposure × vulnerability 21.18863049095607 8.2 Methodology Public results aggregated to **HEALPix cells** (depth 15, ~200m, WGS84 ellipsoid) for privacy. 16.308243727598565 9.1 Academic/ Institutional Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics Shannon 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/fc1733d3-2970-442c-820a-702ef853a9d6/crate/download/ 2026-03-28 19:29:27.408352+00:00 2026-04-27 18:30:18.830406+00:00 2026-03-28 19:29:27.408352+00:00 **Urban pluvial flood risk assessment for Hamburg** using the IPCC risk framework (Risk = Hazard × Exposure × Vulnerability). ### Results Public results aggregated to **HEALPix cells** (depth 15, ~200m, WGS84 ellipsoid) for privacy. Contains: - **Risk layer**: PFRMA (mobility & accessibility) and PFRWB (well-being) flood risk indices - **Vulnerability layer**: Social vulnerability indicators (Sensitivity, Coping Capacity, SVI, SVPF) ### Methodology Converted from the ArcGIS workflow by von Szombathely et al. (2025) into a reusable Python pipeline: 1. Social vulnerability via TOPSIS with Shannon entropy (I-ADOPT annotated variables) 2. Population exposure distributed to buildings 3. Flood hazard via ring buffer analysis (HMA) and depth analysis (HWB) 4. Risk combination with Delaunay smoothing 5. HEALPix aggregation on WGS84 ellipsoid ### FAIR Digital Objects - Input data described as RO-Crates with I-ADOPT variable annotations - Column mappings resolved automatically via fdo-resolver - Output packaged as Workflow Run Crate with provenance ### Pipeline - Repository: https://github.com/FAIR2Adapt/urban_pfr_toolbox_hamburg - Paper: von Szombathely et al. (2025) Urban Pluvial Flood Risk Mapping for Hamburg application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/fc1733d3-2970-442c-820a-702ef853a9d6 FAIR2Adapt — Hamburg Pluvial Flood Risk Assessment (CS3) MANUAL Fouilloux, Anne. "FAIR2Adapt — Hamburg Pluvial Flood Risk Assessment (CS3)." ROHub. Mar 28 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/fc1733d3-2970-442c-820a-702ef853a9d6. Applied sciences https://fair2adapt.duckdns.org/afouilloux-noresm/JRAOC20TRNRPv2_2010-2018.zarr 2026-03-21 14:36:50.419688+00:00 2026-03-21 14:36:51.227235+00:00 JRAOC20TRNRPv2_2010-2018.zarr 2026-03-21 14:36:50.419688+00:00 https://fair2adapt.github.io/riomar-dashboard/ 2026-03-20 15:22:58.427334+00:00 2026-03-21 13:58:21.687298+00:00 Dashboard Dashboard 2026-03-20 15:22:58.427334+00:00 https://fair2adapt.duckdns.org/afouilloux-noresm/JRAOC20TRNRPv2_2010-2018.zarr 2026-03-21 13:58:22.446540+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/1f0b5044-ae4f-483d-b7a2-48a5a6ac3965/crate/download/ 2026-02-20 22:03:58.321018+00:00 2026-03-23 09:45:52.099813+00:00 2026-02-20 22:03:58.321018+00:00 Ocean reanalysis data from the **NorESM2/BLOM** model (JRA-OC20 forcing), providing monthly average sea surface temperature and 3D ocean temperature fields for 2010–2018. ### Dataset - **Variables**: sea surface temperature (SST), ocean temperature on 53 sigma density levels - **Temporal coverage**: January 2010 – December 2018, monthly averages (108 timesteps) - **Spatial coverage**: Near-global ocean (-80°S to 90°N), BLOM tripolar curvilinear grid (385×360) - **Grid**: Original BLOM tripolar curvilinear grid with 2D latitude/longitude coordinates - **Format**: Cloud-optimized Zarr (Zstd compressed) ### FAIRification - NetCDF model outputs converted to Zarr with 2D coordinates from the BLOM grid file - Served through an authenticated HTTPS proxy for access-controlled sharing - Machine-actionable: `schema:ViewAction` links the dataset to the [FAIR2Adapt dashboard](https://fair2adapt.github.io/riomar-dashboard/) for interactive visualization - Metadata enriched with [I-ADOPT](https://i-adopt.github.io/) variable decomposition ### Context Part of the [FAIR2Adapt](https://fair2adapt.eu) project. Data generated by Yanchun He (NERSC) and formatted by NERSC under the FAIR2Adapt project (EU grant 101188256). Licensed under CC-BY 4.0. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/1f0b5044-ae4f-483d-b7a2-48a5a6ac3965 FAIR2Adapt ARCTIC — NorESM2 ocean reanalysis (SST + Temperature) 2010-2018 MANUAL Fouilloux, Anne. "FAIR2Adapt ARCTIC — NorESM2 ocean reanalysis (SST + Temperature) 2010-2018." ROHub. Feb 20 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/1f0b5044-ae4f-483d-b7a2-48a5a6ac3965. View ARCTIC dataset in dashboard https://fair2adapt.github.io/riomar-dashboard/#{dataset_url} tool output input biblio Global ocean (-80S to 90N) Ocean surface temperature Temperature re-analysis 5.837173579109062 3.8 108 timesteps NorESM2 sea surface temperature 13.013698630136986 5.7 information technology 31.645569620253166 7.5 Physical and Technological Information Systems proxy server 8.755760368663593 5.7 Earth Sciences Oceans Environment/Natural resources/Water/Oceans Meteorology and climatology Geosciences Engineering (General) Cloud-optimized Zarr 16.504854368932037 10.2 FAIR2Adapt ARCTIC — NorESM2 ocean reanalysis (SST + Temperature) 2010-2018 Ocean reanalysis data from the **NorESM2/BLOM** model (JRA-OC20 forcing), providing monthly average sea surface temperature and 3D ocean temperature fields for 2010–2018. 46.51162790697674 40.0 coordinate 12.78538812785388 5.6 European Continent database 26.582278481012658 6.3 User Needs (RAST) Key Type Measures Weather statistic Weather/Weather statistic sea surface temperature 11.82795698924731 7.7 Environmental Science and Management Policy Scale Environmental Sciences Yanchun He NERSC Geosciences (General) Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics Climate Hazard Data on climate-relate hazards Data Format Engineering output 8.755760368663593 5.7 Oceanography ### FAIRification - NetCDF model outputs converted to Zarr with 2D coordinates from the BLOM grid file - Served through an authenticated HTTPS proxy for access-controlled sharing - Machine-actionable: `schema:ViewAction` links the dataset to the [FAIR2Adapt dashboard](https://fair2adapt.github.io/riomar-dashboard/) for interactive visualization - Metadata enriched with [I-ADOPT](https://i-adopt.github.io/) variable decomposition 22.093023255813954 19.0 Climatology Computer Software European Union grid 14.15525114155251 6.2 Information and Computing Sciences Sea Level Rise ocean temperature 23.300970873786408 14.4 ### Dataset - **Variables**: sea surface temperature (SST), ocean temperature on 53 sigma density levels - **Temporal coverage**: January 2010 – December 2018, monthly averages (108 timesteps) - **Spatial coverage**: Near-global ocean (-80°S to 90°N), BLOM tripolar curvilinear grid (385×360) - **Grid**: Original BLOM tripolar curvilinear grid with 2D latitude/longitude coordinates - **Format**: Cloud-optimized Zarr (Zstd compressed) 31.3953488372093 27.0 Geographical Scope Zstd IT-computer sciences Science and technology/Technology and engineering/IT-computer sciences Oceanography No policy or regulation BLOM 14.383561643835614 6.3 Funding Methodology Knowledge Sector (EEA) dataset 15.753424657534245 6.9 Academia/ Research Institutions Zarr grid network 13.056835637480797 8.5 NetCDF coordinate 11.674347158218124 7.6 BLOM grid 26.051779935275086 16.1 ocean reanalysis 14.563106796116505 9.0 Jan-2010 - Dec-2018 Zarr 12.557077625570775 5.5 dataset 13.978494623655912 9.1 Structural/physical: Technological http 17.35159817351598 7.6 http 15.821812596006142 10.3 Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors temperature 10.291858678955451 6.7 Physics BLOM tripolar curvilinear grid 19.57928802588997 12.1 Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation none 2010-2018 computer science 41.77215189873418 9.9 IPCC Stakeholders Physics (General) Academic/ Institutional Environmental research 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/ce925871-0304-45ba-adbf-782342f5c639/crate/download/ 2026-03-22 18:33:57.984278+00:00 2026-03-23 12:37:23.421624+00:00 2026-03-22 18:33:57.984278+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/ce925871-0304-45ba-adbf-782342f5c639 A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 22 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/ce925871-0304-45ba-adbf-782342f5c639. summer IPCC dependent territory 6.25 5.1 of summer Geosciences (General) physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation Lisbon Mathematical Sciences sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 Earth Sciences Mathematical Physics land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 between 1951-1980 Climate change Environment/Climate change sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 Physical Sciences result 6.61764705882353 5.4 maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 Physical and Technological Climatology Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Geosciences mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 Funding land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 Extreme heat Portugal Statistics meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 extrication 6.25 5.1 Climate Hazard E20C Stakeholders City in Portugal land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 1981-2010 periods Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy User Needs (RAST) temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 Engineering Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based Other Physical Sciences Academic/ Institutional Environmental Science and Management Meteorology and climatology The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 none per 30 years fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 Atmospheric Sciences A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 Policy Scale Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics No policy or regulation Geographical Scope Environmental Sciences Academia/ Research Institutions Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 Engineering (General) Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 Knowledge Sector (EEA) Key Type Measures Methodology Weather Weather Preparing the ground Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/871f8aa3-6675-4a67-a22b-557d9911af94/crate/download/ 2026-03-23 12:35:03.665944+00:00 2026-03-25 14:47:47.329308+00:00 2026-03-23 12:35:03.665944+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/871f8aa3-6675-4a67-a22b-557d9911af94 A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 23 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/871f8aa3-6675-4a67-a22b-557d9911af94. sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 Environmental Science and Management Funding Academia/ Research Institutions Environmental Sciences temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 User Needs (RAST) Climate change Environment/Climate change No policy or regulation summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 Portugal Engineering (General) Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 Methodology IPCC Climate Hazard Engineering dependent territory 6.25 5.1 This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 Other Physical Sciences Mathematical Sciences Weather Weather Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 Academic/ Institutional Geographical Scope A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 Policy Scale Climatology E20C Preparing the ground Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 