Environmental researchApplied sciencesClimatologyhttps://fip.fair-wizard.com/wizard/projects/7d647ed2-6698-4be3-ac81-502329066b3c2025-06-08 17:20:49.943434+00:002025-10-14 08:33:10.768008+00:00FAIR2Adapt DMP generated from DSW questionnaire.FAIR2Adapt living DMP (DSW questionnaire)2025-06-08 17:20:49.943434+00:00Anne Fouillouxhttps://w3id.org/np/RA5lIm2-EGBm0gHlI5kgRI7ZU-cMI1Q06hKVEfPKeOJi82025-06-30 19:46:19.391474+00:002025-10-14 08:33:11.436980+00:00FAIR Implementation Profile (FIP) for the case study 1 "Arctic Radio-Isotopes.Case Study 1 - Arctic Radio-Isotopes FIP2025-06-30 19:46:19.391474+00:00https://w3id.org/np/RA9-o3xRk7ti6szajJWGi40ieCuZxYZWFs0_-JomvvR6o2025-06-30 19:55:07.441681+00:002025-10-14 08:33:12.670849+00:00FAIR Implementation Profile (FIP) for the case study 6 "FAIR Climate Risk Assessments".Case Study 6 - FAIR Climate Risk Assessments FIP2025-06-30 19:55:07.441681+00:00https://w3id.org/np/RAK3KIGPtDb9iV_j1HTp9YSpFSarZv6fPj3bJq6LBpNyI2025-06-30 19:51:10.773257+00:002025-10-14 08:33:11.958426+00:00FAIR Implementation Profile (FIP)for the case study 3 and the software developed to create Risk Map for the Hamburg city area.Case Study 3 - Hamburg Risk Map Software FIP2025-06-30 19:51:10.773257+00:00https://w3id.org/np/RAKd4AuA3eWKX-NzEj5nVRJCYD088zZx0oxz92BrdZHSA2025-06-30 19:52:27.634634+00:002025-10-14 08:33:12.203443+00:00FAIR Implementation Profile (FIP) for case study 4 "Climate Adaptation Hub Portugal".Case Study 4 - Climate Adaptation Hub Portugal FIP2025-06-30 19:52:27.634634+00:00https://w3id.org/np/RAVgqppDFnLwV3SgHcGS0cv2MOedMKbMlNGvLmvuTttjI2025-06-30 19:53:38.877790+00:002025-10-14 08:33:12.429135+00:00FAIR Implementation Profile for the weADAPT platform.Case Study 5 - weADAPT FIP2025-06-30 19:53:38.877790+00:00https://w3id.org/np/RAs6_kCEos5itKDnH7AXodfNwRCzEN5Gr-MJU6Zwe_kb82025-06-30 19:49:15.427555+00:002025-10-14 08:33:11.694546+00:00FAIR Implementation Profile (FIP) for the RiOMar simulation data from the Bay of Biscay.Case Study 2 - RiOMar Bay of Biscay Simulation Data FIP2025-06-30 19:49:15.427555+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/5954ce8e-2bbc-469a-b5ba-0d4d1e93195f/crate/download/2025-06-08 15:01:57.739189+00:002025-10-16 11:35:56.385641+00:002025-06-08 15:01:57.739189+00:00The FAIR2Adapt Data Management Plan will evolve during the lifetime of the project in order to present the status of the project's reflections on data management. Our DMP will be made publicly available on ROHub so that the up to date version can be consulted at any time by everyone.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/5954ce8e-2bbc-469a-b5ba-0d4d1e93195fFAIR2Adapt Data Management Plan (Deliverable D1.2)MANUALFouilloux, Anne. "FAIR2Adapt Data Management Plan (Deliverable D1.2)." ROHub. Jun 08 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/5954ce8e-2bbc-469a-b5ba-0d4d1e93195f.This folder contains the links to the FIPs.FIPs468879https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/f152dc94-e6c8-4232-b301-951ce2fc37f2/download/2025-06-29 18:45:15.257158+00:002025-10-14 08:33:11.199235+00:00Snapshot of the DMP questionnaire (FIP Wizard) from the 29 June 2025.application/pdfFAIR2Adapt_DMP_questionnaire_snapshot_29June20252025-06-29 18:45:15.257158+00:00FAIR2Adapt Data Management Plan12.62916188289322711.0data management46.6130884041331940.6oceanography100.00.5455796718597412project13.5359116022099459.8project11.0218140068886359.6version5.2486187845303863.8standing22.2375690607734816.1Our DMP will be made publicly available on ROHub so that the up to date version can be consulted at any time by everyone.8.5085085085085078.5status of the project's reflection17.9797979797979817.8social and information sciences100.00.3022623062133789FAIR2Adapt Data Management Plan (Deliverable D1.2). The FAIR2Adapt Data Management Plan will evolve during the lifetime of the project in order to present the status of the project's reflections on data management.91.4914914914914991.4deliverable D1.21.51515151515151511.5status18.9437428243398416.5plan10.7921928817451219.4project's reflection0.80808080808080810.8data management51.51933701657457537.3earth sciences100.00.5455796718597412up to date version6.969696969696976.9data management plan72.7272727272727372.0documentation and information science100.00.3022623062133789reflection7.4585635359116025.4Applied sciences00k4n6c32European CommissionSimula Research Laboratoryannef@simula.noAnne Fouilloux0000-0002-1784-2920barbara@gofair.foundationBarbara Magagna00k4n6c32::101188256FAIR to Adapt to Climate ChangeFAIR to Adapt to Climate Change2025-06-12 06:29:25.595371+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/05729783-a960-4fbd-b1f6-f83fb23eb44c/crate/download/2025-03-08 16:08:42.827750+00:002025-10-16 11:32:54.865261+00:002025-03-08 16:08:42.827750+00:00# Improving data availability for climate risk assessments under the EU taxonomy for sustainable activities
## Vision & Ambitions
In this case study, we want to:
1) Provide insights into data used and needed by businesses and consultants to perform climate risk assessments for reporting under the EU taxonomy for sustainable activities;
2) Collect local climate hazard data that is being used in such analyses;
3) improve accessibility to key datasets for climate risk analyses under the EU taxonomy.
## Description
Climate risk analyses under the EU taxonomy for sustainable activities (Pan-European)
More and more companies in the EU are required to report on how their economic activities are contributing to the six environmental objectives of the EU taxonomy for sustainable activities. In this context, the Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2021/2178 requires companies to perform climate risk assessment for two possible purposes: to show that an economic activity is contributing to climate change adaptation (environmental objective #2) or to check whether an activity that contributes to another objective will do so even under a changing climate (do-no-significant-harm check). The regulation has detailed requirements that a climate risk analysis needs to fulfil, e.g. climate projections at the smallest appropriate scale and at least 28 different climate hazards need to be considered. Experience shows that business as well as consultants are struggling with the very demanding requirements and the very parcelled climate hazard data landscape.
While there is a lot of data available on the 28 climate-related hazards that businesses need to analyse, data is not tagged / structured in a way that users can easily find it. Many businesses have operations across different EU countries which makes it even more challenging to conduct a harmonised assessment for all relevant locations and at the most appropriate local scale. Furthermore, many businesses will be required to prepare an adaptation plan that includes adaptation measures and is in line with local, regional and national adaptation strategies.
## FAIR2Adapt Contribution
By accompanying two businesses in preparing climate risk assessments as part of their EU taxonomy reporting, will provide an overview on the sources that are being used for the assessments, from local to national to European sources. Furthermore, we shall document important data gaps and highlight possible difficulties when combining the different datasets during the assessments, e.g. problems because of different temporal or spatial scales. Guided by approaches from WP 3 to 5, strategies to make the most valuable data FAIR, using a vocabulary that is consistent with the requirements in the EU taxonomy, will be developed.
## Lead Partner
ADELPHI
## External Stakeholders involved in CCA
Two businesses that have operations in multiple EU countries, and have to report under the EU taxonomy.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/05729783-a960-4fbd-b1f6-f83fb23eb44cFAIR Climate Risk Data for Businesses - barbaraFAIR Climate Risk Data for Businesses - forkMANUALBartsch, Julia, Anne Fouilloux, and Barbara Magagna. "FAIR Climate Risk Data for Businesses - barbara." ROHub. Mar 08 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/05729783-a960-4fbd-b1f6-f83fb23eb44c.The FAIR2Adapt community is dedicated to advancing climate change adaptation in Europe by promoting FAIR and open data sharing to enhance the accessibility, interoperability, and usability of environmental and socio-economic data in support of climate change adaptation efforts.annef@simula.noFAIR2Adapthttp://fair2adapt-eosc.eurisk10.38306451612903210.3hazard datum10.3813559322033914.9datum7.4596774193548387.4meteorology and climatology100.00.8879811763763428data3.6290322580645163.6the economy33.5877862595419864.4chance3.6290322580645163.6parcelled climate hazard data landscape21.3983050847457610.1European Union26.45631067961164710.9By accompanying two businesses in preparing climate risk assessments as part of their EU taxonomy reporting, will provide an overview on the sources that are being used for the assessments, from local to national to European sources.34.944237918215619.4climate risk analysis20.7627118644067829.8geosciences100.00.8879811763763428WeatherWeatherpolitics24.4274809160305323.2EU taxonomy26.48305084745762612.5European Unionenvironmental sciences100.00.9975064396858215Environmental politicsEnvironment/Environmental politicsclimate22.5728155339805849.3climate risk assessments15.4661016949152537.3trade21.3740458015267162.8EnvironmentEnvironmentdatum15.7766990291262136.5companies in the EU5.5084745762711862.6business5.3427419354838715.3In this case study, we want to:
1) Provide insights into data used and needed by businesses and consultants to perform climate risk assessments for reporting under the EU taxonomy for sustainable activities;34.200743494423799.2risk assessment21.1165048543689278.7database20.6106870229007632.7International organisationPolitics/International relations/International organisationEuropean Union12.90322580645161212.8risk assessment9.979838709677429.9# Improving data availability for climate risk assessments under the EU taxonomy for sustainable activities30.85501858736068.3environmental science and management100.00.9975064396858215availability4.6370967741935484.6assessment5.2419354838709685.2economic activity3.42741935483870953.4taxonomy4.8387096774193554.8dataset5.1411290322580645.1climate18.04435483870967617.9risk14.077669902912625.8country5.3427419354838715.3bartsch@adelphi.deJulia BartschEnvironmental researchApplied sciencesScientific Researcherbiroy@ciencias.ulisboa.ptBishwajit Roy0000-0001-6976-9297Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, University of Lisbonigmarques@fc.ul.ptInes Gomes Marques0000-0002-2104-3187ClimRisk, CE3C, Faculty of Sciences, U Lisbontcapela@fc.ul.ptTiago Capela Lourenço0000-0002-8796-5993https://w3id.org/ro-id/2cace03a-fa6d-450a-9192-dd17fe85a9412025-06-27 10:56:43.364977+00:002025-10-14 08:33:18.817709+00:00Research Object of the case study 'Developing and testing a FAIR-by-design national adaptation hub' from the FAIR2Adapt project.Designing a FAIR National Adaptation Hub2025-06-27 10:56:43.364977+00:0012.5798948016017744.068643068110674POINT (12.57989480160177 44.068643068110674)a0fdfcc9-774d-45c8-ae4c-fe9447377611POINT (12.57989480160177 44.068643068110674)0https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/2f432569-3648-4885-bb84-bc9507c5187a/crate/download/2025-06-26 14:52:46.125018+00:002025-11-14 10:33:54.487975+00:002025-06-26 14:52:46.125018+00:00**Session at the European Climate Change Adaptation Conference, Rimini - Italy**
*16-18 July 2025*
This session was part of the HEurope FAIR2Adapt and CLIMATE-ADAPT4EOSC projects that intend to improve the efficiency of the data-to-knowledge supply chain in the field of climate change adaptation (CCA). In line with ECCA’s theme ‘Managing cities to be fit for the future’, the main goal of this session is to demonstrate how an ecosystem of FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) technologies and services can support CCA stakeholders (e.g., researchers and practitioners) in their decision-making processes. The panel presentations will feature concrete examples of how FAIR tools and approaches can help CCA researchers and practitioners overcome barriers to accessing, using, and reproducing data and generating interoperable services. In addition, this session aims to gather information on the breadth of knowledge CCA stakeholders work with and how this knowledge is produced, providing key insights for FAIR experts who need a clear understanding of user requirements to design effective FAIR tooling.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/2f432569-3648-4885-bb84-bc9507c5187aPresentationFAIR data and Open Science in support of climate change adaptationMANUALGomes Marques, Ines, Tiago Capela Lourenço, Bishwajit Roy, and Francisca Simões. "FAIR data and Open Science in support of climate change adaptation." ROHub. Jun 26 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/2f432569-3648-4885-bb84-bc9507c5187a.POINT (12.57989480160177 44.068643068110674)138754https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/0a063ed5-08ef-4c88-b2d7-838001adae71/download/2025-06-27 10:52:58.253656+00:002025-06-27 10:52:59.109741+00:00image/pngCaptura de ecrã 2025-06-26 155444.png2025-06-27 10:52:58.253656+00:0010.24424/d8yy-bv206805348https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/447465f2-4083-4d02-a034-ef45bc9455cd/download/2025-07-03 12:04:42.527283+00:002025-10-14 08:33:19.291465+00:00Session presentation at the European Climate Change Conference 2025, in Rimini - Italyapplication/pdfFAIR data and Open Science in support of climate change adaptation2025-07-03 12:04:42.527283+00:00404565https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/9f3afc74-5d13-4b39-826b-719982a3ec01/download/2025-06-27 07:17:05.338354+00:002025-06-27 07:17:06.067196+00:00image/pngCaptura de ecrã 2025-06-27 081651.png2025-06-27 07:17:05.338354+00:0044358https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/bbd1e98c-8c54-4988-8f76-ade0cbbcc4f2/download/2025-10-31 11:37:39.814835+00:002025-10-31 11:37:41.656394+00:00image/jpegF2A Logo2025-10-31 11:37:39.814835+00:00The FAIR2Adapt community is dedicated to advancing climate change adaptation in Europe by promoting FAIR and open data sharing to enhance the accessibility, interoperability, and usability of environmental and socio-economic data in support of climate change adaptation efforts.annef@simula.noFAIR2Adapthttp://fair2adapt-eosc.euFAIR2Adapt Case study 4 - Developing and testing a FAIR-by-design national adaptation hub, with the aim to find, extract, curate and make available climate and non-climate knowledge and information (e.g., climate projections, socio-economic, environmental and demographic data, case studies, adaptation measures, cost-benefit analysis, among others) from relevant CCA-related portals, platforms and publications, necessary to support the adaptation decision-making planning cycle.igmarques@fc.ul.ptClimate Adaptation Hub Portugalhttps://fair2adapt-eosc.eu/index.php/case-study-4-developing-and-testing-a-fair-by-design-national-adaptation-hub/16-Jul-18-2025environmental science and management100.00.9944642186164856scientific discipline5.9639389736477114.3ecosystem of Fair12.3755334281650068.7ShareholderEconomy, business and finance/Business information/Business finance/Shareholderinformation9.708737864077677.0This session was part of the HEurope FAIR2Adapt and CLIMATE-ADAPT4EOSC projects that intend to improve the efficiency of the data-to-knowledge supply chain in the field of climate change adaptation (CCA). In line with ECCA’36.80781758957654422.6Science and technologyScience and technologythe main goal of this session is to demonstrate how an ecosystem of FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) technologies and services can support CCA stakeholders (e.g., researchers and practitioners) in their decision-making processes.24.75570032573289615.2ecology100.07.6practitioner12.8099173553719016.2Riminidocumentation and information science100.00.5052669048309326climate change adaptation conference5.26315789473684253.7researcher16.3661581137309311.8field of climate change adaptation18.20768136557610412.8doctor12.2052704576976428.8session13.0374479889042979.4researcher17.3553719008264488.4cca stakeholder33.9971550497866323.9climate change adaptation25.4132231404958712.3session13.2231404958677696.4project4.29958391123439653.1supply chain5.5478502080443824.0efficiency4.8543689320388353.5environmental sciences100.00.9944642186164856information9.9173553719008274.8The panel presentations will feature concrete examples of how FAIR tools and approaches can help CCA researchers and practitioners overcome barriers to accessing, using, and reproducing data and generating interoperable services.38.4364820846905523.6CinemaArts, culture and entertainment/Arts and entertainment/Cinemastakeholder10.9570041608876557.9Italy6.5187239944521494.7Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable9.5041322314049584.6cca researcher30.1564722617354221.2Italyecosystem6.1026352288488214.4social and information sciences100.00.5052669048309326stakeholder11.7768595041322315.7Rimini4.4382801664355063.2ce3c@ciencias.ulisboa.ptCE3C - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changesfrancisca.simoes@edu.ulisboa.ptFrancisca SimõesChemistry10.24424/jxpj-vv36False2025-07-04 09:08:44.261623+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/de0b3951-0fa7-4b03-a1fa-d5c4da93a476/crate/download/2022-01-12 16:34:39.917729+00:002025-10-16 11:15:06.613810+00:002022-01-12 16:34:39.917729+00:00Aromatic compounds are those chemical compounds (most commonly organic) that contain one or more rings with pi electrons delocalized all the way around them. In contrast to compounds that exhibit aromaticity, aliphatic compounds lack this delocalization. The term "aromatic" was assigned before the physical mechanism determining aromaticity was discovered, and referred simply to the fact that many such compounds have a sweet or pleasant odour; however, not all aromatic compounds have a sweet odour, and not all compounds with a sweet odour are aromatic compounds. Aromatic hydrocarbons, or arenes, are aromatic organic compounds containing solely carbon and hydrogen atoms. The configuration of six carbon atoms in aromatic compounds is called a "benzene ring", after the simple aromatic compound benzene, or a phenyl group when part of a larger compound.
Not all aromatic compounds are benzene-based; aromaticity can also manifest in heteroarenes, which follow Hückel's rule (for monocyclic rings: when the number of its π electrons equals 4n + 2, where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...). In these compounds, at least one carbon atom is replaced by one of the heteroatoms oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur. Examples of non-benzene compounds with aromatic properties are furan, a heterocyclic compound with a five-membered ring that includes a single oxygen atom, and pyridine, a heterocyclic compound with a six-membered ring containing one nitrogen atom.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/de0b3951-0fa7-4b03-a1fa-d5c4da93a476Aromatic compounds - snapshotAromatic compoundsMANUALWolniewicz, Małgorzata. "Aromatic compounds." ROHub. Jan 12 ,2022. https://doi.org/10.24424/jxpj-vv36.arene7.3043478260869564.2aliphatic compound4.7379032258064514.7The term "aromatic" was assigned before the physical mechanism determining aromaticity was discovered, and referred simply to the fact that many such compounds have a sweet or pleasant odour; however, not all aromatic compounds have a sweet odour, and not all compounds with a sweet odour are aromatic compounds.21.40151515151515211.3JewelleryArts, culture and entertainment/Arts and entertainment/Fashion/Jewelleryoxygen atom4.0322580645161294.0nitrogen3.93145161290322553.9organic chemistry65.9163987138263741.0oxygen atom17.7944862155388467.1benzene9.2741935483870969.2geochemistry100.00.4569866955280304heterocyclic compound9.739130434782615.6chemistry and materials100.00.8506659269332886aromatic19.65725806451612819.5benzene12.6956521739130437.3monocyclic ring14.2857142857142865.7chemistry and materials (general)100.00.8506659269332886arene4.9395161290322594.9electron4.4354838709677424.4chemistry34.0836012861736321.2scent4.5362903225806454.5aromatic hydrocarbon5.947580645161295.9chemical compound15.8260869565217389.1nitrogen atom29.57393483709273211.8aromatic hydrocarbon8.6956521739130435.0ring3.1253.1The configuration of six carbon atoms in aromatic compounds is called a "benzene ring", after the simple aromatic compound benzene, or a phenyl group when part of a larger compound.39.01515151515151620.6organic compound3.83064516129032253.8chemical compound10.78629032258064410.7Aromatic compounds are those chemical compounds (most commonly organic) that contain one or more rings with pi electrons delocalized all the way around them.39.58333333333333620.9carbon atom15.9999999999999989.2aromatic compound benzene24.812030075187979.9Organic chemicalEconomy, business and finance/Economic sector/Chemicals/Organic chemicalheterocyclic compound6.4516129032258066.4aromatic compound29.73913043478261317.1larger compound13.5338345864661655.4earth sciences100.00.4569866955280304carbon atom10.78629032258064410.7benzene ring3.5282258064516133.5Chemistry10.24424/070n-rr14False2025-07-05 18:47:59.392957+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/ba53e480-17bb-466f-b789-3533246d7b43/crate/download/2022-01-12 16:34:39.917729+00:002025-10-16 11:14:31.884055+00:002022-01-12 16:34:39.917729+00:00Aromatic compounds are those chemical compounds (most commonly organic) that contain one or more rings with pi electrons delocalized all the way around them. In contrast to compounds that exhibit aromaticity, aliphatic compounds lack this delocalization. The term "aromatic" was assigned before the physical mechanism determining aromaticity was discovered, and referred simply to the fact that many such compounds have a sweet or pleasant odour; however, not all aromatic compounds have a sweet odour, and not all compounds with a sweet odour are aromatic compounds. Aromatic hydrocarbons, or arenes, are aromatic organic compounds containing solely carbon and hydrogen atoms. The configuration of six carbon atoms in aromatic compounds is called a "benzene ring", after the simple aromatic compound benzene, or a phenyl group when part of a larger compound.
Not all aromatic compounds are benzene-based; aromaticity can also manifest in heteroarenes, which follow Hückel's rule (for monocyclic rings: when the number of its π electrons equals 4n + 2, where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...). In these compounds, at least one carbon atom is replaced by one of the heteroatoms oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur. Examples of non-benzene compounds with aromatic properties are furan, a heterocyclic compound with a five-membered ring that includes a single oxygen atom, and pyridine, a heterocyclic compound with a six-membered ring containing one nitrogen atom.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/ba53e480-17bb-466f-b789-3533246d7b43Aromatic compounds - snapshotAromatic compoundsMANUALWolniewicz, Małgorzata. "Aromatic compounds." ROHub. Jan 12 ,2022. https://doi.org/10.24424/070n-rr14.chemistry34.0836012861736321.2scent4.5362903225806454.5aromatic19.65725806451612819.5The term "aromatic" was assigned before the physical mechanism determining aromaticity was discovered, and referred simply to the fact that many such compounds have a sweet or pleasant odour; however, not all aromatic compounds have a sweet odour, and not all compounds with a sweet odour are aromatic compounds.21.40151515151515211.3benzene9.2741935483870969.2carbon atom10.78629032258064410.7geochemistry100.00.4569866955280304aromatic compound benzene24.812030075187979.9aromatic compound29.73913043478261317.1larger compound13.5338345864661655.4arene4.9395161290322594.9JewelleryArts, culture and entertainment/Arts and entertainment/Fashion/JewelleryThe configuration of six carbon atoms in aromatic compounds is called a "benzene ring", after the simple aromatic compound benzene, or a phenyl group when part of a larger compound.39.01515151515151620.6arene7.3043478260869564.2oxygen atom17.7944862155388467.1carbon atom15.9999999999999989.2Organic chemicalEconomy, business and finance/Economic sector/Chemicals/Organic chemicalelectron4.4354838709677424.4aromatic hydrocarbon8.6956521739130435.0chemical compound15.8260869565217389.1benzene ring3.5282258064516133.5heterocyclic compound6.4516129032258066.4aromatic hydrocarbon5.947580645161295.9nitrogen3.93145161290322553.9organic compound3.83064516129032253.8chemistry and materials (general)100.00.8506659269332886earth sciences100.00.4569866955280304monocyclic ring14.2857142857142865.7aliphatic compound4.7379032258064514.7benzene12.6956521739130437.3chemical compound10.78629032258064410.7organic chemistry65.9163987138263741.0chemistry and materials100.00.8506659269332886heterocyclic compound9.739130434782615.6Aromatic compounds are those chemical compounds (most commonly organic) that contain one or more rings with pi electrons delocalized all the way around them.39.58333333333333620.9oxygen atom4.0322580645161294.0nitrogen atom29.57393483709273211.8ring3.1253.1Chemistryhttps://doi.org/10.24424/x0cn-va37False2025-07-05 19:04:55.078129+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/54c22dc5-ace3-4aaa-be62-b5b4dab97be6/crate/download/2022-01-12 16:34:39.917729+00:002025-10-16 11:14:13.082777+00:002022-01-12 16:34:39.917729+00:00Aromatic compounds are those chemical compounds (most commonly organic) that contain one or more rings with pi electrons delocalized all the way around them. In contrast to compounds that exhibit aromaticity, aliphatic compounds lack this delocalization. The term "aromatic" was assigned before the physical mechanism determining aromaticity was discovered, and referred simply to the fact that many such compounds have a sweet or pleasant odour; however, not all aromatic compounds have a sweet odour, and not all compounds with a sweet odour are aromatic compounds. Aromatic hydrocarbons, or arenes, are aromatic organic compounds containing solely carbon and hydrogen atoms. The configuration of six carbon atoms in aromatic compounds is called a "benzene ring", after the simple aromatic compound benzene, or a phenyl group when part of a larger compound.
Not all aromatic compounds are benzene-based; aromaticity can also manifest in heteroarenes, which follow Hückel's rule (for monocyclic rings: when the number of its π electrons equals 4n + 2, where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...). In these compounds, at least one carbon atom is replaced by one of the heteroatoms oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur. Examples of non-benzene compounds with aromatic properties are furan, a heterocyclic compound with a five-membered ring that includes a single oxygen atom, and pyridine, a heterocyclic compound with a six-membered ring containing one nitrogen atom.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/54c22dc5-ace3-4aaa-be62-b5b4dab97be6Aromatic compounds - snapshotAromatic compoundsMANUALWolniewicz, Małgorzata. "Aromatic compounds." ROHub. Jan 12 ,2022. https://doi.org/10.24424/x0cn-va37.chemical compound15.8260869565217389.1The configuration of six carbon atoms in aromatic compounds is called a "benzene ring", after the simple aromatic compound benzene, or a phenyl group when part of a larger compound.39.01515151515151620.6aromatic hydrocarbon5.947580645161295.9benzene9.2741935483870969.2carbon atom15.9999999999999989.2chemical compound10.78629032258064410.7electron4.4354838709677424.4oxygen atom4.0322580645161294.0arene4.9395161290322594.9chemistry34.0836012861736321.2organic chemistry65.9163987138263741.0chemistry and materials100.00.8506659269332886scent4.5362903225806454.5heterocyclic compound9.739130434782615.6benzene12.6956521739130437.3earth sciences100.00.4569866955280304geochemistry100.00.4569866955280304The term "aromatic" was assigned before the physical mechanism determining aromaticity was discovered, and referred simply to the fact that many such compounds have a sweet or pleasant odour; however, not all aromatic compounds have a sweet odour, and not all compounds with a sweet odour are aromatic compounds.21.40151515151515211.3nitrogen atom29.57393483709273211.8aromatic compound29.73913043478261317.1arene7.3043478260869564.2JewelleryArts, culture and entertainment/Arts and entertainment/Fashion/Jewelleryaliphatic compound4.7379032258064514.7Organic chemicalEconomy, business and finance/Economic sector/Chemicals/Organic chemicalbenzene ring3.5282258064516133.5larger compound13.5338345864661655.4nitrogen3.93145161290322553.9heterocyclic compound6.4516129032258066.4aromatic hydrocarbon8.6956521739130435.0aromatic19.65725806451612819.5organic compound3.83064516129032253.8carbon atom10.78629032258064410.7monocyclic ring14.2857142857142865.7chemistry and materials (general)100.00.8506659269332886aromatic compound benzene24.812030075187979.9Aromatic compounds are those chemical compounds (most commonly organic) that contain one or more rings with pi electrons delocalized all the way around them.39.58333333333333620.9ring3.1253.1oxygen atom17.7944862155388467.1Earth sciencesDarwin MacBook-Pro-Raul-2025.local 24.5.0 Darwin Kernel Version 24.5.0: Tue Apr 22 19:53:27 PDT 2025; root:xnu-11417.121.6~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T6041 arm642025-05-27T10:25:53+00:00COMPSs matmul_files.py execution at MacBook-Pro-Raul-2025.localfile://MacBook-Pro-Raul-2025.local/Users/rsirvent/COMPSs-DP/matmul_files/C.0.0file://MacBook-Pro-Raul-2025.local/Users/rsirvent/COMPSs-DP/matmul_files/C.0.1file://MacBook-Pro-Raul-2025.local/Users/rsirvent/COMPSs-DP/matmul_files/C.1.0file://MacBook-Pro-Raul-2025.local/Users/rsirvent/COMPSs-DP/matmul_files/C.1.12025-05-27T10:25:48+00:00application_sources/matmul_files.py#compss_home#compss_python_version#localhost.matmul_tasks.multiply.avgTime#localhost.matmul_tasks.multiply.executions#localhost.matmul_tasks.multiply.maxTime#localhost.matmul_tasks.multiply.minTime#overall.matmul_files.py.executionTime#overall.matmul_tasks.multiply.avgTime#overall.matmul_tasks.multiply.executions#overall.matmul_tasks.multiply.maxTime#overall.matmul_tasks.multiply.minTimeCOMPSsCOMPSs Programming Model3.3.3COMPSS_HOME/Users/rsirvent/opt/COMPSs/COMPSS_PYTHON_VERSION3.10.16avgTime68executions8maxTime106minTime34executionTime5781avgTime68executions8maxTime106minTime34LezziDanieleDaniele LezziVázquez NovoaFernandoFernando Vázquez NovoaAmela MilianRamonRamon Amela MilianConejeroJavierJavier ConejeroIraola de AcevedoEduardoEduardo Iraola de AcevedoVergésPerePere VergésPuigdemunt-SchmollingGabrielGabriel Puigdemunt-SchmollingBertranMartaMarta BertranÁlvarez VecinoPolPol Álvarez Vecinofrancesc.lordan@bsc.esLordanFrancescFrancesc LordanFoyerClémentClément FoyerSirventRaülRaül SirventMammadliNihadNihad MammadliMałgorzata WolniewiczBadiaRosa MRosa M BadiaRamon-Cortes VilarrodonaCristianCristian Ramon-Cortes VilarrodonaEjarqueJorgeJorge EjarqueTatuCristian CătălinCristian Cătălin TatuGiacominiNicolòNicolò GiacominiDabralArchitArchit DabralIndian Institute of Technology BHUUniversitat Politècnica de CatalunyaAssociation for Computing MachineryBaku State UniversityBarcelona Supercomputing CenterAuthorfrancesc.lordan@bsc.esfrancesc.lordan@bsc.es9575https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/cb06ef3d-f6a3-4b79-9f62-59215ec96034/crate/download/2025-05-27 10:25:54+00:002025-10-16 11:13:28.087902+00:002025-05-27 10:25:54+00:00Hypermatrix size 2x2 blocks, block size 2x2 elements
**THIS IS A TEST RO. IT WILL BE DELETED SOON**Hypermatrix size 2x2 blocks, block size 2x2 elementsapplication/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/cb06ef3d-f6a3-4b79-9f62-59215ec96034application_sources/matmul_files.py#COMPSs_Workflow_Run_Crate_MacBook-Pro-Raul-2025.local_7defb487-c7d1-4c81-b77e-e886b9c7cbdfCOMPSs Matrix Multiplication, out-of-core using filesNihad Mammadli, Archit Dabral, Daniele Lezzi, Pere Vergés, Nicolò Giacomini, Ramon Amela Milian, Pol Álvarez Vecino, et al. "COMPSs Matrix Multiplication, out-of-core using files." ROHub. May 27 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/cb06ef3d-f6a3-4b79-9f62-59215ec96034.A.0.0A.0.1A.1.0A.1.1B.0.0B.0.1B.1.0B.1.1C.0.0C.0.1C.1.0C.1.1application_sources1549https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/1dd30e86-6f7a-4cc4-8efc-da2520ac3c25/download/2025-07-15 12:49:20.440157+00:002025-07-15 12:49:29.023315+00:00Auxiliary Filetext/plainmatmul_tasks.py2025-07-15 12:49:20.440157+00:00154https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/4ff805d8-632b-4416-ab87-327d8256de07/download/2025-07-15 12:49:20.442355+00:002025-07-15 12:49:28.797300+00:00COMPSs submission command line (runcompss / enqueue_compss), including flags and parameters passed to the applicationtext/plaincompss_submission_command_line.txt2025-07-15 12:49:20.442355+00:0026cfe40aee0664efe823e349544073530f24b8e63852167d255fcc5082dd93ba2212https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/73823bef-90ba-4cdb-8d8c-c20c2c83d707/download/2025-07-15 12:49:20.440931+00:002025-07-15 12:49:29.685001+00:00Main file of the COMPSs workflow source filestext/plaincomplete_graph.svgmatmul_files.py#compss2025-07-15 12:49:20.440931+00:004076https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/80978d21-476e-4b32-89b9-909a542fc680/download/2025-07-15 12:49:20.437431+00:002025-07-15 12:49:27.687270+00:00COMPSs Workflow Provenance YAML configuration fileAUTHORS_COMPSS_COMPLETE.yaml2025-07-15 12:49:20.437431+00:0046ec0e3f267505f663c4b36d8ef4a0f123bccac284ba75941640dbd27456e66c338https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/833784d6-ca80-4012-810d-82c604b5f19f/download/2025-07-15 12:49:20.441640+00:002025-07-15 12:49:27.901577+00:00COMPSs application Tasks profilehttps://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/PRONOM/fmt/817App_Profile.json2025-07-15 12:49:20.441640+00:006fdc527f609cad0e6b5ff9dd7f7a7bdfc05fac884d54747fc0d5f5da627e52c76313https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/93767032-ea1f-4c91-ba27-6b28b9d383a6/download/2025-07-15 