Stakeholders disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 Mathematical Physics Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 City in Portugal maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy Physical and Technological Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 Statistics land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 1981-2010 periods meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 Atmospheric Sciences Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 summer land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 Physical Sciences Lisbon mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 Key Type Measures between 1951-1980 Meteorology and climatology result 6.61764705882353 5.4 The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 per 30 years Knowledge Sector (EEA) Earth Sciences Extreme heat extrication 6.25 5.1 none of summer Geosciences (General) Geosciences Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/582b0124-cb3d-4ed4-b941-47e260792a81/crate/download/ 2026-03-23 12:55:10.444052+00:00 2026-03-25 14:44:38.324233+00:00 2026-03-23 12:55:10.444052+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/582b0124-cb3d-4ed4-b941-47e260792a81 A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 23 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/582b0124-cb3d-4ed4-b941-47e260792a81. Lisbon This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based Climate change Environment/Climate change land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 Mathematical Sciences emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 of summer physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 Extreme heat City in Portugal extrication 6.25 5.1 Policy Scale none Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation result 6.61764705882353 5.4 Physical and Technological summer Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 between 1951-1980 Engineering mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 Mathematical Physics Academia/ Research Institutions Key Type Measures Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy per 30 years Portugal A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 Climatology Statistics Geographical Scope Physical Sciences Stakeholders dependent territory 6.25 5.1 IPCC Academic/ Institutional Geosciences (General) Climate Hazard Meteorology and climatology land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 Environmental Science and Management E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 Geosciences Weather Weather The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 Preparing the ground Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 Environmental Sciences summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 Other Physical Sciences Engineering (General) Knowledge Sector (EEA) sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 E20C User Needs (RAST) No policy or regulation Earth Sciences Atmospheric Sciences Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 1981-2010 periods Methodology Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 Funding Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/6bb432f6-cafb-4999-a0a8-37acca5d6874/crate/download/ 2026-03-23 15:14:37.942775+00:00 2026-03-25 14:44:15.880108+00:00 2026-03-23 15:14:37.942775+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/6bb432f6-cafb-4999-a0a8-37acca5d6874 A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 23 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/6bb432f6-cafb-4999-a0a8-37acca5d6874. sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 Geosciences (General) Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation Geosciences Academic/ Institutional mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 Engineering (General) Academia/ Research Institutions land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 IPCC none between 1951-1980 Mathematical Sciences No policy or regulation maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 Preparing the ground temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 Policy Scale Funding Engineering extrication 6.25 5.1 Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Statistics Extreme heat Stakeholders E20C T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 User Needs (RAST) Climate Hazard temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 Knowledge Sector (EEA) Other Physical Sciences Mathematical Physics Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 Meteorology and climatology Physical Sciences climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 of summer summer Methodology Physical and Technological Earth Sciences Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 Environmental Science and Management Climatology Geographical Scope Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 dependent territory 6.25 5.1 Atmospheric Sciences Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 per 30 years Portugal Climate change Environment/Climate change summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 Environmental Sciences fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 Key Type Measures Lisbon Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry result 6.61764705882353 5.4 Weather Weather City in Portugal Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy 1981-2010 periods This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/ddf399fc-b532-4e4e-9b13-1796a7a144d7/crate/download/ 2026-03-23 17:27:30.746575+00:00 2026-03-25 14:43:04.015341+00:00 2026-03-23 17:27:30.746575+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/ddf399fc-b532-4e4e-9b13-1796a7a144d7 A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 23 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/ddf399fc-b532-4e4e-9b13-1796a7a144d7. Climatology sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 IPCC User Needs (RAST) Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Geographical Scope Engineering (General) Geosciences (General) E20C climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 per 30 years Academia/ Research Institutions Key Type Measures disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 result 6.61764705882353 5.4 Extreme heat extrication 6.25 5.1 Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 Weather Weather land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 Mathematical Physics Funding City in Portugal mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy Policy Scale Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 Preparing the ground Environmental Science and Management No policy or regulation T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 Geosciences Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 Meteorology and climatology 1981-2010 periods temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 Engineering Mathematical Sciences mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 Statistics none Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry Climate change Environment/Climate change summer Other Physical Sciences Environmental Sciences Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based Methodology Lisbon Atmospheric Sciences Physical and Technological between 1951-1980 Stakeholders maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 of summer sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 dependent territory 6.25 5.1 Climate Hazard meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 Knowledge Sector (EEA) Physical Sciences Portugal Academic/ Institutional Earth Sciences temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research Portugal Funding E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 Statistics Preparing the ground land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics Geosciences (General) Weather Weather User Needs (RAST) T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 Physical Sciences Climatology Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 Extreme heat summer Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based Other Physical Sciences fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 of summer Lisbon land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 Environmental Sciences Stakeholders Mathematical Sciences Key Type Measures Engineering This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 Climate Hazard Atmospheric Sciences meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 IPCC Mathematical Physics sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 Climate change Environment/Climate change E20C temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 Knowledge Sector (EEA) Geographical Scope City in Portugal none land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors between 1951-1980 temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 No policy or regulation Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 dependent territory 6.25 5.1 Meteorology and climatology Policy Scale Methodology Earth Sciences physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry 1981-2010 periods Engineering (General) result 6.61764705882353 5.4 sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 Physical and Technological Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy per 30 years climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 extrication 6.25 5.1 Geosciences Academia/ Research Institutions Environmental Science and Management Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 Academic/ Institutional 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/f46983ca-a0f2-4b8e-a3ea-fce696d20d7a/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 00:10:50.927788+00:00 2026-03-25 14:47:16.207961+00:00 2026-03-24 00:10:50.927788+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/f46983ca-a0f2-4b8e-a3ea-fce696d20d7a A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/f46983ca-a0f2-4b8e-a3ea-fce696d20d7a. Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/b4dd13a7-679a-4e2c-b3f0-16bee1c67b88/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 00:17:18.811253+00:00 2026-03-25 14:45:19.295237+00:00 2026-03-24 00:17:18.811253+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/b4dd13a7-679a-4e2c-b3f0-16bee1c67b88 A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/b4dd13a7-679a-4e2c-b3f0-16bee1c67b88. summer Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 User Needs (RAST) physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 per 30 years Earth Sciences Climatology Preparing the ground Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry Stakeholders Key Type Measures sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 Weather Weather E20C Academic/ Institutional Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation Geosciences meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 Engineering (General) Academia/ Research Institutions The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 Extreme heat land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 none Mathematical Sciences land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 Mathematical Physics of summer Portugal This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 IPCC Geographical Scope result 6.61764705882353 5.4 Knowledge Sector (EEA) No policy or regulation Geosciences (General) Climate Hazard mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 dependent territory 6.25 5.1 Environmental Sciences Methodology Meteorology and climatology Physical Sciences Climate change Environment/Climate change land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 Funding Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics between 1951-1980 Engineering climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 extrication 6.25 5.1 Statistics Lisbon City in Portugal Atmospheric Sciences Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 Policy Scale emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 1981-2010 periods Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Environmental Science and Management Physical and Technological Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 Other Physical Sciences Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/140d2b83-a813-40a0-8abd-9cf30783f321/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 00:19:30.322056+00:00 2026-03-25 13:38:59.672334+00:00 2026-03-24 00:19:30.322056+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/140d2b83-a813-40a0-8abd-9cf30783f321 A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/140d2b83-a813-40a0-8abd-9cf30783f321. Knowledge Sector (EEA) climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 Geosciences (General) Funding Climate Hazard of summer Geosciences Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy Portugal land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 Methodology Climate change Environment/Climate change Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 between 1951-1980 Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 Engineering (General) none maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 Other Physical Sciences Policy Scale Geographical Scope Environmental Sciences extrication 6.25 5.1 The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 Climatology emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 Mathematical Sciences 1981-2010 periods result 6.61764705882353 5.4 Meteorology and climatology Mathematical Physics Weather Weather sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 Academic/ Institutional temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 Preparing the ground temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 User Needs (RAST) Key Type Measures summer Earth Sciences E20C Atmospheric Sciences Statistics Extreme heat mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 dependent territory 6.25 5.1 This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics Lisbon disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 Environmental Science and Management IPCC per 30 years A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Engineering Stakeholders T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation Academia/ Research Institutions sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 City in Portugal Physical Sciences No policy or regulation Physical and Technological E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f 2026-03-24 00:22:55.319849+00:00 2026-03-24 00:22:56.412088+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon 2026-03-24 00:22:55.319849+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/19b58956-ef0d-4777-af80-cffc3d1467f5/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 00:22:53.709226+00:00 2026-03-25 14:45:41.263600+00:00 2026-03-24 00:22:53.709226+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/19b58956-ef0d-4777-af80-cffc3d1467f5 A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/19b58956-ef0d-4777-af80-cffc3d1467f5. Engineering (General) Portugal Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 Environmental Sciences land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 Mathematical Sciences Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry Physical Sciences disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 Mathematical Physics Stakeholders Other Physical Sciences mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 between 1951-1980 Climatology Extreme heat sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 Lisbon result 6.61764705882353 5.4 extrication 6.25 5.1 This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 Statistics Geosciences (General) Engineering fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 Atmospheric Sciences climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 Physical and Technological Academia/ Research Institutions Weather Weather Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation none temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 Geographical Scope meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 User Needs (RAST) Funding Meteorology and climatology per 30 years dependent territory 6.25 5.1 mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 summer Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 Environmental Science and Management A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 Geosciences City in Portugal E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics Key Type Measures Knowledge Sector (EEA) Earth Sciences Academic/ Institutional Climate change Environment/Climate change E20C Policy Scale Preparing the ground Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 Methodology IPCC 1981-2010 periods maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 of summer Climate Hazard T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy No policy or regulation summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research https://doi.org/10.1080/10643380802238137 2026-03-24 01:17:45.860419+00:00 2026-03-24 01:17:46.945369+00:00 This paper reviews the European summer heat wave of 2003, with special emphasis on the first half of August 2003, jointly with its significant societal and environmental impact across Western and Central Europe. We show the pattern of record-breaking temperature anomalies, discuss it in the context of the past, and address the role of the main contributing factors responsible for the occurrence and persistence of this event: blocking episodes, soil moisture deficit, and sea surface temperatures. We show that the anticyclonic pattern corresponds more to an anomalous northern displacement of the North Atlantic subtropical high than a canonical blocking structure, and that soil moisture deficit was a key factor to reach unprecedented temperature anomalies. There are indications that the anomalous Mediterranean Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) have contributed to the heat wave of 2003, whereas the role of SST anomalies in other oceanic regions is still under debate. There are methodological limitations to evaluate excess mortality due to excessive temperatures; however, the different studies available in the literature allow us to estimate that around 40,000 deaths were registered in Europe during the heat wave, mostly elderly persons. Despite previous efforts undertaken by a few cities to implement warning systems, this dramatic episode has highlighted the widespread un-preparedness of most civil and health authorities to cope with such large events. Therefore, the implementation of early warning systems in most European cities to mitigate the impact of extreme heat is the main consequence to diminish the impact of future similar events. In addition to mortality (by far the most dramatic impact), we have also analyzed the record-breaking forest fires in Portugal and the evidence of other relevant impacts, including agriculture and air pollution. A Review of the European Summer Heat Wave of 2003 2026-03-24 01:17:45.860419+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/14b4b9e7-c8b7-42dd-b5b8-857330399855/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 01:17:44.353200+00:00 2026-03-25 14:42:56.836781+00:00 2026-03-24 01:17:44.353200+00:00 This paper reviews the European summer heat wave of 2003, with special emphasis on the first half of August 2003, jointly with its significant societal and environmental impact across Western and Central Europe. We show the pattern of record-breaking temperature anomalies, discuss it in the context of the past, and address the role of the main contributing factors responsible for the occurrence and persistence of this event: blocking episodes, soil moisture deficit, and sea surface temperatures. We show that the anticyclonic pattern corresponds more to an anomalous northern displacement of the North Atlantic subtropical high than a canonical blocking structure, and that soil moisture deficit was a key factor to reach unprecedented temperature anomalies. There are indications that the anomalous Mediterranean Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) have contributed to the heat wave of 2003, whereas the role of SST anomalies in other oceanic regions is still under debate. There are methodological limitations to evaluate excess mortality due to excessive temperatures; however, the different studies available in the literature allow us to estimate that around 40,000 deaths were registered in Europe during the heat wave, mostly elderly persons. Despite previous efforts undertaken by a few cities to implement warning systems, this dramatic episode has highlighted the widespread un-preparedness of most civil and health authorities to cope with such large events. Therefore, the implementation of early warning systems in most European cities to mitigate the impact of extreme heat is the main consequence to diminish the impact of future similar events. In addition to mortality (by far the most dramatic impact), we have also analyzed the record-breaking forest fires in Portugal and the evidence of other relevant impacts, including agriculture and air pollution. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/14b4b9e7-c8b7-42dd-b5b8-857330399855 A Review of the European Summer Heat Wave of 2003 MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A Review of the European Summer Heat Wave of 2003." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/14b4b9e7-c8b7-42dd-b5b8-857330399855. Ecological Applications role 7.2481572481572485 5.9 Meteorology and climatology Policy Scale Environmental pollution Environment/Environmental pollution Physical and Technological Funding Knowledge Sector (EEA) Portugal Extreme heat 2003 Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based A Review of the European Summer Heat Wave of 2003 This paper reviews the European summer heat wave of 2003, with special emphasis on the first half of August 2003, jointly with its significant societal and environmental impact across Western and Central Europe. 