12:49:20.438518+00:002025-07-15 12:49:27.480882+00:00The graph diagram of the workflow, automatically generated by COMPSs runtimecomplete_graph.svg2025-07-15 12:49:20.438518+00:0003fc6c911f447c2465e0d418fce444fdb574a6534fb66e086ff131ea23df414eHypermatrix size 2x2 blocks, block size 2x2 elements
**THIS IS A TEST RO. IT WILL BE DELETED SOON*85.885885885885985.8matrix multiplication1.42711518858307841.4COMPSs matrix multiplication23.95514780835881723.5other earth sciences61.945506627200110.7036855816841125COMPSs Matrix Multiplication, out-of-core using files.14.11411411411411614.1earth sciences38.054493372799890.43228960037231445matrix5.1487414187643024.5element15.0782361308677110.6earth sciences61.945506627200110.7036855816841125multiplication4.4622425629290613.9test ro.59.22528032619775558.1matrices6.9701280227596034.9Will Be Deleted Soon20.93821510297482618.3ro.26.7734553775743723.4space sciences8.6038012659450890.05067460238933563mathematics100.01.9size 2x27.3394495412844037.2LanguageArts, culture and entertainment/Culture/Languageoceanography38.054493372799890.43228960037231445test22.9977116704805520.1using4.8364153627311523.4element12.81464530892448511.2multiplication6.5433854907539114.6mathematical and computer sciences91.39619873405490.5383046269416809block size4.6941678520625893.3rood28.8762446657183520.3size5.9743954480796594.2out-of-core using file8.0530071355759427.9COMPSs6.8649885583524026.0space sciences (general)8.6038012659450890.05067460238933563test27.02702702702702819.0DisabledSociety/Mankind/Disabledcomputer operations and hardware91.39619873405490.5383046269416809Process Run Crate0.5Provenance Run Crate0.5Workflow Run Crate0.5Workflow RO-Crate1.0JSON Data Interchange FormatYAMLScalable Vector GraphicsBiology10.24424/20ms-v465False2025-08-12 08:02:25.321821+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/07b99b7b-a209-44cc-86fd-327339b2599c/crate/download/2022-01-19 13:47:59.181939+00:002025-10-16 11:12:08.755267+00:002022-01-19 13:47:59.181939+00:00Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a behavioral and neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, which are pervasive, impairing, and otherwise age inappropriate.Some individuals with ADHD also display difficulty regulating emotions, or problems with executive function. For a diagnosis, the symptoms have to be present for more than six months, and cause problems in at least two settings (such as school, home, work, or recreational activities). In children, problems paying attention may result in poor school performance. Additionally, it is associated with other mental disorders and substance use disorders. Although it causes impairment, particularly in modern society, many people with ADHD have sustained attention for tasks they find interesting or rewarding, known as hyperfocus.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/07b99b7b-a209-44cc-86fd-327339b2599cAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder - snapshotAttention deficit hyperactivity disorderMANUALWolniewicz, Małgorzata. "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder." ROHub. Jan 19 ,2022. https://doi.org/10.24424/20ms-v465.life sciences100.00.989045262336731distraction5.9190031152647985.7neurodevelopmental disorder62.6598465473145749.0environmental science and management100.00.6445436477661133behavioural disorder7.47663551401869157.2environmental sciences100.00.6445436477661133inattention9.5152603231597855.3substance use disorder19.56521739130434815.3life sciences (general)100.00.989045262336731diagnosis6.6458982346832826.4medicine100.012.8individual4.77673935617860854.6behavioral disorder12.2082585278276476.8individuals with ADHD7.4168797953964195.8mental disorder3.4267912772585673.3problem9.3457943925233659.0attention5.8151609553478725.6impulsiveness5.8151609553478725.6diagnosis10.233393177737885.7disorder10.9515260323159796.1symptom4.5690550363447574.4attention deficit hyperactivity disorder21.59916926272066520.8Mental and behavioural disorderHealth/Diseases and conditions/Mental and behavioural disordermental disorders4.7314578005115083.7Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a behavioral and neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, which are pervasive, impairing, and otherwise age inappropriate.59.3175853018372745.2difficulty10.4129263913824045.8disorder12.77258566978193212.3For a diagnosis, the symptoms have to be present for more than six months, and cause problems in at least two settings (such as school, home, work, or recreational activities). In children, problems paying attention may result in poor school performance.18.1102362204724413.8emotions4.9844236760124624.8SchoolEducation/SchoolSome individuals with ADHD also display difficulty regulating emotions, or problems with executive function.22.57217847769028717.2difficulty6.8535825545171346.6attention deficit hyperactivity disorder32.8545780969479318.3school performance5.6265984654731474.4problem13.8240574506283657.7Reames BYang XAccessions (data not in GigaDB)BioProject: PRJNA675370Additional informationAdditional informationAdditional informationAdditional informationAdditional informationAdditional informationAdditional informationAdditional informationAward IDGNT1195743AwardeeL CoinDataset typeEpigenomic, Bioinformatics, Software, TranscriptomicGithub linksGithub linksGithub linksGithub linksHistoryDate: July 29, 2025, Action: Dataset publishExtra InformationData Type: Readme, File Attributes: MD5 checksum: 450ef019cf8ba58beb644ef18d1411d0This dataset contains too many files that are not individually describedother filesExtra InformationData Type: Tabular data, File Attributes: MD5 checksum: 97ee210d263c783e4ddfe20352831d60 Figure in MS: 3Extra InformationData Type: GitHub archive, File Attributes: MD5 checksum: 4b4d2ce7259e5045d89b731b7bfcf730 SWH: swh:1:snp:ee789638699e0e33ca3b1d09da5bb1f485ea7c70 license: MPL 2.0The person who associated a work with this deed has dedicated the work to the public domain by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law. You can copy, modify, distribute and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. See Other Information below.Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universaldoi:10.5524/102736database@gigasciencejournal.comGigaDB is a data repository supporting scientific publications in the Life/Biomedical Sciences domain. GigaDB organises and curates data from individually publishable units into datasets, which are provided openly and in as FAIR manner as possible for the global research community.GigaScience DataBaseArchival copy of the GitHub repository https://github.com/haotianteng/BoostNano downloaded 18-July-2025. BoostNano, a tool for preprocessing ONT-Nanopore RNA sequencing reads.This project is licensed under the MPL 2.0 license. Please refer to the GitHub repo for most recent updates.#zipExtraBoostNano-master2025-07-23oxford nanopore technologiesChang JJCoin LJMTeng HCorbin VThe University of MelbourneCarnegie Mellon Universitycontact of the publisherdatabase@gigasciencejournal.comdatabase@gigasciencejournal.comFunding Body#awardId#awardeeNational Health and Medical Research Councilapplication/ziphttps://s3.ap-northeast-1.wasabisys.com/gigadb-datasets/live/pub/10.5524/102001_103000/102736/boostnano_no_dorado_R1_tails.csv2025-08-28 04:09:14.859328+00:002025-08-28 04:09:16.525835+00:00PolyA tail lengths as found by Boostnano for R1 sequins which were filtered out by Dorado but kept by Boostnano; underlying data for figure 3text/csv#twoExtraboostnano_no_dorado_R1_tails.csv2025-08-28 04:09:14.859328+00:00https://s3.ap-northeast-1.wasabisys.com/gigadb-datasets/live/pub/10.5524/102001_103000/102736/readme_102736.txt2025-08-28 04:09:14.858721+00:002025-08-28 04:09:15.483716+00:00text/txt#oneExtrareadme_102736.txt2025-08-28 04:09:14.858721+00:008266https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/3543b082-9077-492e-a4c7-a3b7c8bb39e8/crate/download/2025-07-29 00:00:002025-10-16 11:11:58.719757+00:002025-07-29 00:00:00Polyadenylation is a dynamic process which is important in cellular physiology. Oxford Nanopore Technologies direct RNA-sequencing provides a strategy for sequencing the full-length RNA molecule and analysis of the transcriptome and epi-transcriptome. There are currently several tools available for poly(A) tail-length estimation, including well-established tools such as tailfindr and nanopolish, as well as two more recent deep learning models: Dorado and BoostNano. However, there has been limited benchmarking of the accuracy of these tools against gold-standard datasets. In this paper we evaluate four poly(A) estimation tools using synthetic RNA standards (Sequins), which have known poly(A) tail-lengths and provide a valuable approach to measuring the accuracy of poly(A) tail-length estimation. All four tools generate mean tail-length estimates which lie within 12% of the correct value. Overall, Dorado is recommended as the preferred approach due to its relatively fast run times, low coefficient of variation and ease of use with integration with base-calling.application/ld+json#accessions#additionalInfo1#additionalInfo2#additionalInfo3#additionalInfo4#additionalInfo5#additionalInfo6#additionalInfo7#additionalInfo8#datasetTypes#githubLink1#githubLink2#githubLink3#githubLink4#historyhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/3543b082-9077-492e-a4c7-a3b7c8bb39e8oxford nanopore technologies, poly(a) tail, estimation, segmentation, direct rna sequencingSupporting data for "Using synthetic RNA to benchmark poly(A) length inference from direct RNA sequencing."Chang JJ, Coin LJM, Teng H, Corbin V, Yang X, and Reames B. "Supporting data for "Using synthetic RNA to benchmark poly(A) length inference from direct RNA sequencing."." ROHub. Jul 29 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/3543b082-9077-492e-a4c7-a3b7c8bb39e8.polyester10.65830721003134610.2oceanography100.00.4704064726829529strategy5.1201671891327074.9molecule9.6219931271477665.6estimate8.9864158829676088.6life sciences (general)100.00.8512763977050781estimation12.1993127147766327.1Oxford Nanopore Technologies direct RNA-sequencing provides a strategy for sequencing the full-length RNA molecule and analysis of the transcriptome and epi-transcriptome.34.2696629213483124.4RNA standard22.15799614643545511.5dataset4.0752351097178683.9gold standard3.34378265412748153.2Textile and clothingEconomy, business and finance/Economic sector/Process industry/Textile and clothingRNA sequencing21.96531791907514411.4ribonucleic acid17.76384535005224717.0transcriptome11.28526645768025110.8RNA24.57044673539518714.3length3.34378265412748153.2In this paper we evaluate four poly(A) estimation tools using synthetic RNA standards (Sequins), which have known poly(A) tail-lengths and provide a valuable approach to measuring the accuracy of poly(A) tail-length estimation.17.69662921348314612.6estimation tool17.9190751445086759.3genetics100.08.1transcriptome15.292096219931278.9GeneticsScience and technology/Natural science/Biology/GeneticsSupporting data for "Using synthetic RNA to benchmark poly(A) length inference from direct RNA sequencing.48.03370786516854534.2earth sciences100.00.4704064726829529sequencing12.0274914089347087.0Dorado8.0459770114942537.7tail-length estimation11.9460500963391146.2Dorado11.5120274914089356.7molecule7.1055381400208986.8RNA molecule26.0115606936416213.5life sciences100.00.8512763977050781sequencing8.3594566353187048.0accuracy5.0156739811912224.8poly14.7766323024054978.6coefficient of variation3.6572622779519333.5tool3.2392894461859983.1alex tsangEnvironmental researchhttps://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.171711362025-09-22 10:48:24.562016+00:002025-09-22 10:48:25.226799+00:00Contains outputs, (results), generated in the Jupyter notebook of Vehicle-based observation data processing and simple simulation experimentsOutputs2025-09-22 10:48:24.562016+00:00https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.171757922025-09-22 10:48:22.888533+00:002025-09-22 10:48:23.594034+00:00Contains input Input datasets used in the Jupyter notebook of Vehicle-based observation data processing and simple simulation experimentsInput Input datasets2025-09-22 10:48:22.888533+00:00https://github.com/eds-book/dea59792-5a6d-4633-a74c-eb73edce61b8/blob/main/notebook.ipynb2025-09-22 10:48:20.987054+00:002025-09-22 10:48:21.788847+00:00Jupyter Notebook hosted by the Environmental Data Science BookJupyter notebook2025-09-22 10:48:20.987054+00:00Rio de Janeiro State Universityrpedruzzi@eng.uerj.brRizzieri Pedruzzi0000-0003-0852-0396Hangzhou Dianzi UniversityZehao Liu0009-0000-3855-6352Computational notebooks community focused on Environmental Data Scienceenvironmental.ds.book@gmail.comEnvironmental Data Science Book Communityhttps://github.com/alan-turing-institute/environmental-ds-book/issues/new/choose0https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/d14c540e-0a98-4c7f-a028-d535535369ac/crate/download/2025-09-22 10:47:58.115149+00:002025-10-16 11:11:37.969501+00:002025-09-22 10:47:58.115149+00:00The research object refers to the Vehicle-based observation data processing and simple simulation experiments notebook published in the Environmental Data Science book.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/d14c540e-0a98-4c7f-a028-d535535369acVehicle-based observation data processing and simple simulation experiments (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science bookMANUAL
https://w3id.org/ro/terms/earth-science#ExecutableResearchObjectTemplate
Lucky J. Yang, Rizzieri Pedruzzi, and Zehao Liu. "Vehicle-based observation data processing and simple simulation experiments (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book." ROHub. Sep 22 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/d14c540e-0a98-4c7f-a028-d535535369ac.outputbibliotoolinput100693https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/8b27e6dc-ac97-4c73-8d99-d9dea59f1f5a/download/2025-09-22 10:48:18.468040+00:002025-09-22 10:48:19.978707+00:00image/pngImage showing an example of the vehicle-based observation emissions data2025-09-22 10:48:18.468040+00:00simulation12.09.9Environmental Data Science book12.72727272727272711.9experiment18.7878787878787915.5mathematical and computer sciences100.00.24472567439079285earth sciences100.00.7707348465919495research object22.35294117647058720.9Environmental Data Science12.54275940706955511.0atmospheric sciences100.00.7707348465919495simulation10.9464082098061569.6notebook11.51653363740022810.1Book industryEconomy, business and finance/Economic sector/Media/Book industryaim7.27272727272727256.0LiteratureArts, culture and entertainment/Arts and entertainment/Literaturenotebook12.09.9observation data processing33.0481283422459930.9computer operations and hardware100.00.24472567439079285simulation experiments notebook2.56684491978609632.4Vehicle-based observation data processing and simple simulation experiments (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book.46.04604604604604446.0The research object refers to the Vehicle-based observation data processing and simple simulation experiments notebook published in the Environmental Data Science book.53.9539539539539553.9data processing28.16419612314709324.7research9.4545454545454557.8book10.3762827822120879.1experiment17.4458380843785615.3data processing28.9696969696969723.9simulation experiment29.304812834224627.4publishing100.04.4book11.5151515151515169.5research9.0079817559863167.9LanguageArts, culture and entertainment/Culture/LanguageEnvironmental Data Science Book CommunityWestlake Universityyangjianqi@westlake.edu.cnLucky J. YangEnvironmental researchhttps://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.171711362025-09-22 10:49:18.454535+00:002025-09-22 10:49:19.122602+00:00Contains outputs, (results), generated in the Jupyter notebook of Vehicle-based observation data processing and simple simulation experimentsOutputs2025-09-22 10:49:18.454535+00:00https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.171757922025-09-22 10:49:16.843742+00:002025-09-22 10:49:17.507885+00:00Contains input Input datasets used in the Jupyter notebook of Vehicle-based observation data processing and simple simulation experimentsInput Input datasets2025-09-22 10:49:16.843742+00:00https://github.com/eds-book/dea59792-5a6d-4633-a74c-eb73edce61b8/blob/main/notebook.ipynb2025-09-22 10:49:14.547747+00:002025-09-22 10:49:15.345765+00:00Jupyter Notebook hosted by the Environmental Data Science BookJupyter notebook2025-09-22 10:49:14.547747+00:00Rio de Janeiro State Universityrpedruzzi@eng.uerj.brRizzieri Pedruzzi0000-0003-0852-0396Hangzhou Dianzi UniversityZehao Liu0009-0000-3855-63520https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/0b449ecb-dc8f-4ba0-9211-8bb9864ce7e2/crate/download/2025-09-22 10:48:52.986447+00:002025-10-16 11:11:19.223037+00:002025-09-22 10:48:52.986447+00:00The research object refers to the Vehicle-based observation data processing and simple simulation experiments notebook published in the Environmental Data Science book.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/0b449ecb-dc8f-4ba0-9211-8bb9864ce7e2Vehicle-based observation data processing and simple simulation experiments (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science bookMANUAL