44.656488549618324 23.4 Earth Sciences Climate Hazard Population growth Environment/Natural resources/Population growth Environmental Science and Management Other Biological Sciences Academic/ Institutional soil moisture deficit 34.31635388739946 12.8 Systemic Literature Review Key Type Measures geology 24.590163934426226 1.5 Central Europe Mediterranean Sea Methodology event 7.125307125307126 5.8 forest fire 16.076294277929154 5.9 summer meteorology 55.73770491803278 3.4 Biological Sciences Extreme weather: floods, droughts, heatwaves preparedness 11.716621253405993 4.3 Health IPCC hydrography 19.67213114754098 1.2 surface temperature 12.806539509536783 4.7 summer heat wave 25.469168900804288 9.5 Data on climate-relate hazards health authority 11.989100817438693 4.4 Other Environmental Sciences Geographical Scope mortality rate 8.722358722358724 7.1 Atmospheric Sciences on the first half of Aug-2003 User Needs (RAST) Geosciences Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors hot weather 16.216216216216218 13.2 of 2003 warning system 5.15970515970516 4.2 European Continent readiness 8.230958230958231 6.7 Stakeholders Records and achievements Human interest/Accomplishment/Records and achievements We show the pattern of record-breaking temperature anomalies, discuss it in the context of the past, and address the role of the main contributing factors responsible for the occurrence and persistence of this event: blocking episodes, soil moisture deficit, and sea surface temperatures. 26.52671755725191 13.9 Environment pollution deficit 11.716621253405993 4.3 European/ Subnational policy Geosciences (General) shortage 8.353808353808354 6.8 indication 5.2825552825552835 4.3 Weather Weather Weather phenomena Weather/Weather phenomena Earth resources and remote sensing factor 5.528255528255529 4.5 health authority 8.599508599508601 7.0 wildfire 11.670761670761673 9.5 role of the main 13.404825737265414 5.0 Mediterranean Sea surface temperatures 17.15817694369973 6.4 Environmental Sciences Other Earth Sciences Geology mortality 11.716621253405993 4.3 record-breaking temperature anomalies 9.651474530831099 3.6 Academia/ Research Institutions There are indications that the anomalous Mediterranean Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) have contributed to the heat wave of 2003, whereas the role of SST anomalies in other oceanic regions is still under debate. 28.816793893129773 15.1 heat wave 23.978201634877387 8.8 impact 7.8624078624078635 6.4 Europe Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research https://doi.org/10.1080/10643380802238137 2026-03-24 07:14:19.380860+00:00 2026-03-24 07:14:20.399545+00:00 This paper reviews the European summer heat wave of 2003, with special emphasis on the first half of August 2003, jointly with its significant societal and environmental impact across Western and Central Europe. We show the pattern of record-breaking temperature anomalies, discuss it in the context of the past, and address the role of the main contributing factors responsible for the occurrence and persistence of this event: blocking episodes, soil moisture deficit, and sea surface temperatures. We show that the anticyclonic pattern corresponds more to an anomalous northern displacement of the North Atlantic subtropical high than a canonical blocking structure, and that soil moisture deficit was a key factor to reach unprecedented temperature anomalies. There are indications that the anomalous Mediterranean Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) have contributed to the heat wave of 2003, whereas the role of SST anomalies in other oceanic regions is still under debate. There are methodological limitations to evaluate excess mortality due to excessive temperatures; however, the different studies available in the literature allow us to estimate that around 40,000 deaths were registered in Europe during the heat wave, mostly elderly persons. Despite previous efforts undertaken by a few cities to implement warning systems, this dramatic episode has highlighted the widespread un-preparedness of most civil and health authorities to cope with such large events. Therefore, the implementation of early warning systems in most European cities to mitigate the impact of extreme heat is the main consequence to diminish the impact of future similar events. In addition to mortality (by far the most dramatic impact), we have also analyzed the record-breaking forest fires in Portugal and the evidence of other relevant impacts, including agriculture and air pollution. A Review of the European Summer Heat Wave of 2003 2026-03-24 07:14:19.380860+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/d5e7d8f9-36f3-4742-b9f5-382009a433d7/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 07:14:17.839290+00:00 2026-03-25 14:43:16.742924+00:00 2026-03-24 07:14:17.839290+00:00 This paper reviews the European summer heat wave of 2003, with special emphasis on the first half of August 2003, jointly with its significant societal and environmental impact across Western and Central Europe. We show the pattern of record-breaking temperature anomalies, discuss it in the context of the past, and address the role of the main contributing factors responsible for the occurrence and persistence of this event: blocking episodes, soil moisture deficit, and sea surface temperatures. We show that the anticyclonic pattern corresponds more to an anomalous northern displacement of the North Atlantic subtropical high than a canonical blocking structure, and that soil moisture deficit was a key factor to reach unprecedented temperature anomalies. There are indications that the anomalous Mediterranean Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) have contributed to the heat wave of 2003, whereas the role of SST anomalies in other oceanic regions is still under debate. There are methodological limitations to evaluate excess mortality due to excessive temperatures; however, the different studies available in the literature allow us to estimate that around 40,000 deaths were registered in Europe during the heat wave, mostly elderly persons. Despite previous efforts undertaken by a few cities to implement warning systems, this dramatic episode has highlighted the widespread un-preparedness of most civil and health authorities to cope with such large events. Therefore, the implementation of early warning systems in most European cities to mitigate the impact of extreme heat is the main consequence to diminish the impact of future similar events. In addition to mortality (by far the most dramatic impact), we have also analyzed the record-breaking forest fires in Portugal and the evidence of other relevant impacts, including agriculture and air pollution. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/d5e7d8f9-36f3-4742-b9f5-382009a433d7 A Review of the European Summer Heat Wave of 2003 MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A Review of the European Summer Heat Wave of 2003." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/d5e7d8f9-36f3-4742-b9f5-382009a433d7. Environment pollution summer Key Type Measures Extreme weather: floods, droughts, heatwaves Environmental pollution Environment/Environmental pollution role of the main 13.404825737265414 5.0 impact 7.8624078624078635 6.4 Atmospheric Sciences Earth Sciences health authority 11.989100817438693 4.4 Academic/ Institutional Geosciences (General) We show the pattern of record-breaking temperature anomalies, discuss it in the context of the past, and address the role of the main contributing factors responsible for the occurrence and persistence of this event: blocking episodes, soil moisture deficit, and sea surface temperatures. 26.52671755725191 13.9 Geographical Scope Physical and Technological 2003 Biological Sciences Knowledge Sector (EEA) Health indication 5.2825552825552835 4.3 mortality 11.716621253405993 4.3 Earth resources and remote sensing wildfire 11.670761670761673 9.5 Weather phenomena Weather/Weather phenomena Europe Data on climate-relate hazards Mediterranean Sea role 7.2481572481572485 5.9 Records and achievements Human interest/Accomplishment/Records and achievements Population growth Environment/Natural resources/Population growth readiness 8.230958230958231 6.7 Other Earth Sciences warning system 5.15970515970516 4.2 Weather Weather Environmental Science and Management European Continent forest fire 16.076294277929154 5.9 mortality rate 8.722358722358724 7.1 Geology Environmental Sciences European/ Subnational policy Extreme heat surface temperature 12.806539509536783 4.7 factor 5.528255528255529 4.5 Mediterranean Sea surface temperatures 17.15817694369973 6.4 Meteorology and climatology Systemic Literature Review Other Biological Sciences Funding Climate Hazard on the first half of Aug-2003 Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based deficit 11.716621253405993 4.3 hydrography 19.67213114754098 1.2 heat wave 23.978201634877387 8.8 There are indications that the anomalous Mediterranean Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) have contributed to the heat wave of 2003, whereas the role of SST anomalies in other oceanic regions is still under debate. 28.816793893129773 15.1 Stakeholders IPCC Portugal soil moisture deficit 34.31635388739946 12.8 meteorology 55.73770491803278 3.4 of 2003 A Review of the European Summer Heat Wave of 2003 This paper reviews the European summer heat wave of 2003, with special emphasis on the first half of August 2003, jointly with its significant societal and environmental impact across Western and Central Europe. 44.656488549618324 23.4 hot weather 16.216216216216218 13.2 Other Environmental Sciences Ecological Applications User Needs (RAST) shortage 8.353808353808354 6.8 preparedness 11.716621253405993 4.3 Central Europe Methodology Policy Scale summer heat wave 25.469168900804288 9.5 record-breaking temperature anomalies 9.651474530831099 3.6 geology 24.590163934426226 1.5 event 7.125307125307126 5.8 Academia/ Research Institutions Geosciences health authority 8.599508599508601 7.0 Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127548 2026-03-24 07:17:49.352074+00:00 2026-03-24 07:17:50.439486+00:00 Implementing measures to adapt and mitigate climate change effects in cities has been considered increasingly urgent since the quality of life, health, and well-being of urban residents is threatened by this change. Novel communities of plant species that emerge and thrive in the harsh conditions of cities may represent a promising opportunity to address climate change adaptation and mitigation through the planting design and management of urban green spaces. The objective of this study is to develop an adaptive planting design and management framework. The proposed framework is grounded on previous adaptive approaches and focuses on the opportunities emerging from novel plant communities in urban conditions. The framework comprises three main steps (1 – Climate change assessment, 2 – Plant species database, and 3 – Planting design and management procedure). A proposal on how the framework could be tested was developed for the city of Porto, Portugal. Still, the application of the framework can also be adjusted to other urban contexts, offering a starting point for experimentation and assessment of plants’ adaptation and mitigation capacities through design and management. As lack of knowledge and uncertainty about climate change limits global capacity to implement robust adaptation and mitigation strategies, building knowledge in an adaptive way and context-specific locations will be of paramount interest to tackle climate change in cities. Adaptive planting design and management framework for urban climate change adaptation and mitigation 2026-03-24 07:17:49.352074+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/5a191e95-25b2-436f-9559-65c36a845789/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 07:17:47.285826+00:00 2026-03-25 14:42:27.266435+00:00 2026-03-24 07:17:47.285826+00:00 Implementing measures to adapt and mitigate climate change effects in cities has been considered increasingly urgent since the quality of life, health, and well-being of urban residents is threatened by this change. Novel communities of plant species that emerge and thrive in the harsh conditions of cities may represent a promising opportunity to address climate change adaptation and mitigation through the planting design and management of urban green spaces. The objective of this study is to develop an adaptive planting design and management framework. The proposed framework is grounded on previous adaptive approaches and focuses on the opportunities emerging from novel plant communities in urban conditions. The framework comprises three main steps (1 – Climate change assessment, 2 – Plant species database, and 3 – Planting design and management procedure). A proposal on how the framework could be tested was developed for the city of Porto, Portugal. Still, the application of the framework can also be adjusted to other urban contexts, offering a starting point for experimentation and assessment of plants’ adaptation and mitigation capacities through design and management. As lack of knowledge and uncertainty about climate change limits global capacity to implement robust adaptation and mitigation strategies, building knowledge in an adaptive way and context-specific locations will be of paramount interest to tackle climate change in cities. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/5a191e95-25b2-436f-9559-65c36a845789 Adaptive planting design and management framework for urban climate change adaptation and mitigation MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "Adaptive planting design and management framework for urban climate change adaptation and mitigation." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/5a191e95-25b2-436f-9559-65c36a845789. Geosciences (General) climate change adaptation 12.291666666666666 5.9 management framework 18.277310924369743 8.7 none climate change 10.243902439024392 8.4 User Needs (RAST) Earth resources and remote sensing knowledge 7.926829268292685 6.5 Policy Scale IPCC Systemic Literature Review Methodology Stakeholders Other Biological Sciences Novel communities of plant species that emerge and thrive in the harsh conditions of cities may represent a promising opportunity to address climate change adaptation and mitigation through the planting design and management of urban green spaces. 39.15857605177994 24.2 Academic/ Institutional Porto mitigation strategy 30.462184873949578 14.5 Geosciences Life sciences (General) Geographical Scope Environmental Science and Management Biological Sciences emergency measure 17.195121951219516 14.1 Other Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences Preparing the ground rack 7.3170731707317085 6.0 pattern 10.0 8.2 Life sciences Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation Knowledge Sector (EEA) Other Environmental Sciences ecology 38.52459016393443 4.7 Agriculture Economy, business and finance/Economic sector/Agriculture Environment pollution aim 4.26829268292683 3.5 Weather Weather strategy 5.121951219512196 4.2 Climate change Environment/Climate change plant species 10.833333333333334 5.2 botany 13.114754098360656 1.6 The objective of this study is to develop an adaptive planting design and management framework. 22.168284789644012 13.7 Extreme heat planting 9.26829268292683 7.6 European Continent Built Environment and Design Key Type Measures Climate Hazard management 5.060975609756098 4.15 planting design 20.168067226890756 9.6 Environmental Sciences Urban and Regional Planning Meteorology and climatology Ecological Applications Adaptive planting design and management framework for urban climate change adaptation and mitigation Implementing measures to adapt and mitigate climate change effects in cities has been considered increasingly urgent since the quality of life, health, and well-being of urban residents is threatened by this change. 38.673139158576056 23.9 Nature-based Solutions and Ecosystem-based Approach No policy or regulation mitigation 26.666666666666668 12.8 opportunity 12.083333333333334 5.8 framework 11.041666666666666 5.3 Academia/ Research Institutions Other Built Environment and Design opportunity 7.560975609756099 6.2 Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences mitigation Implementing measure 19.32773109243697 9.2 locating 4.390243902439025 3.6 community 6.585365853658538 5.4 building knowledge 11.76470588235294 5.6 Plant Human interest/Plant biology 24.59016393442623 3.0 Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors meteorology 23.77049180327869 2.9 knowledge 12.5 6.0 Urban Agriculture, Land and Farm Management planting 14.583333333333334 7.0 Funding Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ad7527 2026-03-24 07:22:00.899615+00:00 2026-03-24 07:22:01.922059+00:00 Abstract As extreme event attribution (EEA) matures, explaining the impacts of extreme events has risen to be a key focus for attribution scientists. Studies of this type usually assess the contribution of anthropogenic climate change to observed impacts. Other scientific communities have developed tools to assess how human activities influence impacts of extreme weather events on ecosystems and societies. For example, the disaster risk reduction (DRR) community analyses how the structure of human societies affects exposure, vulnerability, and ultimately the impacts of extreme weather events, with less attention to the role of anthropogenic climate change. In this perspective, we argue that adapting current practice in EEA to also consider other causal factors in attribution of extreme weather impacts would provide richer and more comprehensive insight into the causes of disasters. To this end, we propose a framework for EEA that would generate a more complete picture of human influences on impacts and bridge the gap between the EEA and DRR communities. We provide illustrations for five case studies: the 2021–2022 Kenyan drought; the 2013–2015 marine heatwave in the northeast Pacific; the 2017 forest fires in Portugal; Acqua Alta (flooding) events in Venice and evaluation of the efficiency of the Experimental Electromechanical Module, an ensemble of mobile barriers that can be activated to mitigate the influx of seawater in the city; and California droughts and the Forecast Informed Reservoir Operations system as an adaptation strategy. Broadening the scope of anthropogenic influence in extreme event attribution 2026-03-24 07:22:00.899615+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/611168c5-cd96-4ff1-a973-46be7b669d56/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 07:21:59.320509+00:00 2026-03-25 13:49:49.477493+00:00 2026-03-24 07:21:59.320509+00:00 Abstract As extreme event attribution (EEA) matures, explaining the impacts of extreme events has risen to be a key focus for attribution scientists. Studies of this type usually assess the contribution of anthropogenic climate change to observed impacts. Other scientific communities have developed tools to assess how human activities influence impacts of extreme weather events on ecosystems and societies. For example, the disaster risk reduction (DRR) community analyses how the structure of human societies affects exposure, vulnerability, and ultimately the impacts of extreme weather events, with less attention to the role of anthropogenic climate change. In this perspective, we argue that adapting current practice in EEA to also consider other causal factors in attribution of extreme weather impacts would provide richer and more comprehensive insight into the causes of disasters. To this end, we propose a framework for EEA that would generate a more complete picture of human influences on impacts and bridge the gap between the EEA and DRR communities. We provide illustrations for five case studies: the 2021–2022 Kenyan drought; the 2013–2015 marine heatwave in the northeast Pacific; the 2017 forest fires in Portugal; Acqua Alta (flooding) events in Venice and evaluation of the efficiency of the Experimental Electromechanical Module, an ensemble of mobile barriers that can be activated to mitigate the influx of seawater in the city; and California droughts and the Forecast Informed Reservoir Operations system as an adaptation strategy. application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/611168c5-cd96-4ff1-a973-46be7b669d56 Broadening the scope of anthropogenic influence in extreme event attribution MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "Broadening the scope of anthropogenic influence in extreme event attribution." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/611168c5-cd96-4ff1-a973-46be7b669d56. Other Environmental Sciences Experimental Electromechanical Module Ecosystem Environment/Nature/Ecosystem the 2013-2015 European Continent insight 6.58578856152513 3.8 Climate Hazard anthropogenic climate change 12.740384615384617 5.3 extreme event attribution 15.384615384615387 6.4 Disaster risk reduction drr community 15.789473684210526 6.0 Experimental Electromechanical Module 13.157894736842104 5.0 event attribution Abstract 26.05263157894737 9.9 meteorology 62.711864406779654 3.7 ecology 37.28813559322034 2.2 influx 6.239168110918545 3.6 Key Type Measures International/ Global policy Venice Weather Weather Methodology contribution 6.759098786828424 3.9 Atmospheric Sciences Preparing the ground study 10.051993067590988 5.8 Science and technology Science and technology Academic/ Institutional Earth Sciences Geosciences (General) California Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation extreme weather 11.53846153846154 4.8 Energy production and conversion In this perspective, we argue that adapting current practice in EEA to also consider other causal factors in attribution of extreme weather impacts would provide richer and more comprehensive insight into the causes of disasters. 24.518388791593694 14.0 the 2021-2022 Ecological Applications Non specific Environmental Sciences act 8.492201039861353 4.9 Institutional: Government policies and programs impacts of extreme weather event 11.842105263157896 4.5 Climate change Environment/Climate change Portugal Environment pollution Academia/ Research Institutions Geographical Scope Systemic Literature Review User Needs (RAST) Geosciences study 11.53846153846154 4.8 As extreme event attribution (EEA) matures, explaining the impacts of extreme events has risen to be a key focus for attribution scientists. 52.53940455341506 30.0 Policy Scale Physical and Technological Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors attribution scientist 33.1578947368421 12.6 Stakeholders Knowledge Sector (EEA) impact 13.461538461538463 5.6 determinant 6.412478336221837 3.7 attribution 20.673076923076927 8.6 community 14.66346153846154 6.1 IPCC Environmental Science and Management community 18.717504332755635 10.8 Broadening the scope of anthropogenic influence in extreme event attribution Abstract 22.942206654991242 13.1 impact 9.878682842287695 5.7 Funding Meteorology and climatology Geophysics attribution 16.984402079722706 9.8 Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f 2026-03-24 07:30:27.392753+00:00 2026-03-24 07:30:28.416665+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon 2026-03-24 07:30:27.392753+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/b2e03e61-d513-4394-82c6-09742ad9b0bf/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 07:30:25.596802+00:00 2026-03-25 14:48:18.692247+00:00 2026-03-24 07:30:25.596802+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/b2e03e61-d513-4394-82c6-09742ad9b0bf A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/b2e03e61-d513-4394-82c6-09742ad9b0bf. Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 Key Type Measures No policy or regulation Geosciences (General) between 1951-1980 Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 IPCC sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 Engineering User Needs (RAST) Physical and Technological Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 Preparing the ground Geosciences Methodology land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 Stakeholders Other Physical Sciences extrication 6.25 5.1 of summer Funding Physical Sciences Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 Policy Scale Lisbon per 30 years summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 dependent territory 6.25 5.1 physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 Engineering (General) Extreme heat land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 Knowledge Sector (EEA) Portugal Environmental Science and Management climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 result 6.61764705882353 5.4 City in Portugal Statistics The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 Environmental Sciences Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Geographical Scope Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 Academia/ Research Institutions fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 Climate change Environment/Climate change Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation Climate Hazard Weather Weather Earth Sciences Mathematical Physics sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 Climatology E20C 1981-2010 periods Atmospheric Sciences Meteorology and climatology summer emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics Academic/ Institutional Mathematical Sciences none Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f 2026-03-24 08:20:54.277645+00:00 2026-03-24 08:20:55.345399+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon 2026-03-24 08:20:54.277645+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/139232bf-65ac-4b90-8e50-378e66f4b88f/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 08:20:52.809064+00:00 2026-03-25 14:43:35.410683+00:00 2026-03-24 08:20:52.809064+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/139232bf-65ac-4b90-8e50-378e66f4b88f A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/139232bf-65ac-4b90-8e50-378e66f4b88f. Climate Hazard No policy or regulation Geosciences Physical Sciences Engineering (General) land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 result 6.61764705882353 5.4 Geographical Scope Physical and Technological maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 none of summer summer Portugal Methodology Meteorology and climatology land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 Stakeholders E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics Engineering mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 Preparing the ground Knowledge Sector (EEA) City in Portugal Geosciences (General) Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy Climatology sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 Funding Weather Weather extrication 6.25 5.1 Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 User Needs (RAST) temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 Extreme heat The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 Climate change Environment/Climate change Key Type Measures This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 Earth Sciences IPCC Lisbon Policy Scale Statistics Mathematical Physics Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry Environmental Science and Management between 1951-1980 Mathematical Sciences Other Physical Sciences Academia/ Research Institutions Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 Environmental Sciences temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 Atmospheric Sciences per 30 years meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 1981-2010 periods emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 Academic/ Institutional sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors E20C dependent territory 6.25 5.1 mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f 2026-03-24 08:51:46.046981+00:00 2026-03-24 08:51:47.158524+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon 2026-03-24 08:51:46.046981+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/e9a82f6c-3bbe-40e6-bb17-daa68cd07f4c/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 08:51:44.416774+00:00 2026-03-25 14:46:44.756211+00:00 2026-03-24 08:51:44.416774+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/e9a82f6c-3bbe-40e6-bb17-daa68cd07f4c A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/e9a82f6c-3bbe-40e6-bb17-daa68cd07f4c. E20C Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 Atmospheric Sciences sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 Other Physical Sciences Engineering (General) Environmental Sciences per 30 years Academia/ Research Institutions Weather Weather Climatology Geographical Scope The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 Earth Sciences temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 dependent territory 6.25 5.1 land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 Meteorology and climatology extrication 6.25 5.1 Knowledge Sector (EEA) Environmental Science and Management Engineering Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 City in Portugal A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 summer Geosciences (General) summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 Funding 1981-2010 periods between 1951-1980 User Needs (RAST) Mathematical Physics Key Type Measures land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 Physical and Technological sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 of summer No policy or regulation Extreme heat Stakeholders Lisbon Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 Methodology Physical Sciences none meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 Geosciences disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 result 6.61764705882353 5.4 Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation Policy Scale Climate Hazard Statistics IPCC Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 Preparing the ground Climate change Environment/Climate change Portugal emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Academic/ Institutional Mathematical Sciences physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f 2026-03-24 09:22:04.887010+00:00 2026-03-24 09:22:06.345506+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon 2026-03-24 09:22:04.887010+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/c72367c0-9ce3-48a3-8d50-c1ad5811cdd7/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 09:22:03.148849+00:00 2026-03-25 14:44:26.868247+00:00 2026-03-24 09:22:03.148849+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/c72367c0-9ce3-48a3-8d50-c1ad5811cdd7 A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/c72367c0-9ce3-48a3-8d50-c1ad5811cdd7. No policy or regulation City in Portugal Funding Other Physical Sciences Climatology Earth Sciences E20C Lisbon E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation result 6.61764705882353 5.4 Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 Engineering (General) Stakeholders Statistics Academia/ Research Institutions Mathematical Sciences Physical Sciences 1981-2010 periods Policy Scale per 30 years Mathematical Physics Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 Weather Weather Geosciences (General) physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 Physical and Technological Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 Geosciences Meteorology and climatology between 1951-1980 mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 Engineering extrication 6.25 5.1 climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 Climate change Environment/Climate change Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics Extreme heat Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 IPCC meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 Climate Hazard Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy Academic/ Institutional Portugal sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 Methodology T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 User Needs (RAST) Atmospheric Sciences temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 Knowledge Sector (EEA) none The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 of summer Environmental Science and Management This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 summer Environmental Sciences dependent territory 6.25 5.1 Preparing the ground Geographical Scope emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 Key Type Measures Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f 2026-03-24 09:27:55.555823+00:00 2026-03-24 09:27:56.567408+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon 2026-03-24 09:27:55.555823+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/d9c756dd-0481-405a-911b-23ce97e81abd/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 09:27:53.744918+00:00 2026-03-25 14:43:46.111587+00:00 2026-03-24 09:27:53.744918+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/d9c756dd-0481-405a-911b-23ce97e81abd A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/d9c756dd-0481-405a-911b-23ce97e81abd. between 1951-1980 meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 Climate Hazard temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 Other Physical Sciences Academia/ Research Institutions Statistics Meteorology and climatology land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 User Needs (RAST) result 6.61764705882353 5.4 none mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 Physical and Technological E20C Lisbon land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 Atmospheric Sciences Climate change Environment/Climate change Earth Sciences summer Knowledge Sector (EEA) per 30 years Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based Geographical Scope fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 Methodology disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 Extreme heat extrication 6.25 5.1 Mathematical Sciences Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 City in Portugal Portugal Climatology Stakeholders Geosciences (General) Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry Preparing the ground dependent territory 6.25 5.1 Academic/ Institutional Mathematical Physics Policy Scale Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 Key Type Measures E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy Engineering (General) Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation Weather Weather Environmental Sciences land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 of summer T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Geosciences A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 Environmental Science and Management The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 IPCC No policy or regulation mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 Engineering Physical Sciences maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 Funding climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 1981-2010 periods temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f 2026-03-24 09:34:15.157056+00:00 2026-03-24 09:34:16.191304+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon 2026-03-24 09:34:15.157056+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/4a7bb92b-6d39-498a-a1d0-c974fd399f4a/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 09:34:13.450108+00:00 2026-03-25 14:44:48.997939+00:00 2026-03-24 09:34:13.450108+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/4a7bb92b-6d39-498a-a1d0-c974fd399f4a A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/4a7bb92b-6d39-498a-a1d0-c974fd399f4a. land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 Atmospheric Sciences temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 Funding Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 Portugal disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 No policy or regulation A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics none Earth Sciences meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 Environmental Sciences Environmental Science and Management maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy 1981-2010 periods Preparing the ground Methodology Meteorology and climatology Lisbon mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 Other Physical Sciences Engineering (General) Physical and Technological of summer sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 City in Portugal Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 Climate change Environment/Climate change E20C summer extrication 6.25 5.1 Engineering Statistics Mathematical Sciences Weather Weather Policy Scale Key Type Measures The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 User Needs (RAST) Knowledge Sector (EEA) Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors between 1951-1980 Extreme heat Mathematical Physics per 30 years IPCC Climate Hazard Physical Sciences Stakeholders Academia/ Research Institutions Climatology dependent territory 6.25 5.1 Geographical Scope Academic/ Institutional This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 Geosciences (General) sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 Geosciences Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 result 6.61764705882353 5.4 Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f 2026-03-24 09:36:49.616449+00:00 2026-03-24 09:36:50.807140+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon 2026-03-24 09:36:49.616449+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/ae854009-c98e-44e9-bf6d-3f6fbd65be7d/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 09:36:47.975506+00:00 2026-03-25 09:40:18.035331+00:00 2026-03-24 09:36:47.975506+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/ae854009-c98e-44e9-bf6d-3f6fbd65be7d A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/ae854009-c98e-44e9-bf6d-3f6fbd65be7d. Climate Hazard disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 Policy Scale maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 Environmental Science and Management Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry Weather Weather User Needs (RAST) summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 Methodology result 6.61764705882353 5.4 Atmospheric Sciences Preparing the ground Statistics Funding A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 extrication 6.25 5.1 Other Physical Sciences Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based 1981-2010 periods dependent territory 6.25 5.1 Geosciences Environmental Sciences Geographical Scope Physical Sciences mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 Knowledge Sector (EEA) Earth Sciences per 30 years Academic/ Institutional Key Type Measures climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 City in Portugal Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 between 1951-1980 IPCC No policy or regulation Extreme heat The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 Physical and Technological sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 Meteorology and climatology E20C Stakeholders Academia/ Research Institutions of summer fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation Portugal physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 Engineering meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 Climatology land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 Mathematical Sciences summer E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 Engineering (General) Geosciences (General) mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 Mathematical Physics none temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Lisbon Climate change Environment/Climate change Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f 2026-03-24 09:42:43.093080+00:00 2026-03-24 09:42:44.202124+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon 2026-03-24 09:42:43.093080+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/e6aca448-8af3-48aa-950c-3ce09607bb9e/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 09:42:41.064953+00:00 2026-04-09 17:39:33.080581+00:00 2026-03-24 09:42:41.064953+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/e6aca448-8af3-48aa-950c-3ce09607bb9e A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/e6aca448-8af3-48aa-950c-3ce09607bb9e. Academic/ Institutional result 6.61764705882353 5.4 Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 No policy or regulation Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 E20C Physical Sciences Physical and Technological mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 Engineering (General) Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 Environmental Sciences Earth Sciences Academia/ Research Institutions summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 Climatology Environmental Science and Management none Extreme heat Weather Weather Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation Statistics Funding climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 Preparing the ground 1981-2010 periods sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 Geosciences (General) temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 Climate change Environment/Climate change disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 between 1951-1980 sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 dependent territory 6.25 5.1 Mathematical Physics Key Type Measures Engineering land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 Stakeholders Knowledge Sector (EEA) per 30 years emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 Mathematical Sciences mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 City in Portugal Meteorology and climatology Portugal Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 Geosciences The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 Atmospheric Sciences of summer Methodology meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 User Needs (RAST) Other Physical Sciences Policy Scale summer Geographical Scope IPCC Climate Hazard Lisbon extrication 6.25 5.1 fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f 2026-03-24 09:43:09.566917+00:00 2026-03-24 09:43:10.707716+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon 2026-03-24 09:43:09.566917+00:00 Academia/ Research Institutions Atmospheric Sciences City in Portugal physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 IPCC Engineering Mathematical Sciences Environmental Sciences extrication 6.25 5.1 No policy or regulation of summer land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry Mathematical Physics sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 Academic/ Institutional This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 Geographical Scope Key Type Measures between 1951-1980 User Needs (RAST) Extreme heat Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy Methodology result 6.61764705882353 5.4 per 30 years none disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 Climate change Environment/Climate change mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 Climatology Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 Policy Scale Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 Earth Sciences Stakeholders E20C Climate Hazard land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 Statistics meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 Engineering (General) Geosciences summer Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Knowledge Sector (EEA) Environmental Science and Management Funding dependent territory 6.25 5.1 A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 Preparing the ground land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 Portugal Geosciences (General) Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based Weather Weather temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 Meteorology and climatology T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 1981-2010 periods Physical and Technological Other Physical Sciences The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation Lisbon climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 Physical Sciences E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/f9e45bd4-6ed9-4c36-889d-849a2c698b8d/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 09:43:07.990194+00:00 2026-03-25 09:40:28.104286+00:00 2026-03-24 09:43:07.990194+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/f9e45bd4-6ed9-4c36-889d-849a2c698b8d A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/f9e45bd4-6ed9-4c36-889d-849a2c698b8d. Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f 2026-03-24 09:45:20.158181+00:00 2026-03-24 09:45:21.275905+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon 2026-03-24 09:45:20.158181+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/1709a1f4-9cbf-4430-bd38-ce8b2747196e/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 09:45:18.478393+00:00 2026-03-25 14:45:29.701217+00:00 2026-03-24 09:45:18.478393+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/1709a1f4-9cbf-4430-bd38-ce8b2747196e A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/1709a1f4-9cbf-4430-bd38-ce8b2747196e. Stakeholders Policy Scale Statistics land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 Geosciences Earth Sciences of summer fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 Physical and Technological mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 Weather Weather Knowledge Sector (EEA) Environmental Science and Management Atmospheric Sciences Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors City in Portugal E20C mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 Physical Sciences Climate Hazard extrication 6.25 5.1 Portugal Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 dependent territory 6.25 5.1 emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 Meteorology and climatology 1981-2010 periods Methodology per 30 years disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 Preparing the ground Mathematical Physics sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 summer temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 none between 1951-1980 Geosciences (General) Funding Key Type Measures Environmental Sciences Academia/ Research Institutions land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 User Needs (RAST) result 6.61764705882353 5.4 Engineering (General) Academic/ Institutional Extreme heat This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 Geographical Scope temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 No policy or regulation climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 IPCC Lisbon Other Physical Sciences Climatology Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 Mathematical Sciences Engineering Climate change Environment/Climate change meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f 2026-03-24 10:06:14.152415+00:00 2026-03-24 10:06:15.214609+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon 2026-03-24 10:06:14.152415+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/51ef67fc-b04f-4902-ae69-4a8a34ab60db/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 10:06:12.633941+00:00 2026-03-25 13:47:19.774891+00:00 2026-03-24 10:06:12.633941+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/51ef67fc-b04f-4902-ae69-4a8a34ab60db A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/51ef67fc-b04f-4902-ae69-4a8a34ab60db. Africa Campo Grande Lisbon Portugal maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 Statistics User Needs (RAST) fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 Key Type Measures Climate Hazard Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 Knowledge Sector (EEA) Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based Atmospheric Sciences Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 Lisbon result 6.61764705882353 5.4 Preparing the ground disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 Environmental Sciences Weather Weather Geographical Scope extrication 6.25 5.1 Portugal Academia/ Research Institutions Academic/ Institutional Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy Engineering sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 none Geosciences (General) Policy Scale Climate change Environment/Climate change Physical and Technological land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 Physical Sciences of summer summer summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 Mathematical Physics Other Physical Sciences Extreme heat No policy or regulation E20C Stakeholders The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 between 1951-1980 Meteorology and climatology mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 Earth Sciences physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 Funding 1981-2010 periods City in Portugal Environmental Science and Management Methodology land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 dependent territory 6.25 5.1 Engineering (General) meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 per 30 years Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics Mathematical Sciences Climatology Geosciences IPCC T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f 2026-03-24 10:14:40.608471+00:00 2026-03-24 10:14:41.650392+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon 2026-03-24 10:14:40.608471+00:00 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/5df6b246-7aee-464e-9135-c77c57059f9d/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 10:14:38.771759+00:00 2026-03-25 14:42:32.303916+00:00 2026-03-24 10:14:38.771759+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/5df6b246-7aee-464e-9135-c77c57059f9d A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/5df6b246-7aee-464e-9135-c77c57059f9d. Africa Campo Grande Lisbon Portugal Extreme heat Geosciences IPCC meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics extrication 6.25 5.1 Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation No policy or regulation disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry Geographical Scope Policy Scale Methodology This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 Mathematical Physics E20C Physical Sciences between 1951-1980 result 6.61764705882353 5.4 Lisbon mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 Knowledge Sector (EEA) mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 Climate change Environment/Climate change Engineering 1981-2010 periods temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 Physical and Technological physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 Atmospheric Sciences User Needs (RAST) none summer summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 Academia/ Research Institutions Academic/ Institutional land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 of summer dependent territory 6.25 5.1 Earth Sciences sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 Other Physical Sciences Statistics Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 Meteorology and climatology Key Type Measures E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 Engineering (General) Climate Hazard Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 Environmental Science and Management Environmental Sciences Climatology Funding Preparing the ground per 30 years temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Portugal Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 Geosciences (General) City in Portugal Weather Weather Mathematical Sciences sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 Stakeholders land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f 2026-03-24 10:16:01.828034+00:00 2026-03-24 10:16:02.792827+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon 2026-03-24 10:16:01.828034+00:00 Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 E20C Geographical Scope summer User Needs (RAST) Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 Climate Hazard Geosciences dependent territory 6.25 5.1 Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy Mathematical Physics Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based of summer Preparing the ground Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 Engineering Physical and Technological Physical Sciences Key Type Measures No policy or regulation Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 Climatology mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 Policy Scale IPCC Meteorology and climatology between 1951-1980 Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 Lisbon temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 Engineering (General) Knowledge Sector (EEA) temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 Funding Mathematical Sciences Climate change Environment/Climate change Academic/ Institutional physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 result 6.61764705882353 5.4 Environmental Science and Management Extreme heat Portugal climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 Earth Sciences City in Portugal sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 Stakeholders Weather Weather maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 Environmental Sciences none per 30 years Academia/ Research Institutions Atmospheric Sciences Geosciences (General) 1981-2010 periods This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 Methodology Other Physical Sciences extrication 6.25 5.1 land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors Statistics 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/ffbc587d-278f-435c-98fb-6b589c3a4d29/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 10:15:58.640070+00:00 2026-04-11 09:37:47.507608+00:00 2026-03-24 10:15:58.640070+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/ffbc587d-278f-435c-98fb-6b589c3a4d29 A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/ffbc587d-278f-435c-98fb-6b589c3a4d29. Africa Campo Grande Lisbon Portugal Esteban Gonzalez Environmental research https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f 2026-03-24 11:05:29.749638+00:00 2026-03-24 11:05:30.869255+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon 2026-03-24 11:05:29.749638+00:00 Geographical Scope 1981-2010 periods Urban Portugal disentanglement of the effect 21.505376344086024 6.0 IPCC Climate change Environment/Climate change summer of summer This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. 27.01525054466231 12.4 temperature extreme 11.965811965811966 4.2 E20C 13.675213675213675 4.8 Policy Scale Physical and Technological Modeling/ Simulation Knowledge Sector (EEA) land-use property 27.24014336917563 7.6 Housing and urban planning policy Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy Extreme heat Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation meteorology 69.4267515923567 10.9 sensitivity 13.960113960113961 4.9 Not reported/ Unknown extrication 6.25 5.1 Lisbon abstract 13.261648745519715 3.7 Climate Hazard between 1951-1980 Data on climate-relate hazards fraction 6.004901960784315 4.9 Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors emissivity 5.637254901960784 4.6 Earth Sciences Other Earth Sciences none City in Portugal physics 30.573248407643312 4.8 Chemistry Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry Meteorology and climatology result 6.61764705882353 5.4 Lisbon Lisbon 18.233618233618234 6.4 Geosciences (General) Geosciences Lisbon 10.784313725490199 8.8 Funding Environmental Science and Management Key Type Measures maximum 5.514705882352941 4.5 land-use 14.338235294117649 11.7 land-use 23.931623931623932 8.4 summer mean temperature 21.14695340501792 5.9 mean temperature 18.233618233618234 6.4 Methodology Local policy climate 5.759803921568627 4.7 sensitivity 8.333333333333334 6.8 temperature 13.357843137254903 10.9 Academia/ Research Institutions mean temperature 11.151960784313726 9.1 dependent territory 6.25 5.1 Stakeholders E20C Environmental Sciences Weather Weather T max 16.845878136200717 4.7 per 30 years Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience Atmospheric Sciences A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract 32.89760348583878 15.1 User Needs (RAST) The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. 40.087145969498906 18.4 0 https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/f8152637-f8b2-4f29-8b24-771b9a8ecadb/crate/download/ 2026-03-24 11:05:27.879436+00:00 2026-04-27 18:30:09.977542+00:00 2026-03-24 11:05:27.879436+00:00 Abstract Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T max, and around 17% for T min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T max and T min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone). application/ld+json https://w3id.org/ro-id/f8152637-f8b2-4f29-8b24-771b9a8ecadb A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon MANUAL Gonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/f8152637-f8b2-4f29-8b24-771b9a8ecadb. Africa Campo Grande Lisbon Portugal Esteban Gonzalez