https://w3id.org/ro/terms/earth-science#ExecutableResearchObjectTemplate
Lucky J. Yang, Rizzieri Pedruzzi, and Zehao Liu. "Vehicle-based observation data processing and simple simulation experiments (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book." ROHub. Sep 22 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/0b449ecb-dc8f-4ba0-9211-8bb9864ce7e2.outputbiblioinputtool100693https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/41e32a87-e2e9-44a8-9317-e1a03e8423bc/download/2025-09-22 10:49:12.096244+00:002025-09-22 10:49:13.527385+00:00image/pngImage showing an example of the vehicle-based observation emissions data2025-09-22 10:49:12.096244+00:00The research object refers to the Vehicle-based observation data processing and simple simulation experiments notebook published in the Environmental Data Science book.53.9539539539539553.9aim7.27272727272727256.0Environmental Data Science book12.72727272727272711.9Vehicle-based observation data processing and simple simulation experiments (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book.46.04604604604604446.0research9.4545454545454557.8Book industryEconomy, business and finance/Economic sector/Media/Book industrysimulation12.09.9notebook11.51653363740022810.1data processing28.9696969696969723.9mathematical and computer sciences100.00.24472567439079285book10.3762827822120879.1earth sciences100.00.7707348465919495computer operations and hardware100.00.24472567439079285LiteratureArts, culture and entertainment/Arts and entertainment/LiteratureLanguageArts, culture and entertainment/Culture/Languageresearch9.0079817559863167.9publishing100.04.4simulation experiment29.304812834224627.4observation data processing33.0481283422459930.9experiment18.7878787878787915.5Environmental Data Science12.54275940706955511.0research object22.35294117647058720.9notebook12.09.9simulation experiments notebook2.56684491978609632.4simulation10.9464082098061569.6atmospheric sciences100.00.7707348465919495book11.5151515151515169.5experiment17.4458380843785615.3data processing28.16419612314709324.7Environmental Data Science Book CommunityWestlake Universityyangjianqi@westlake.edu.cnLucky J. YangEnvironmental researchhttps://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.171711362025-09-22 10:50:40.131872+00:002025-09-22 10:50:40.766967+00:00Contains outputs, (results), generated in the Jupyter notebook of Vehicle-based observation data processing and simple simulation experimentsOutputs2025-09-22 10:50:40.131872+00:00https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.171757922025-09-22 10:50:38.422172+00:002025-09-22 10:50:39.116427+00:00Contains input Input datasets used in the Jupyter notebook of Vehicle-based observation data processing and simple simulation experimentsInput Input datasets2025-09-22 10:50:38.422172+00:00https://github.com/eds-book/dea59792-5a6d-4633-a74c-eb73edce61b8/blob/main/notebook.ipynb2025-09-22 10:50:36.343361+00:002025-09-22 10:50:37.222607+00:00Jupyter Notebook hosted by the Environmental Data Science BookJupyter notebook2025-09-22 10:50:36.343361+00:00Rio de Janeiro State Universityrpedruzzi@eng.uerj.brRizzieri Pedruzzi0000-0003-0852-0396Hangzhou Dianzi UniversityZehao Liu0009-0000-3855-63520https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/368f9594-6513-4f49-a510-275c07b1c3b6/crate/download/2025-09-22 10:50:14.653665+00:002025-10-16 11:11:03.381864+00:002025-09-22 10:50:14.653665+00:00The research object refers to the Vehicle-based observation data processing and simple simulation experiments notebook published in the Environmental Data Science book.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/368f9594-6513-4f49-a510-275c07b1c3b6Vehicle-based observation data processing and simple simulation experiments (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science bookMANUAL
https://w3id.org/ro/terms/earth-science#ExecutableResearchObjectTemplate
Lucky J. Yang, Rizzieri Pedruzzi, and Zehao Liu. "Vehicle-based observation data processing and simple simulation experiments (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book." ROHub. Sep 22 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/368f9594-6513-4f49-a510-275c07b1c3b6.outputtoolinputbiblio100693https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/59322158-c890-4018-9316-71e09c41c47f/download/2025-09-22 10:50:34.313127+00:002025-09-22 10:50:35.343626+00:00image/pngImage showing an example of the vehicle-based observation emissions data2025-09-22 10:50:34.313127+00:00LiteratureArts, culture and entertainment/Arts and entertainment/LiteratureLanguageArts, culture and entertainment/Culture/Languagepublishing100.04.4simulation10.9464082098061569.6data processing28.16419612314709324.7experiment17.4458380843785615.3aim7.27272727272727256.0experiment18.7878787878787915.5observation data processing33.0481283422459930.9research object22.35294117647058720.9research9.0079817559863167.9research9.4545454545454557.8notebook11.51653363740022810.1simulation experiments notebook2.56684491978609632.4Environmental Data Science book12.72727272727272711.9atmospheric sciences100.00.7707348465919495Environmental Data Science12.54275940706955511.0mathematical and computer sciences100.00.24472567439079285data processing28.9696969696969723.9Vehicle-based observation data processing and simple simulation experiments (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book.46.04604604604604446.0simulation experiment29.304812834224627.4earth sciences100.00.7707348465919495computer operations and hardware100.00.24472567439079285book11.5151515151515169.5The research object refers to the Vehicle-based observation data processing and simple simulation experiments notebook published in the Environmental Data Science book.53.9539539539539553.9book10.3762827822120879.1notebook12.09.9simulation12.09.9Book industryEconomy, business and finance/Economic sector/Media/Book industryEnvironmental Data Science Book CommunityWestlake Universityyangjianqi@westlake.edu.cnLucky J. YangEarth sciences0https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/ce69f062-5218-46b5-8d8a-2437af6355a2/crate/download/2025-10-07 17:18:31.472234+00:002026-01-30 09:59:27.538232+00:002025-10-07 17:18:31.472234+00:00This Research Object aggregates some relevant resources for the demoapplication/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/ce69f062-5218-46b5-8d8a-2437af6355a2RO-Crate workshop for earth scientistsMANUALPalma, Raul. "RO-Crate workshop for earth scientists." ROHub. Oct 07 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/ce69f062-5218-46b5-8d8a-2437af6355a2.21822682https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/ad4b6c36-5b90-44e1-be83-817abd445362/download/2025-11-06 09:46:10.933493+00:002025-11-06 09:46:13.577204+00:00image/gifCityOfHamburg.gif2025-11-06 09:46:10.933493+00:0013338612https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/f7d355b2-953d-448b-8d7a-9e6707be1519/download/2025-11-06 09:43:34.390228+00:002025-11-06 09:43:35.910807+00:00image/pngcagrilabs.png2025-11-06 09:43:34.390228+00:007863106https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/fba8a89f-2f31-4565-a2c0-1a02be8abb8c/download/2025-11-06 09:44:59.782479+00:002025-11-06 09:45:01.504640+00:00application/zipCGFP.zip2025-11-06 09:44:59.782479+00:00RO-Crate is a community effort to establish a lightweight approach to packaging research data with their metadata. It is based on schema.org annotations in JSON-LD, and aims to make best-practice in formal metadata description accessible and practical for use in a wider variety of situations, from an individual researcher working with a folder of data, to large data-intensive computational research environments.info@esciencelab.org.ukRO-cratehttps://www.researchobject.org/ro-crate/demo9.733606557377059.5earth13.7288135593220358.1earth7.786885245901647.6geology100.00.9927062392234802resources for the demo11.53460381143430311.5scientist12.80737704918032812.5This Research Object aggregates some relevant resources for the demo67.3673673673673667.3Research Object23.97540983606557723.4workshop18.30508474576271310.8EducationEducationspace sciences100.00.34137117862701416relevant resource4.2126379137412244.2earth sciences100.00.9927062392234802RO-Crate workshop36.4092276830491436.3resource19.1598360655737718.7RO-Crate15.5737704918032815.2resource31.01694915254237418.3workshop10.96311475409836210.7space sciences (general)100.00.34137117862701416demo version15.9322033898305099.4earth scientist47.743229689067247.6Science and technologyScience and technologyrelevant resources for the demo0.100300902708124380.1scientist21.01694915254237412.4RO-Crate workshop for earth scientists.32.6326326326326332.6Raul PalmaEnvironmental researchAnne Fouillouxhttps://raw.githubusercontent.com/FAIR2Adapt/saarland-flooding/refs/heads/main/notebooks/Flood_protection_line_Saarland.ipynb2025-10-08 08:47:29.592762+00:002025-10-08 08:47:30.239969+00:00Visualizing Generalized Flood Areas for HQ100 Event and relate to an existing flooding event.Flood analysis with JupterGIS2025-10-08 08:47:29.592762+00:00https://raw.githubusercontent.com/FAIR2Adapt/saarland-flooding/refs/heads/main/static/flood_in_saarland_with_jqgis.png2025-10-08 08:46:18.994606+00:002025-10-08 08:46:19.636455+00:00Example for FAIR2Adapt training on RO-Crate and ROHubimage/pngflood in saarland with JupyterGIS2025-10-08 08:46:18.994606+00:000527eb4e-b7c8-4ac0-9b85-52e0773c3b79POLYGON ((6.31 49.1, 6.31 49.64, 7.41 49.64, 7.41 49.1, 6.31 49.1))POLYGON ((6.31 49.1, 6.31 49.64, 7.41 49.64, 7.41 49.1, 6.31 49.1))6.31 49.1, 6.31 49.64, 7.41 49.64, 7.41 49.1, 6.31 49.10https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/8a351029-86a8-4e90-a9d1-a67d45d63656/crate/download/2025-10-08 08:39:21.885634+00:002025-10-16 11:10:21.642786+00:002025-10-08 08:39:21.885634+00:00This Research Object is an example for FAIR2Adapt Case Study 2application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/8a351029-86a8-4e90-a9d1-a67d45d63656FAIR2Adapt RO-Crate with Jupyter NotebookMANUAL
https://w3id.org/ro/terms/earth-science#ExecutableResearchObjectTemplate
Fouilloux, Anne. "FAIR2Adapt RO-Crate with Jupyter Notebook." ROHub. Oct 08 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/8a351029-86a8-4e90-a9d1-a67d45d63656.POLYGON ((6.31 49.1, 6.31 49.64, 7.41 49.64, 7.41 49.1, 6.31 49.1))bibliotoolinputoutput907https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/4d1eee3a-9631-4d76-a15a-ab1de329fde1/download/2025-10-08 08:44:48.739835+00:002025-10-08 08:44:50.121842+00:00image/pngImage to illustrate my case study2025-10-08 08:44:48.739835+00:00earth sciences100.00.9335481524467468geosciences100.00.8493164777755737This Research Object is an example for FAIR2Adapt Case Study 265.7657657657657665.7case study13.4560906515580759.5crate15.70073761854583714.9research17.9135932560590117.0FAIR2Adapt RO-Crate with Jupyter Notebook.34.23423423423423634.2Ro-crate with Jupyter Notebook17.93587174348697417.9object15.5953635405690214.8FAIR2Adapt21.39093782929399320.3example for FAIR2Adapt case study 28.3166332665330678.3earth resources and remote sensing100.00.8493164777755737Ro10.3266596417281359.8crate20.53824362606232514.5case study 20.300601202404809640.3Ro13.5977337110481599.6research object73.4468937875751573.3Jupyter notebook9.0621707060063228.6case study10.0105374077976819.5example7.365439093484425.2research24.3626062322946217.2atmospheric sciences100.00.9335481524467468aim20.6798866855524114.6Food and drinkLifestyle and leisure/Lifestyle/Food and drinkLanguageArts, culture and entertainment/Culture/LanguageFoodEconomy, business and finance/Economic sector/Consumer goods/FoodApplied sciencesBiologyClimatologyGeographical information systemEarth observationCentre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, University of Lisbonigmarques@fc.ul.ptInes Gomes Marques0000-0002-2104-3187ClimRisk, CE3C, Faculty of Sciences, U Lisbontcapela@fc.ul.ptTiago Capela Lourenço0000-0002-8796-59930https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/302b4ebf-db38-49d5-8ab4-4561181f4e94/crate/download/2025-10-13 11:12:49.327063+00:002025-10-20 13:33:34.491167+00:002025-10-13 11:12:49.327063+00:00Presentation at the CE3C Annual Meeting, Azores - Portugal
*10-12 October 2025*
The first Portuguese National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change was adopted in 2010, aiming to adjust climate and other sectoral policies, and to increase the countries’ resilience to observed and projected climate change impacts. Since then, many resources (e.g. policy documents, scientific articles, data sets) relevant for national adaptation have been published, yet often remain unknown to, or inaccessible, for the multiple stakeholders that comprise the climate adaptation community (CCA) in Portugal. The application of FAIR (findability, accessibility, interoperability and reusability) principles to these resources has the potential to improve their discoverability, accessibility, and usability and ultimately promote a more effective climate adaptation planning in Portugal.
This study explores the state of the art of scientific research on climate change adaptation in Portugal since 2010, to assess strengths and limitations of knowledge, identifying key priority areas for future research and the “FAIRification” of these resources. As the frequency and intensity of extreme heat events in Portugal increases, this study focused on heat-related hazards, and associated impacts. A systematic search was performed across Scopus and ISI Web of Science to identify relevant peer-reviewed articles between January 2010 and May 2025. The resulting publications were analysed by geographical scope, adaptation sectorial focus, knowledge sector, climate hazard and CCA needs. Alignment of the current scientific outputs with FAIR principles was also analysed.
A total of 217 articles were reviewed. Research was mostly performed at the city or national level (37% each) and the majority of adaptation actions were done under the agricultural or urban sectors (19% and 26%, respectively). Research was multidisciplinary, covering different knowledge sectors, from health impacts to biodiversity, buildings and construction, and often included several knowledge sectors in the same article. All articles presented accessible metadata but only one made its scripts and data available for further replication.
Results show that scientific research on heat-related climate change adaptation in Portugal is diverse and covers many knowledge areas, but the availability of its data needs improvement. Further work will include policy FAIR assessment of policy documents and datasets. This work was developed under the Horizon Europe project FAIR2ADAPT.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/302b4ebf-db38-49d5-8ab4-4561181f4e94FAIRadaptationclimate changeheatFacing heat extremes: lessons learned from 15 years of climate change adaptation in PortugalMANUALSimões, Francisca, Ines Gomes Marques, and Tiago Capela Lourenço. "Facing heat extremes: lessons learned from 15 years of climate change adaptation in Portugal." ROHub. Oct 13 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/302b4ebf-db38-49d5-8ab4-4561181f4e94.10.24424/xq9z-p8731057305https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/a6c04f4c-0a9f-4b8d-8492-96a06dba7808/download/2025-10-13 11:48:29.771773+00:002025-10-14 08:33:10.492170+00:00application/pdfFacing heat extremes: lessons learned from 15 years of climate change adaptation in Portugal2025-10-13 11:48:29.771773+00:00203263https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/b1a0d3cc-179c-4077-9d29-f14b8bada1d7/download/2025-10-13 11:20:07.788069+00:002025-10-13 11:20:08.689183+00:00image/pngCaptura de ecrã 2025-10-13 121949.png2025-10-13 11:20:07.788069+00:00398943https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/ebc84d30-9700-471e-ae2f-d04486f18c8d/download/2025-10-13 11:18:02.624724+00:002025-10-13 11:18:03.764253+00:00image/pngNatAdaptHub.png2025-10-13 11:18:02.624724+00:00metadata11.9241192411924154.4availability10.5691056910569123.9IT-computer sciencesScience and technology/Technology and engineering/IT-computer sciencesPortugal20.054200542005427.4data16.2601626016260186.0meteorology20.9790209790209773.0Climate changeEnvironment/Climate changestakeholder5.2287581699346414.0Portugalheat event12.6027397260273964.6Since then, many resources (e.g. policy documents, scientific articles, data sets) relevant for national adaptation have been published, yet often remain unknown to, or inaccessible, for the multiple stakeholders that comprise the climate adaptation community (CCA) in Portugal.31.36246786632390712.2WeatherWeatherPortugal14.64052287581699311.2from 15 yearsscientific research11.9241192411924154.4between Jan-2010 and May-2025Information Sciences Instituteearth sciences100.00.9895771741867065article13.2791327913279164.9sector7.05882352941176455.4application of fair14.7945205479452065.410-Oct-12-2025meteorology and climatology100.00.8513408899307251computer science20.279720279720282.9Results show that scientific research on heat-related climate change adaptation in Portugal is diverse and covers many knowledge areas, but the availability of its data needs improvement.30.0771208226221111.7assessment4.9673202614379093.8climate8.2352941176470586.3knowledge sector21.6438356164383567.9availability12.0261437908496719.2in 2010data11.8954248366013089.1heat4.8366013071895423.7Science and technologyScience and technologyclimate change adaptation in Portugal11.7808219178082184.3geosciences100.00.8513408899307251metadata8.7581699346405246.7climate adaptation community22.7397260273972648.3scientific research8.6274509803921566.6ecology31.4685314685314674.5dataset13.7254901960784310.5since 2010dataset15.9891598915989165.9heat extreme16.4383561643835636.0database27.272727272727273.9atmospheric sciences100.00.9895771741867065Facing heat extremes: lessons learned from 15 years of climate change adaptation in Portugal.38.5604113110539815.0ce3c@ciencias.ulisboa.ptCE3C - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changesfrancisca.simoes@edu.ulisboa.ptFrancisca SimõesApplied sciencesBiologyClimatologyGeographical information systemEarth observation1364570https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/416a0645-07b8-4c30-99be-a80481dab614/crate/download/2025-10-13 11:12:49.327063+00:002025-12-17 10:09:09.612910+00:002025-10-13 11:12:49.327063+00:00Presentation at the CE3C Annual Meeting, Azores - Portugal
*10-12 October 2025*
The first Portuguese National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change was adopted in 2010, aiming to adjust climate and other sectoral policies, and to increase the countries’ resilience to observed and projected climate change impacts. Since then, many resources (e.g. policy documents, scientific articles, data sets) relevant for national adaptation have been published, yet often remain unknown to, or inaccessible, for the multiple stakeholders that comprise the climate adaptation community (CCA) in Portugal. The application of FAIR (findability, accessibility, interoperability and reusability) principles to these resources has the potential to improve their discoverability, accessibility, and usability and ultimately promote a more effective climate adaptation planning in Portugal.
This study explores the state of the art of scientific research on climate change adaptation in Portugal since 2010, to assess strengths and limitations of knowledge, identifying key priority areas for future research and the “FAIRification” of these resources. As the frequency and intensity of extreme heat events in Portugal increases, this study focused on heat-related hazards, and associated impacts. A systematic search was performed across Scopus and ISI Web of Science to identify relevant peer-reviewed articles between January 2010 and May 2025. The resulting publications were analysed by geographical scope, adaptation sectorial focus, knowledge sector, climate hazard and CCA needs. Alignment of the current scientific outputs with FAIR principles was also analysed.
A total of 217 articles were reviewed. Research was mostly performed at the city or national level (37% each) and the majority of adaptation actions were done under the agricultural or urban sectors (19% and 26%, respectively). Research was multidisciplinary, covering different knowledge sectors, from health impacts to biodiversity, buildings and construction, and often included several knowledge sectors in the same article. All articles presented accessible metadata but only one made its scripts and data available for further replication.
Results show that scientific research on heat-related climate change adaptation in Portugal is diverse and covers many knowledge areas, but the availability of its data needs improvement. Further work will include policy FAIR assessment of policy documents and datasets. This work was developed under the Horizon Europe project FAIR2ADAPT.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/416a0645-07b8-4c30-99be-a80481dab614FAIRclimate changeheatFacing heat extremes: lessons learned from 15 years of climate change adaptation in PortugalMANUALGomes Marques, Ines, Francisca Simões, and Tiago Capela Lourenço. "Facing heat extremes: lessons learned from 15 years of climate change adaptation in Portugal." ROHub. Oct 13 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/416a0645-07b8-4c30-99be-a80481dab614.Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, University of Lisbonigmarques@fc.ul.ptInes Gomes Marques0000-0002-2104-3187ClimRisk, CE3C, Faculty of Sciences, U Lisbontcapela@fc.ul.ptTiago Capela Lourenço0000-0002-8796-599310.24424/xq9z-p8731057305https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/046b8c59-bbbf-4a38-ae80-1135d5e267f4/download/2025-10-13 11:48:29.771773+00:002025-11-13 12:51:59.085534+00:00application/pdfFacing heat extremes: lessons learned from 15 years of climate change adaptation in Portugal2025-10-13 11:48:29.771773+00:00398943https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/d48caeb1-82d1-4a1a-b25c-2a660fbb70c9/download/2025-10-13 11:18:02.624724+00:002025-11-13 12:51:58.864576+00:00image/pngNatAdaptHub.png2025-10-13 11:18:02.624724+00:00Portugal14.64052287581699311.2metadata11.9241192411924154.4availability10.5691056910569123.9stakeholder5.2287581699346414.0IT-computer sciencesScience and technology/Technology and engineering/IT-computer sciencesdata16.2601626016260186.0Information Sciences Institutegeosciences100.00.8513408899307251meteorology and climatology100.00.8513408899307251sector7.05882352941176455.4Portugal20.054200542005427.4from 15 yearsdata16.2601626016260186.0meteorology20.9790209790209773.0meteorology20.9790209790209773.0Climate changeEnvironment/Climate changestakeholder5.2287581699346414.0data11.8954248366013089.1Portugalheat event12.6027397260273964.6Since then, many resources (e.g. policy documents, scientific articles, data sets) relevant for national adaptation have been published, yet often remain unknown to, or inaccessible, for the multiple stakeholders that comprise the climate adaptation community (CCA) in Portugal.31.36246786632390712.2WeatherWeatherPortugal14.64052287581699311.2from 15 yearsscientific research11.9241192411924154.4climate change adaptation in Portugal11.7808219178082184.3Climate changeEnvironment/Climate changePortugalscientific research11.9241192411924154.4between Jan-2010 and May-2025Information Sciences Institutebetween Jan-2010 and May-2025earth sciences100.00.9895771741867065climate adaptation community22.7397260273972648.3article13.2791327913279164.9Facing heat extremes: lessons learned from 15 years of climate change adaptation in Portugal.38.5604113110539815.0sector7.05882352941176455.4ecology31.4685314685314674.5application of fair14.7945205479452065.410-Oct-12-2025meteorology and climatology100.00.8513408899307251computer science20.279720279720282.9heat extreme16.4383561643835636.0article13.2791327913279164.9IT-computer sciencesScience and technology/Technology and engineering/IT-computer sciencesResults show that scientific research on heat-related climate change adaptation in Portugal is diverse and covers many knowledge areas, but the availability of its data needs improvement.30.0771208226221111.7heat4.8366013071895423.7assessment4.9673202614379093.8heat event12.6027397260273964.6dataset15.9891598915989165.910-Oct-12-2025metadata11.9241192411924154.4metadata8.7581699346405246.7since 2010climate8.2352941176470586.3in 2010knowledge sector21.6438356164383567.9availability10.5691056910569123.9availability12.0261437908496719.2application of fair14.7945205479452065.4in 2010availability12.0261437908496719.2climate8.2352941176470586.3WeatherWeatherdata11.8954248366013089.1scientific research8.6274509803921566.6knowledge sector21.6438356164383567.9heat4.8366013071895423.7Science and technologyScience and technologydatabase27.272727272727273.9Science and technologyScience and technologyclimate change adaptation in Portugal11.7808219178082184.3geosciences100.00.8513408899307251dataset13.7254901960784310.5atmospheric sciences100.00.9895771741867065metadata8.7581699346405246.7Results show that scientific research on heat-related climate change adaptation in Portugal is diverse and covers many knowledge areas, but the availability of its data needs improvement.30.0771208226221111.7climate adaptation community22.7397260273972648.3scientific research8.6274509803921566.6Portugal20.054200542005427.4ecology31.4685314685314674.5dataset13.7254901960784310.5since 2010Since then, many resources (e.g. policy documents, scientific articles, data sets) relevant for national adaptation have been published, yet often remain unknown to, or inaccessible, for the multiple stakeholders that comprise the climate adaptation community (CCA) in Portugal.31.36246786632390712.2dataset15.9891598915989165.9computer science20.279720279720282.9heat extreme16.4383561643835636.0database27.272727272727273.9atmospheric sciences100.00.9895771741867065Facing heat extremes: lessons learned from 15 years of climate change adaptation in Portugal.38.5604113110539815.0earth sciences100.00.9895771741867065assessment4.9673202614379093.8Anna Strusińskace3c@ciencias.ulisboa.ptCE3C - 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Abner Bogan, and Lindsay Platt. "Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book." ROHub. 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Community, Environmental Data Science Book. "Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book." ROHub. Dec 07 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/f4cfe8f4-abcc-41b0-9c8d-8a01bed66730.inputoutputbibliotoolEnvironmental Data Science Book CommunityEnvironmental research0https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/3a33645c-7d45-452b-a53d-0133d12e991f/crate/download/2025-12-07 19:54:27.990497+00:002026-04-11 09:47:22.278061+00:002025-12-07 19:54:27.990497+00:00The research object refers to the Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data notebook published in the Environmental Data Science book.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/3a33645c-7d45-452b-a53d-0133d12e991fUsing a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science bookMANUAL
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Abner Bogan, and Lindsay Platt. "Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book." ROHub. Dec 07 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/3a33645c-7d45-452b-a53d-0133d12e991f.outputbiblioinputtooldata16.77588466579292312.8Preparing the groundAcademia/ Research Institutionsresearch object22.6368159203980118.2MethodologyPhysical and TechnologicalIPCCGeographical ScopeWater managementInstitutional: Government policies and programsClimate change impacts, risks and adaptationdata visualization16.4313222079589212.8Weather phenomenaWeather/Weather phenomenabook7.6015727391874185.8pipeline processing11.9266055045871569.1StormsWeatherWeatherBook industryEconomy, business and finance/Economic sector/Media/Book industryfact21.6251638269986916.5aim6.5530799475753615.0Environmental Data Science9.2426187419768937.2GeosciencesAcademic/ InstitutionalEngineering (General)Engineeringresearch10.1412066752246467.9Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book The research object refers to the Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data notebook published in the Environmental Data Science book.100.0100.0Knowledge Sector (EEA)LanguageArts, culture and entertainment/Culture/Languagenotebook7.7326343381389265.9LiteratureArts, culture and entertainment/Arts and entertainment/Literaturedata pipelining tool36.44278606965174629.3water datum5.721393034825874.6tool17.9554390563564913.7Policy ScaleEnvironmental Data Science book8.457711442786076.8User Needs (RAST)European ContinentClimate Hazardcomputer science100.015.9No policy or regulationtool in r26.7412935323383121.5pipelining12.7086007702182289.9tool18.48523748395378514.4Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectorsresearch9.829619921363047.5Environmental Sciencesdata10.911424903722728.5Environmental Science and ManagementGeosciences (General)Stakeholdersdatum22.079589216944817.2Key Type MeasuresnoneFundingConsortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc.abogan@cuahsi.orgAbner BoganEnvironmental Data Science Book CommunityConsortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc.lplatt@cuahsi.orgLindsay PlattEnvironmental research0https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/acefb4d3-e320-4df8-a8b1-17cfa1a40ea0/crate/download/2025-12-07 19:54:45.553533+00:002026-04-11 09:47:32.519324+00:002025-12-07 19:54:45.553533+00:00The research object refers to the Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data notebook published in the Environmental Data Science book.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/acefb4d3-e320-4df8-a8b1-17cfa1a40ea0Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science bookMANUAL
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Abner Bogan, and Lindsay Platt. "Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book." ROHub. Dec 07 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/acefb4d3-e320-4df8-a8b1-17cfa1a40ea0.tooloutputinputbibliononeAcademia/ Research InstitutionsPhysical and TechnologicalWeather phenomenaWeather/Weather phenomenaresearch object22.6368159203980118.2Geosciences (General)Environmental SciencesIPCCInstitutional: Government policies and programsClimate change impacts, risks and adaptationMethodologydata10.911424903722728.5Engineering (General)research9.829619921363047.5Climate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsKnowledge Sector (EEA)No policy or regulationcomputer science100.015.9data visualization16.4313222079589212.8Environmental Science and ManagementPreparing the groundaim6.5530799475753615.0Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book The research object refers to the Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data notebook published in the Environmental Data Science book.100.0100.0fact21.6251638269986916.5tool18.48523748395378514.4Geographical Scopewater datum5.721393034825874.6data16.77588466579292312.8pipeline processing11.9266055045871569.1FundingKey Type MeasuresEnvironmental Data Science9.2426187419768937.2book7.6015727391874185.8WeatherWeatherBook industryEconomy, business and finance/Economic sector/Media/Book industryEngineeringStormstool in r26.7412935323383121.5Environmental Data Science book8.457711442786076.8notebook7.7326343381389265.9LanguageArts, culture and entertainment/Culture/LanguageLiteratureArts, culture and entertainment/Arts and entertainment/LiteratureUser Needs (RAST)Stakeholderspipelining12.7086007702182289.9Water managementdata pipelining tool36.44278606965174629.3tool17.9554390563564913.7European Continentresearch10.1412066752246467.9datum22.079589216944817.2Policy ScaleAcademic/ InstitutionalGeosciencesClimate HazardConsortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc.abogan@cuahsi.orgAbner BoganEnvironmental Data Science Book CommunityConsortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc.lplatt@cuahsi.orgLindsay PlattEnvironmental research0https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/70040ead-8d3e-4e1d-ab67-2472d302dabd/crate/download/2025-12-07 19:55:20.674161+00:002026-04-11 09:47:52.885307+00:002025-12-07 19:55:20.674161+00:00The research object refers to the Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data notebook published in the Environmental Data Science book.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/70040ead-8d3e-4e1d-ab67-2472d302dabdUsing a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science bookMANUAL
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Abner Bogan, and Lindsay Platt. "Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book." ROHub. Dec 07 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/70040ead-8d3e-4e1d-ab67-2472d302dabd.inputoutputtoolbiblioUsing a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book The research object refers to the Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data notebook published in the Environmental Data Science book.100.0100.0Geographical Scoperesearch10.1412066752246467.9Geosciencesaim6.5530799475753615.0fact21.6251638269986916.5data pipelining tool36.44278606965174629.3IPCCnoneStormsClimate change impacts, risks and adaptationtool17.9554390563564913.7LiteratureArts, culture and entertainment/Arts and entertainment/Literaturepipeline processing11.9266055045871569.1Preparing the grounddata10.911424903722728.5Book industryEconomy, business and finance/Economic sector/Media/Book industryMethodologyClimate HazardWeatherWeatherdatum22.079589216944817.2Climate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsGeosciences (General)data16.77588466579292312.8tool18.48523748395378514.4No policy or regulationresearch object22.6368159203980118.2Weather phenomenaWeather/Weather phenomenaFundingtool in r26.7412935323383121.5LanguageArts, culture and entertainment/Culture/Languagewater datum5.721393034825874.6Key Type MeasuresEnvironmental Data Science9.2426187419768937.2StakeholdersEnvironmental SciencesEngineering (General)computer science100.015.9Policy ScaleAcademic/ InstitutionalAcademia/ Research InstitutionsEuropean Continentdata visualization16.4313222079589212.8Water managementEnvironmental Data Science book8.457711442786076.8Environmental Science and ManagementUser Needs (RAST)Knowledge Sector (EEA)Physical and TechnologicalInstitutional: Government policies and programspipelining12.7086007702182289.9book7.6015727391874185.8Engineeringnotebook7.7326343381389265.9research9.829619921363047.5Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc.abogan@cuahsi.orgAbner BoganEnvironmental Data Science Book CommunityConsortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc.lplatt@cuahsi.orgLindsay PlattEnvironmental research0https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/18c1e606-b72e-4971-964a-af90a0503f41/crate/download/2025-12-07 19:55:29.829541+00:002026-04-11 09:48:22.768026+00:002025-12-07 19:55:29.829541+00:00The research object refers to the Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data notebook published in the Environmental Data Science book.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/18c1e606-b72e-4971-964a-af90a0503f41Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science bookMANUAL
https://w3id.org/ro/terms/earth-science#ExecutableResearchObjectTemplate
Abner Bogan, and Lindsay Platt. "Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book." ROHub. Dec 07 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/18c1e606-b72e-4971-964a-af90a0503f41.bibliooutputtoolinputPolicy Scalewater datum5.721393034825874.6Water managementEnvironmental Science and ManagementEnvironmental Data Science book8.457711442786076.8StakeholdersClimate change impacts, risks and adaptationPhysical and TechnologicalKey Type Measuresbook7.6015727391874185.8Institutional: Government policies and programsGeosciences (General)Environmental SciencesStormstool18.48523748395378514.4LiteratureArts, culture and entertainment/Arts and entertainment/Literaturecomputer science100.015.9Academia/ Research Institutionsaim6.5530799475753615.0User Needs (RAST)Geosciencespipelining12.7086007702182289.9Weather phenomenaWeather/Weather phenomenaUsing a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book The research object refers to the Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data notebook published in the Environmental Data Science book.100.0100.0No policy or regulationClimate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsnoneGeographical Scopedatum22.079589216944817.2Fundingfact21.6251638269986916.5LanguageArts, culture and entertainment/Culture/Languagepipeline processing11.9266055045871569.1Knowledge Sector (EEA)IPCCEuropean ContinentMethodologyEngineering (General)research10.1412066752246467.9research object22.6368159203980118.2Academic/ Institutionalnotebook7.7326343381389265.9Environmental Data Science9.2426187419768937.2WeatherWeatherdata pipelining tool36.44278606965174629.3Engineeringdata10.911424903722728.5Preparing the groundtool in r26.7412935323383121.5tool17.9554390563564913.7Book industryEconomy, business and finance/Economic sector/Media/Book industrydata16.77588466579292312.8Climate Hazarddata visualization16.4313222079589212.8research9.829619921363047.5Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc.abogan@cuahsi.orgAbner BoganEnvironmental Data Science Book CommunityConsortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc.lplatt@cuahsi.orgLindsay PlattEnvironmental researchStakeholdersClimate Hazardbook7.6015727391874185.8User Needs (RAST)tool18.48523748395378514.4EngineeringIPCCEnvironmental Data Science9.2426187419768937.2Environmental Data Science book8.457711442786076.8research10.1412066752246467.9WeatherWeatherpipeline processing11.9266055045871569.1European Continentcomputer science100.015.9Water managementresearch object22.6368159203980118.2aim6.5530799475753615.0Policy Scalenoneresearch9.829619921363047.5LanguageArts, culture and entertainment/Culture/Languagenotebook7.7326343381389265.9Climate change impacts, risks and adaptationdata10.911424903722728.5LiteratureArts, culture and entertainment/Arts and entertainment/LiteratureStormsUsing a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book The research object refers to the Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data notebook published in the Environmental Data Science book.100.0100.0Book industryEconomy, business and finance/Economic sector/Media/Book industryAcademic/ InstitutionalPhysical and TechnologicalInstitutional: Government policies and programsClimate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsPreparing the groundGeosciencesNo policy or regulationwater datum5.721393034825874.6fact21.6251638269986916.5Geosciences (General)Environmental Science and ManagementKey Type Measuresdata16.77588466579292312.8Geographical Scopetool in r26.7412935323383121.5Weather phenomenaWeather/Weather phenomenaEngineering (General)Knowledge Sector (EEA)pipelining12.7086007702182289.9Academia/ Research InstitutionsEnvironmental Sciencesdata visualization16.4313222079589212.8datum22.079589216944817.2Methodologydata pipelining tool36.44278606965174629.3tool17.9554390563564913.7Funding0https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/fa165103-2ad7-426e-baf0-b8f52a130720/crate/download/2025-12-07 19:55:45.229974+00:002026-04-11 09:48:12.622500+00:002025-12-07 19:55:45.229974+00:00The research object refers to the Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data notebook published in the Environmental Data Science book.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/fa165103-2ad7-426e-baf0-b8f52a130720Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science bookMANUAL
https://w3id.org/ro/terms/earth-science#ExecutableResearchObjectTemplate
Abner Bogan, and Lindsay Platt. "Using a robust data pipelining tool in R to build a reproducible hurricane data visualization with multi-agency water data (Jupyter Notebook) published in the Environmental Data Science book." ROHub. Dec 07 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/fa165103-2ad7-426e-baf0-b8f52a130720.inputbibliooutputtoolConsortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc.abogan@cuahsi.orgAbner BoganEnvironmental Data Science Book CommunityConsortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc.lplatt@cuahsi.orgLindsay PlattEarth observationhttps://github.com/EOPF-Sample-Service/eopf-sample-notebooks2025-12-21 14:59:18.341013+00:002025-12-21 14:59:18.963543+00:00ESA Earth Observation Processing Framework for Sentinel-1, 2 and 3 data accessEOPF Sample Service2025-12-21 14:59:18.341013+00:00https://github.com/geojupyter/jupytergis2025-12-21 14:59:14.270649+00:002025-12-21 14:59:14.934927+00:00Collaborative GIS environment for Jupyter - required to open .jGIS filesJupyterGIS2025-12-21 14:59:14.270649+00:00Anne Fouillouxhttps://raw.githubusercontent.com/annefou/jupytergis-showcases/refs/heads/main/content/../requirements.txt2025-12-21 14:59:16.320382+00:002025-12-21 14:59:16.930237+00:00Conda environment specification with all Python dependenciestext/plainConda Environment2025-12-21 14:59:16.320382+00:00https://raw.githubusercontent.com/annefou/jupytergis-showcases/refs/heads/main/content/Wetland_ML_Demo_EOPF.ipynb2025-12-21 14:59:20.404796+00:002025-12-21 14:59:21.070859+00:00Main Jupyter notebook implementing the wetland classification workflowWetland ML Demo Notebook2025-12-21 14:59:20.404796+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/972ba092-9239-4947-9bf6-495c53e57266/crate/download/2025-12-21 14:59:12.328362+00:002026-04-11 03:22:47.701619+00:002025-12-21 14:59:12.328362+00:00Human-in-the-loop machine learning workflow for wetland classification
using Sentinel-2 data from ESA EOPF. Demonstrates collaborative annotation
using JupyterGIS, model retraining with expert corrections, and FAIR
research practices.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/972ba092-9239-4947-9bf6-495c53e57266JupyterGIS Wetland Classification Demo - ESA EOPFMANUAL
https://w3id.org/ro/terms/earth-science#ExecutableResearchObjectTemplate
Fouilloux, Anne. "JupyterGIS Wetland Classification Demo - ESA EOPF." ROHub. Dec 21 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/972ba092-9239-4947-9bf6-495c53e57266.outputtoolbiblioinputGeographical Scopeannotation13.0867709815078229.2Knowledge Sector (EEA)Physical and TechnologicalDemonstrates collaborative annotation
using JupyterGIS, model retraining with expert corrections, and FAIR
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using Sentinel-2 data from ESA EOPF.69.0690690690690669.0computer science100.011.7European ContinentEducationEducationComputer programming and softwaredata15.44342507645259810.1Other TechnologyCase StudyEngineeringSentinel-213.3712660028449519.4Climate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsData FormatLand use planningEngineering (General)Teaching and learningEducation/Teaching and learningEsa Eopf15.0782361308677110.6Earth resources and remote sensingDistributed Computingnoneworkflow11.0091743119266057.2IPCCEsa Eopfwetland7.3394495412844034.8wetland classification29.00677200902934425.7research7.7981651376146775.1Stakeholdersnote13.6085626911314988.9Other EngineeringOther Information and Computing SciencesNo policy or regulationInformation SystemsInterdisciplinary EngineeringBiodiversity: state of habitats and speciescategory13.302752293577988.7Computer SoftwareEngineeringJupyterGIS Wetland Classification Demo17.78093883357041312.5machine learning14.2247510668563310.0Information and Computing Sciencesresearch practice20.42889390519187418.1data from Esa eopf7.9006772009029337.0machine learning14.9847094801223259.8Technologydata14.36699857752489410.1Computer systemsnoneEarth observationhttps://annefou.github.io/jupytergis-showcases/lab/index.html?path=Wetland_Annotation.jGIS2025-12-21 16:29:01.808092+00:002025-12-21 16:29:02.435279+00:00Interactive map with expert annotations for model correctionstext/htmlJupyterGIS Annotation Document2025-12-21 16:29:01.808092+00:00https://github.com/EOPF-Sample-Service/eopf-sample-notebooks2025-12-21 16:28:57.399750+00:002025-12-21 16:28:58.038982+00:00ESA Earth Observation Processing Framework for Sentinel-1, 2 and 3 data accessEOPF Sample Service2025-12-21 16:28:57.399750+00:00https://github.com/annefou/jupytergis-showcases2025-12-21 16:29:33.240998+00:002025-12-21 16:29:33.849049+00:00Source repository for this demoGitHub Repository2025-12-21 16:29:33.240998+00:00https://github.com/geojupyter/jupytergis2025-12-21 16:28:53.494405+00:002025-12-21 16:28:54.119033+00:00Collaborative GIS environment for Jupyter - required to open .jGIS filesJupyterGIS2025-12-21 16:28:53.494405+00:00Simula Research Laboratoryannef@simula.noAnne Fouilloux0000-0002-1784-2920https://raw.githubusercontent.com/annefou/jupytergis-showcases/refs/heads/main/content/../requirements.txt2025-12-21 16:28:55.442396+00:002025-12-21 16:28:56.067960+00:00Conda environment specification with all Python dependenciestext/plainConda Environment2025-12-21 16:28:55.442396+00:00https://raw.githubusercontent.com/annefou/jupytergis-showcases/refs/heads/main/content/Wetland_ML_Demo_EOPF.ipynb2025-12-21 16:28:59.461288+00:002025-12-21 16:29:00.096604+00:00Main Jupyter notebook implementing the wetland classification workflowWetland ML Demo Notebook2025-12-21 16:28:59.461288+00:00https://raw.githubusercontent.com/annefou/jupytergis-showcases/refs/heads/main/content/Wetland_ML_ROhub.ipynb2025-12-21 16:41:18.541514+00:002025-12-21 16:41:19.390117+00:00Jupyter notebook to create a RO-Crate in ROHubWetland_ML_ROhub2025-12-21 16:41:18.541514+00:00https://raw.githubusercontent.com/annefou/jupytergis-showcases/refs/heads/main/content/wetland_outputs/corrections.geojson2025-12-21 16:29:08.929182+00:002025-12-21 16:29:13.322705+00:00Expert corrections extracted from JupyterGIS annotationsExpert Corrections (GeoJSON)2025-12-21 16:29:08.929182+00:00https://raw.githubusercontent.com/annefou/jupytergis-showcases/refs/heads/main/content/wetland_outputs/sentinel2_rgb.tif2025-12-21 16:29:04.078500+00:002025-12-21 16:54:53.937124+00:00Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF - RGB composite from Sentinel-2 L2Aimage/tiffSentinel-2 RGB Composite (COG)2025-12-21 16:29:04.078500+00:00https://raw.githubusercontent.com/annefou/jupytergis-showcases/refs/heads/main/content/wetland_outputs/wetland_model_v2.joblib2025-12-21 16:29:27.413086+00:002025-12-21 16:29:31.950449+00:00Serialized Random Forest model retrained with expert correctionsTrained Model v2 (joblib)2025-12-21 16:29:27.413086+00:00https://raw.githubusercontent.com/annefou/jupytergis-showcases/refs/heads/main/content/wetland_outputs/wetland_prediction_v1.tif2025-12-21 16:29:06.069310+00:002025-12-21 16:29:06.645893+00:00Initial Random Forest classification - before expert correctionsimage/tiffWetland Prediction v12025-12-21 16:29:06.069310+00:00https://raw.githubusercontent.com/annefou/jupytergis-showcases/refs/heads/main/content/wetland_outputs/wetland_prediction_v2_corrected.tif2025-12-21 16:29:16.556974+00:002025-12-21 16:29:23.003791+00:00Improved classification after retraining with expert correctionsimage/tiffWetland Prediction v2 (Corrected)2025-12-21 16:29:16.556974+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/10dc322d-eedd-43ff-a4af-7adb6281cb6e/crate/download/2025-12-21 16:28:47.782517+00:002026-04-11 03:23:09.225173+00:002025-12-21 16:28:47.782517+00:00Human-in-the-loop machine learning workflow for wetland classification
using Sentinel-2 data from ESA EOPF. Demonstrates collaborative annotation
using JupyterGIS, model retraining with expert corrections, and FAIR
research practices.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/10dc322d-eedd-43ff-a4af-7adb6281cb6eJupyterGIS Wetland ML Classification Demo - ESA EOPFMANUAL
https://w3id.org/ro/terms/earth-science#ExecutableResearchObjectTemplate
Fouilloux, Anne. "JupyterGIS Wetland ML Classification Demo - ESA EOPF." ROHub. Dec 21 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/10dc322d-eedd-43ff-a4af-7adb6281cb6e.bibliotoolinputoutputBiodiversityMethodologyIT-computer sciencesScience and technology/Technology and engineering/IT-computer sciencesmachine learning workflow29.34537246049661326.0computer science100.011.7machine learning14.2247510668563310.0Psychology and Cognitive Sciencesdata15.44342507645259810.1noneComputer SoftwareEngineering (General)Other Physical SciencesOther Mathematical SciencesWetlandsEnvironment/Natural resources/Water/WetlandsOther History and ArchaeologyOther Commerce, Management, Tourism and ServicesOther EngineeringJupyterGIS Wetland ML Classification Demo - ESA EOPF Human-in-the-loop machine learning workflow for wetland classification
using Sentinel-2 data from ESA EOPF.69.0690690690690669.0research7.7981651376146775.1Other TechnologyJupyterGIS Wetland ML Classification Demo17.78093883357041312.5EngineeringOther Language, Literature and CultureSentinel-213.3712660028449519.4Medical and Health SciencesOther Philosophy and Religious StudiesDistributed ComputingInstitutional: Government policies and programsEuropean ContinentOther Agricultural and Veterinary SciencesInformation and Computing SciencesTechnologyEducationOther Studies in Human SocietyOther Studies in Creative Arts and WritingOther Medical and Health SciencesAgricultural and Veterinary SciencesStudies in Creative Arts and WritingMathematical Scienceswetland classification29.00677200902934425.7Preparing the groundwetland7.3394495412844034.8Biodiversity: state of habitats and speciesOther Psychology and Cognitive Sciencescollaborative annotation13.3182844243792311.8Commerce, Management, Tourism and Servicesclassification12.0910384068278818.5Physical SciencesHistory and ArchaeologyTeaching and learningEducation/Teaching and learningStakeholdersKnowledge Sector (EEA)Key Type MeasuresLaw and Legal StudiesMathematical PhysicsClimate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsPhysical and TechnologicalGeographical ScopeAcademic/ InstitutionalData FormatArtifical Intelligence and Image ProcessingCase Studyannotation13.0867709815078229.2Environmental Science and Managementmachine learning14.9847094801223259.8Earth resources and remote sensingPhilosophy and Religious StudiesGeosciences (General)GeosciencesComputer systemsAstronomical and Space SciencesComputation Theory and MathematicsStudies in Human SocietyOther Information and Computing SciencesPolicy ScaleFundingOther EducationRetrainingLabour/Employment/Employment training/RetrainingDemonstrates collaborative annotation
using JupyterGIS, model retraining with expert corrections, and FAIR
research practices.30.9309309309309330.9note13.6085626911314988.9research practice20.42889390519187418.1data from Esa eopf7.9006772009029337.0User Needs (RAST)Mathematical and computer sciences (general)Other Environmental SciencesEnvironmental SciencesEsa Eopfworkflow11.0091743119266057.2Built Environment and DesignOther Law and Legal StudiesComputer programming and softwareEngineeringMathematical and computer sciencesIPCCpractice7.3394495412844034.8Other Built Environment and Designcorrection9.1743119266055056.0Economicsdata14.36699857752489410.1Language, Communication and Culturecategory13.302752293577988.7Esa Eopf15.0782361308677110.6Climate HazardEducationEducationAcademia/ Research InstitutionsNo policy or regulationOther EconomicsInformation SystemsJupyterGIS Wetland ML Classification DemoLife scienceshttps://asreview.nl/2025-12-27 20:18:46.006779+00:002025-12-27 20:18:46.748331+00:00AI-assisted systematic review screening toolASReview LAB v2.22025-12-27 20:18:46.006779+00:00https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n712025-12-29 13:49:18.378333+00:002025-12-29 13:49:19.090463+00:00The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, published in 2009, was designed to help systematic reviewers transparently report why the review was done, what the authors did, and what they found. Over the past decade, advances in systematic review methodology and terminology have necessitated an update to the guideline. The PRISMA 2020 statement replaces the 2009 statement and includes new reporting guidance that reflects advances in methods to identify, select, appraise, and synthesise studies. The structure and presentation of the items have been modified to facilitate implementation. In this article, we present the PRISMA 2020 27-item checklist, an expanded checklist that details reporting recommendations for each item, the PRISMA 2020 abstract checklist, and the revised flow diagrams for original and updated reviews.The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews2025-12-29 13:49:18.378333+00:00https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.180703772025-12-27 20:19:29.530182+00:002025-12-29 20:35:05.913407+00:00Complete dataset including search results, ASReview project, screening decisions, and nanopub URIs. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18070378Systematic Review Dataset - Zenodo2025-12-27 20:19:29.530182+00:00https://github.com/FAIR2Adapt/systematic-review-pipeline2025-12-27 20:19:30.824807+00:002025-12-27 20:23:11.216634+00:00Source code repository containing all Jupyter notebooks, configuration templates, and documentationSystematic Review Pipeline - GitHub Repository2025-12-27 20:19:30.824807+00:00https://github.com/FAIR2Adapt/systematic-review-pipeline/blob/main/inputs/quantum-biodiversity/pico-quantum-biodiversity.json2025-12-27 20:18:17.913600+00:002025-12-28 15:54:46.796468+00:00JSON configuration for quantum computing + biodiversity PICO questionapplication/jsonPICO Configuration2025-12-27 20:18:17.913600+00:00https://github.com/FAIR2Adapt/systematic-review-pipeline/blob/main/inputs/quantum-biodiversity/search-execution-quantum-biodiversity.json2025-12-27 20:18:33.107854+00:002025-12-28 15:56:06.224813+00:00JSON configuration with API endpoints and result countsapplication/jsonSearch Execution Configuration2025-12-27 20:18:33.107854+00:00https://github.com/FAIR2Adapt/systematic-review-pipeline/blob/main/inputs/quantum-biodiversity/search-strategy-quantum-biodiversity.json2025-12-27 20:18:24.605191+00:002025-12-28 15:55:16.275118+00:00JSON configuration with search terms, databases, and date rangesapplication/jsonSearch Strategy Configuration2025-12-27 20:18:24.605191+00:00https://github.com/FAIR2Adapt/systematic-review-pipeline/blob/main/inputs/quantum-biodiversity/study-assessment-quantum-biodiversity.json2025-12-27 20:18:54.656235+00:002025-12-30 09:17:31.394335+00:00JSON with study characteristics and quality assessmentapplication/jsonStudy Assessment Configuration2025-12-27 20:18:54.656235+00:00https://github.com/FAIR2Adapt/systematic-review-pipeline/blob/main/notebooks/asreview-to-nanopub.ipynb2025-12-27 20:18:39.646664+00:002025-12-28 15:56:38.085081+00:00Extracts screening decisions from ASReview project fileASReview Export to Nanopub2025-12-27 20:18:39.646664+00:00https://github.com/FAIR2Adapt/systematic-review-pipeline/blob/main/notebooks/database-search-nanopubs.ipynb2025-12-29 19:42:12.362288+00:002025-12-29 19:42:13.080219+00:00Create of a nanopublication for storing the results of a bibliography search. A nanopublication is created for each database search.PRISMA Database Search Nanopublications2025-12-29 19:42:12.362288+00:00https://github.com/FAIR2Adapt/systematic-review-pipeline/blob/main/notebooks/pico-nanopub-from-json.ipynb2025-12-27 20:18:15.715938+00:002025-12-28 15:54:20.949348+00:00Generates PICO research question nanopublication from JSON configPICO Nanopub Generator2025-12-27 20:18:15.715938+00:00https://github.com/FAIR2Adapt/systematic-review-pipeline/blob/main/notebooks/search-execution-api-queries.ipynb2025-12-27 20:18:28.872086+00:002025-12-28 15:55:33.585290+00:00Queries OpenAlex, arXiv, PubMed, Europe PMC, Semantic Scholar APIsSearch Execution - API Queries2025-12-27 20:18:28.872086+00:00https://github.com/FAIR2Adapt/systematic-review-pipeline/blob/main/notebooks/search-execution-nanopub-from-json.ipynb2025-12-27 20:18:30.964263+00:002025-12-28 15:55:54.942706+00:00Generates search execution dataset nanopublicationSearch Execution Nanopub Generator2025-12-27 20:18:30.964263+00:00https://github.com/FAIR2Adapt/systematic-review-pipeline/blob/main/notebooks/search-strategy-nanopub-from-json.ipynb2025-12-27 20:18:22.497310+00:002025-12-28 15:55:06.338250+00:00Generates search strategy nanopublication with Boolean queriesSearch Strategy Nanopub Generator2025-12-27 20:18:22.497310+00:00https://github.com/FAIR2Adapt/systematic-review-pipeline/blob/main/notebooks/study-assessment-nanopub-from-json.ipynb2025-12-27 20:18:52.499249+00:002025-12-30 09:17:07.137288+00:00Generates study assessment dataset nanopublicationStudy Assessment Nanopub Generator2025-12-27 20:18:52.499249+00:00https://github.com/FAIR2Adapt/systematic-review-pipeline/blob/main/notebooks/study-inclusion-nanopub-asreview.ipynb2025-12-27 20:18:48.208829+00:002025-12-28 15:57:18.333484+00:00Generates individual nanopubs for each included/excluded studyStudy Inclusion Nanopub Generator2025-12-27 20:18:48.208829+00:00https://github.com/FAIR2Adapt/systematic-review-pipeline/blob/main/requirements.txt2025-12-27 20:19:32.004249+00:002025-12-27 20:23:28.849828+00:00Python package dependencies: pandas, numpy, requests, rdflib, nanopub, asreview, jupytertext/plainrequirements.txt2025-12-27 20:19:32.004249+00:00Simula Research Laboratoryannef@simula.noAnne Fouilloux0000-0002-1784-2920https://raw.githubusercontent.com/FAIR2Adapt/systematic-review-pipeline/refs/heads/main/Quantum-and-Biodiversity-Perplexity.png2025-12-29 15:46:22.541340+00:002025-12-29 15:57:44.661899+00:00Illustration of Quantum Computingfor Biodiversity. This illustration was generated by Perplexity.ai on 29th December 2025.image/pngai-generatedQuantum Computing applied to Biodiversity2025-12-29 15:46:22.541340+00:0004c04g438LifeWatch ERIChttps://w3id.org/np/RAJW9kn9Syx7y_1Okl4HPwqUlUssxi0daadJNM1AT8-PU2025-12-27 20:18:26.730521+00:002025-12-27 20:18:27.450626+00:00Published nanopub documenting the search strategySearch Strategy Nanopublication2025-12-27 20:18:26.730521+00:00https://w3id.org/np/RASr_5SP0NhXfz43auGCrxon4_kUUj0AfA56gW13Yfqak2025-12-27 20:18:20.280170+00:002025-12-29 15:49:50.022727+00:00Published nanopub defining the research questionPICO Nanopublication2025-12-27 20:18:20.280170+00:00https://w3id.org/np/RAhFlAUVte1zioZDIBXyg6GdSziwLxgqwxPkDi7v110WU2025-12-27 20:18:35.263368+00:002025-12-29 19:14:15.467721+00:00Published nanopub with search execution metadataSearch Execution Nanopublication2025-12-27 20:18:35.263368+00:00https://w3id.org/np/RAlN5rGFTlXawYWAMdSDMm2SfTh8mfsN9Jhx-Oh7yXR-42025-12-27 20:18:56.771035+00:002025-12-30 09:25:09.003318+00:00Published nanopub with aggregated study characteristicsStudy Assessment Nanopublication2025-12-27 20:18:56.771035+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/b6e01d7a-9f25-4b37-82df-32ef2e7171e3/crate/download/2025-12-27 20:03:25.858398+00:002026-01-26 10:09:47.582777+00:002025-12-27 20:03:25.858398+00:00A PRISMA-compliant scoping review investigating applications of quantum computing
in biodiversity and ecological research. This Research Object contains the complete reproducible
workflow from research question to study assessment, implemented as a pipeline of Jupyter notebooks
with nanopublication outputs for transparent, machine-readable documentation.
Screening: 1,649 records → 569 screened → 283 included → 238 nanopubs published.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/b6e01d7a-9f25-4b37-82df-32ef2e7171e3ASReviewPRISMAactive learningbiodiversitynanopublicationsquantum computingreproducible researchscoping reviewsystematic reviewResearch QuestionQuantum Computing Applications in Biodiversity Research - Scoping ReviewMANUAL
https://w3id.org/ro/terms/earth-science#BibliographyCentricResearchObjectTemplate
Fouilloux, Anne. "Quantum Computing Applications in Biodiversity Research - Scoping Review." ROHub. Dec 27 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/b6e01d7a-9f25-4b37-82df-32ef2e7171e3.API queries and search result aggregation3-search-executionbiblioSearch strategy with Boolean operators and database selection2-search-strategyAI-assisted screening with ASReview LAB4-screeningStudy characteristics and quality assessment5b-study-assessmentIncluded/excluded study nanopublications5a-study-inclusionPICO framework research question definition1-pico-research-questionhttps://zenodo.org/records/18070378/files/included_studies.csv2025-12-27 20:18:37.421635+00:002025-12-27 20:18:38.184563+00:00Aggregated search results from all databasestext/csvSearch Results CSV2025-12-27 20:18:37.421635+00:00https://zenodo.org/records/18070378/files/search_results_combined.asreview2025-12-27 20:18:41.777731+00:002025-12-27 20:18:42.474928+00:00ASReview LAB project with screening decisionsASReview Project File2025-12-27 20:18:41.777731+00:00https://zenodo.org/records/18070378/files/study_inclusion.json2025-12-27 20:18:43.877924+00:002025-12-27 20:18:44.598993+00:00Extracted inclusion/exclusion decisions with reasonsapplication/jsonScreening Decisions JSON2025-12-27 20:18:43.877924+00:00https://zenodo.org/records/18070686/files/published_uris_updated.json2025-12-27 20:18:50.315296+00:002025-12-29 20:38:18.771481+00:00Index of all published study inclusion nanopublicationsapplication/jsonPublished Nanopub URIs (238 studies)2025-12-27 20:18:50.315296+00:00Earth scienceshttps://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.153136722025-12-31 10:57:48.638315+00:002025-12-31 10:57:49.356851+00:00This is the version of the corpus used in the paper.Corpus2025-12-31 10:57:48.638315+00:00https://github.com/ArvinRastegar/i-adopt-llm-based-service2025-12-31 10:59:01.841725+00:002025-12-31 10:59:02.523867+00:00This repository contains the source code used to run the experiments and the results obtained.Source code repository for evaluation2025-12-31 10:59:01.841725+00:00https://github.com/i-adopt/Corpus/2025-12-31 10:54:57.270901+00:002025-12-31 10:56:56.694242+00:00In this repository you can find the TTL files of the corpus.Corpus repository2025-12-31 10:54:57.270901+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/52654482-5442-45ea-a4b7-80a9af510c0b/crate/download/2025-12-31 10:52:28.470807+00:002026-04-11 03:01:43.580973+00:002025-12-31 10:52:28.470807+00:00This Research Objects contains the supplementary material of the paper "From Scientific Variables to Knowledge Graphs: The I-ADOPT Benchmark" sent to the Semantic Web Journal.
This paper presents the I-ADOPT benchmark, an expert annotated corpus and task designed to measure the performance of LLMs in the different stages of automatically creating a machine readable scientific variable. Our corpus includes more than 100 scientific variables as structured knowledge graphs
You can find in the Research Object the corpus, as well as the source code needed to execute the experiments, and the results of them.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/52654482-5442-45ea-a4b7-80a9af510c0bI-ADOPTLLMcorpusscientific variablesFrom Scientific Variables to Knowledge Graphs: The I-ADOPT BenchmarkMANUALGONZALEZ GUARDIA, ESTEBAN. "From Scientific Variables to Knowledge Graphs: The I-ADOPT Benchmark." ROHub. Dec 31 ,2025. https://w3id.org/ro-id/52654482-5442-45ea-a4b7-80a9af510c0b.Key Type MeasuresNo policy or regulationDistributed Computingresearch8.6309523809523815.8Computer systemsClimate Hazardbenchmark10.218978102189788.4Engineering (General)Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectorsgraph17.85714285714285812.0MethodologyNumerical analysisAcademic/ Institutionalsource code6.326034063260345.2noneSystemic Literature ReviewInformation and Computing SciencesPreparing the groundresearch object15.28279181708784412.7Knowledge Sector (EEA)European ContinentI-ADOPTcorpus8.0900243309002446.65newspaper publisher4.50121654501216553.7variable17.41071428571428511.7I-ADOPT22.02380952380952214.8This paper presents the I-ADOPT benchmark, an expert annotated corpus and task designed to measure the performance of LLMs in the different stages of automatically creating a machine readable scientific variable.41.45810663764961438.1Data Formatknowledge8.3333333333333325.6Information SystemsEngineeringTheoretical mathematicsexpert annotated corpus7.0998796630565585.9corpus12.7976190476190478.6variable14.23357664233576611.7Social and information sciencesnoneAcademia/ Research Institutionsresearch6.9343065693430655.7material of the paper6.2575210589651025.2Documentation and information scienceOther Mathematical Sciencestask5.2311435523114354.3Computer Softwareaim5.8394160583941614.8IT-computer sciencesScience and technology/Technology and engineering/IT-computer scienceslinguistics100.08.8Mathematical SciencesnoneOur corpus includes more than 100 scientific variables as structured knowledge graphs15.8868335146898814.6Geographical ScopeI-ADOPT benchmark44.404332129963936.9knowledge7.1776155717761565.9Computer programming and softwareFundingStatistics and probabilityStakeholdersUser Needs (RAST)Science and technologyScience and technologyPhysical and Technologicalnonematerial4.2579075425790753.5Policy Scaleknowledge graph26.95547533092659322.4Mathematical and computer sciences (general)benchmark12.946428571428578.7Mathematical and computer sciencesexperiment4.6228710462287113.8IPCCFrom Scientific Variables to Knowledge Graphs: The I-ADOPT Benchmark This Research Objects contains the supplementary material of the paper "From Scientific Variables to Knowledge Graphs: The I-ADOPT Benchmark" sent to the Semantic Web Journal.42.655059847660539.2graph14.47688564476885611.9Systems analysis and operations researchComputation Theory and Mathematicsesteban.gonzalez@upm.esESTEBAN GONZALEZ GUARDIAHistorical geography1cb12e51-a719-48ce-aef8-c82dd4eb52c5POINT (20.997070278972387 52.23520112180287)20.99707027897238752.23520112180287POINT (20.997070278972387 52.23520112180287)0https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/e9de4f85-969b-411f-993b-bbb9178b37a9/crate/download/2026-01-15 00:33:56.004323+00:002026-04-11 02:35:46.162204+00:002026-01-15 00:33:56.004323+00:00Kino radzieckie lat dwudziestych XX wieku stanowi jeden z najbardziej wyrazistych przykładów instrumentalizacji filmu jako narzędzia ideologicznego. W młodym państwie bolszewickim kinematografia nie była wyłącznie dziedziną sztuki, lecz elementem projektu politycznego – środkiem edukacji mas, narzędziem legitymizacji władzy oraz budowania nowej, rewolucyjnej mitologii. Jednym z najbardziej znanych i wpływowych filmów tego okresu jest Pancernik Potiomkin (1925) w reżyserii Siergieja Michajłowicza Eisensteina.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/e9de4f85-969b-411f-993b-bbb9178b37a9DocumentEsej "Historia i władza w „Pancerniku Potiomkinie” Siergieja Eisensteina"MANUALW, Monika. "Esej "Historia i władza w „Pancerniku Potiomkinie” Siergieja Eisensteina"." ROHub. Jan 15 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/e9de4f85-969b-411f-993b-bbb9178b37a9.POINT (20.997070278972387 52.23520112180287)PhysicsStructural/physical: Ecosystem-basedIndividuals or citizensPhysical SciencesAstronauticsUser Needs (RAST)Astronautics (General)noneMathematical SciencesPolicy ScaleSpace sciences (General)Quantum PhysicsKey Type MeasuresPortugalAstronomyGeographical ScopePhysics (General)Systemic Literature ReviewPhysical and TechnologicalMathematical PhysicsIPCCClimate HazardLocal policyKnowledge Sector (EEA)Theoretical and Computational ChemistryStakeholdersChemical SciencesIdentification of risksFundingSpace sciencesnoneOther Physical SciencesClimate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsAerospace medicineLife sciencesClimate change mitigation: reducing emissionsNot reported/ UnknownMethodologyMonika WójcikiewiczMeteorologyApplied sciencesEcologyhttps://aqicn.org/map/warsaw/pl/2026-01-15 09:56:50.534689+00:002026-01-15 10:04:04.245960+00:00Zanieczyszczenie powietrza w Warszawa
Mapa wizualna jakości powietrza w czasie rzeczywistym.Zanieczyszczenie powietrza w Warszawa
Mapa wizualna jakości powietrza w czasie rzeczywistym.2026-01-15 09:56:50.534689+00:00https://iot.warszawa.pl/2026-01-15 10:02:54.788955+00:002026-01-15 10:03:23.971993+00:00Indeks Jakości Powietrza
Sprawdź poziom jakości powietrza w swojej okolicy.
Wskaż na mapie stację pomiarową, przejrzyj aktualne informacje o poziomie stężenia zanieczyszczeń i zapoznaj się z zaleceniami dotyczącymi ochrony Twojego zdrowia.Warszawska Platforma IoT2026-01-15 10:02:54.788955+00:0021.00771332625352.234864715699715POINT (21.007713326253 52.234864715699715)912ad5e5-ed9f-46f5-b4d8-491bd4113270POINT (21.007713326253 52.234864715699715)0https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/d006ed2d-2fa9-438d-b830-a7d4aef81469/crate/download/2026-01-15 09:36:30.138049+00:002026-04-11 03:22:17.313678+00:002026-01-15 09:36:30.138049+00:00Projekt analizuje jakość powietrza w Warszawie, koncentrując się na wartości stężeń pyłów zawieszonych PM2.5 i PM10 oraz ich wpływie na zdrowie ludzi. W ramach projektu gromadzone są raporty i dane pomiarowe z lokalnych narzędzi monitoringu, a następnie są one porównywane z normami Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia (WHO). Badanie uwzględnia różne dni, pory dnia i miejsca pomiarów na terenie całego miasta Warszawy oraz identyfikuje możliwe przyczyny i skutki przekroczenia dopuszczalnych poziomów zanieczyszczeń.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/d006ed2d-2fa9-438d-b830-a7d4aef81469Air QualityEnvironmentMonitoringPM10PM2.5WarsawDatasetJakość powietrza w Warszawie — analiza stężeń PM2.5 i PM10 oraz ich przekroczeńMANUALJanek Gębicki
https://w3id.org/ro/terms/earth-science#DataCentricResearchObjectTemplate
Gębicki, Janek, and Janek Gębicki. "Jakość powietrza w Warszawie — analiza stężeń PM2.5 i PM10 oraz ich przekroczeń." ROHub. Jan 15 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/d006ed2d-2fa9-438d-b830-a7d4aef81469.POINT (21.007713326253 52.234864715699715)bibliodataraw datametadata6205https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/25295fee-4813-4aaf-ac4b-fb60c693f3a6/download/2026-01-15 10:08:30.311996+00:002026-01-15 10:08:32.429209+00:00Dane symulowane, wygenerowane na potrzeby projektu edukacyjnego. Nie przedstawiają rzeczywistych pomiarów, ale odzwierciedlają realistyczne trendy sezonowe i dobowe jakości powietrza w Warszawie.application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheetJakość powietrza Warszawa - dane2026-01-15 10:08:30.311996+00:00364153https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/28481e37-3b7d-463e-aa51-da710e432904/download/2026-01-15 09:50:01.944724+00:002026-01-15 09:50:04.071778+00:00Ocena jakości powietrza jest bardzo złożonym zagadnieniem, na które wpływa bardzo wiele
czynników natury środowiskowej jak i antropogenicznej. Aby określić czy, a jeśli tak to, w jaki sposób
pandemia przełożyła się na jakość powietrza w Warszawie, należy wyodrębnić główne czynniki,
które przyczyniają się do zmian poziomu zanieczyszczenia powietrza.application/pdfAir QualityPM2.5Jakość powietrza - raport COVIDOVY2026-01-15 09:50:01.944724+00:0036906127https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/98fe4e3c-4b90-4e25-9752-c314a6cb3938/download/2026-01-15 09:51:41.659860+00:002026-01-15 09:51:44.977381+00:00Celem niniejszego raportu jest prezentacja danych z pomiarów stężenia pyłu zawieszonego
PM2,5 zebranych w ramach projektu Poszukiwacze Powietrza, zainicjowanego przez
Warszawski Alarm Smogowy przy udziale Partnerów w 2019 r. Jego celem jest upowszechnianie
wiedzy o skali i źródłach zanieczyszczenia powietrza w Warszawie dzięki rozbudowie sieci
obywatelskich czujników smogu Sensor Community (S.C.). Czujniki dokonują pomiarów stężenia
pyłu zawieszonego odpowiednio o średnicy nie większej niż 10 i 2,5 mm. Zebrane dane są
publicznie dostępne, pozwalając na lepsze zrozumienie problemu zanieczyszczenia powietrza.application/pdfAir QualityPM10PM2.5ANALIZA
ZANIECZYSZCZENIA
POWIETRZA PYŁEM
ZAWIESZONYM PM2,5
W WARSZAWIE
Z WYKORZYSTANIEM
SIECI OBYWATELSKICH
CZUJNIKÓW SMOGU2026-01-15 09:51:41.659860+00:0043507https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/e3dd7d26-f36f-4a82-b4f0-f8d1f081502c/download/2026-01-15 09:45:53.134501+00:002026-01-15 10:04:13.680897+00:00image/jpegzanieczyszczenie.jpg2026-01-15 09:45:53.134501+00:00Key Type MeasuresAerospace medicineSpace sciences (General)Geographical ScopeIdentification of risksClimate HazardNot reported/ UnknownAstronomynonePhysical SciencesMethodologyFundingLife sciencesPhysical and TechnologicalTheoretical and Computational ChemistryAstronauticsUser Needs (RAST)StakeholdersPhysicsMathematical SciencesSystemic Literature ReviewPortugalQuantum PhysicsAstronautics (General)Physics (General)noneIPCCLocal policyMathematical PhysicsPolicy ScaleStructural/physical: Ecosystem-basedKnowledge Sector (EEA)Climate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsIndividuals or citizensChemical SciencesSpace sciencesOther Physical SciencesClimate change mitigation: reducing emissionsj.gebicki@student.uw.edu.plJanek GębickiApplied sciencesSocial sciencesuw@edu.pl111111111Uniwersytet Warszawski21.01970701445687352.24116383984816POINT (21.019707014456873 52.24116383984816)7fd3288a-63dc-4653-8eef-09f09ec4607ePOINT (21.019707014456873 52.24116383984816)0https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/49a44dd4-efc3-45a0-8dd3-790081990133/crate/download/2026-01-15 12:53:40.702912+00:002026-04-11 09:59:15.083441+00:002026-01-15 12:53:40.702912+00:00Badanie analizuje, w jaki sposób wykorzystanie cyfrowych narzędzi do zarządzania informacją (takich jak repozytoria danych, systemy notatek i platformy współpracy online) wpływa na efektywność pracy zespołów badawczych w środowisku akademickim. W ramach projektu przeprowadzono analizę porównawczą zespołów korzystających z różnych modeli organizacji wiedzy, z uwzględnieniem takich czynników jak czas realizacji projektów, jakość dokumentacji oraz subiektywna ocena obciążenia poznawczego badaczy. Celem badania jest identyfikacja dobrych praktyk wspierających procesy badawcze w warunkach rosnącej ilości informacji.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/49a44dd4-efc3-45a0-8dd3-790081990133narzędzia cyfroweorganizacja informacjizarządzanie wiedząHypothesisWpływ cyfrowych narzędzi organizacji wiedzy na efektywność pracy badawczej zespołów akademickichMANUALstudentI, J, and Agata Połatyńska. "Wpływ cyfrowych narzędzi organizacji wiedzy na efektywność pracy badawczej zespołów akademickich." ROHub. Jan 15 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/49a44dd4-efc3-45a0-8dd3-790081990133.POINT (21.019707014456873 52.24116383984816)ddd1099582https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/2c338402-4d50-4ef4-921c-2a1d9303391a/download/2026-01-15 13:17:11.072437+00:002026-01-15 13:17:11.919072+00:00image/pngsustainability-17-07823-g001.png2026-01-15 13:17:11.072437+00:0033001https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/41f43e61-4c4d-4427-85be-fbd3df9fc3b9/download/2026-02-14 01:07:36.917025+00:002026-02-14 01:07:38.055018+00:00image/pngCrystal_Project_Atlantik.png2026-02-14 01:07:36.917025+00:00153https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/beaad2c4-c479-485d-b123-cf6fc5146bfe/download/2026-01-15 13:22:56.497659+00:002026-01-15 13:22:58.753316+00:00lorem ipsumtext/plainOpis badania2026-01-15 13:22:56.497659+00:00IPCCAstronauticsUser Needs (RAST)Key Type MeasuresPolicy ScaleSystemic Literature ReviewAerospace medicineAstronautics (General)Physical and TechnologicalClimate change mitigation: reducing emissionsClimate HazardPhysics (General)noneNot reported/ UnknownIndividuals or citizensPhysicsQuantum PhysicsPhysical SciencesStakeholdersStructural/physical: Ecosystem-basedChemical SciencesLocal policyLife sciencesSpace sciencesPortugalSpace sciences (General)Mathematical SciencesTheoretical and Computational ChemistryOther Physical SciencesKnowledge Sector (EEA)Mathematical PhysicsnoneGeographical ScopeClimate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsFundingAstronomyMethodologyIdentification of risksa.polatynsk2@student.uw.edu.plAgata Połatyńskaj.iwicka@student.uw.edu.plJoanna IwickaApplied sciencesSocial sciencesPOINT (21.019707014456873 52.24116383984816)uw@edu.pl111111111Uniwersytet Warszawski815d63ec-d9fd-4c80-b574-062ad537e465POINT (21.019707014456873 52.24116383984816)POINT (21.019707014456873 52.24116383984816)21.01970701445687352.24116383984816POINT (21.019707014456873 52.24116383984816)e859e521-c01f-445d-a496-eea7e9c352f1POINT (21.019707014456873 52.24116383984816)1126898https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/7c0fe5d9-6901-411b-b377-c8516f42058e/crate/download/2026-01-15 12:53:40.702912+00:002026-04-11 09:59:25.033637+00:002026-01-15 12:53:40.702912+00:00Badanie analizuje, w jaki sposób wykorzystanie cyfrowych narzędzi do zarządzania informacją (takich jak repozytoria danych, systemy notatek i platformy współpracy online) wpływa na efektywność pracy zespołów badawczych w środowisku akademickim. W ramach projektu przeprowadzono analizę porównawczą zespołów korzystających z różnych modeli organizacji wiedzy, z uwzględnieniem takich czynników jak czas realizacji projektów, jakość dokumentacji oraz subiektywna ocena obciążenia poznawczego badaczy. Celem badania jest identyfikacja dobrych praktyk wspierających procesy badawcze w warunkach rosnącej ilości informacji.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/7c0fe5d9-6901-411b-b377-c8516f42058enarzędzia cyfroweorganizacja informacjiHypothesisWpływ cyfrowych narzędzi organizacji wiedzy na efektywność pracy badawczej zespołów akademickichMANUALstudentI, J, and Agata Połatyńska. "Wpływ cyfrowych narzędzi organizacji wiedzy na efektywność pracy badawczej zespołów akademickich." ROHub. Jan 15 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/7c0fe5d9-6901-411b-b377-c8516f42058e.ddd153https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/177216b1-4df6-44bb-a4d1-8cacf0801105/download/2026-01-15 13:22:56.497659+00:002026-02-14 01:40:32.554610+00:00lorem ipsumtext/plainOpis badania2026-01-15 13:22:56.497659+00:0033001https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/766f82ce-c5b9-4e20-b582-c431d0c7841e/download/2026-02-14 01:07:36.917025+00:002026-02-14 01:40:33.033725+00:00image/pngCrystal_Project_Atlantik.png2026-02-14 01:07:36.917025+00:001099582https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/abd4263f-566e-4982-bd99-1ac487f2033c/download/2026-01-15 13:17:11.072437+00:002026-02-14 01:40:32.180624+00:00image/pngsustainability-17-07823-g001.png2026-01-15 13:17:11.072437+00:00Systemic Literature ReviewAerospace medicineOther Physical SciencesFundingNot reported/ UnknownSpace sciencesPortugalIPCCPhysicsKey Type MeasuresMathematical PhysicsIndividuals or citizensPolicy ScaleAstronauticsClimate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsLocal policyStructural/physical: Ecosystem-basedStakeholdersPhysical and TechnologicalUser Needs (RAST)AstronomyClimate change mitigation: reducing emissionsPhysical SciencesGeographical ScopeClimate HazardnoneLife sciencesChemical SciencesMethodologyKnowledge Sector (EEA)Space sciences (General)Astronautics (General)Identification of risksMathematical SciencesPhysics (General)Quantum PhysicsnoneTheoretical and Computational Chemistrya.polatynsk2@student.uw.edu.plAgata Połatyńskaj.iwicka@student.uw.edu.plJ IJoanna IwickaEnvironmental researchGóralDariuszDariusz GóralRepODdataciteUniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Lubliniehttps://doi.org/10.18150/KKG1CN2026-05-06 10:55:50.653097+00:002026-05-06 10:55:52.631543+00:00The samples were examined using a transmission electron microscope (Zeiss LIBRA, Oberkochen, Germany). The examinations were conducted on Formvar-coated grids at an accelerating voltage of 80 kV and a magnification of 50,000×.Obrazy z transmisyjnego mikroskopu elektronowego (TEM) nanocząstek NiFe₂O₄ otrzymywanych metodą zielonej syntezy2026-05-06 10:55:50.653097+00:00GóralDariuszDariusz GóralUniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Lublinie0https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/ea792c69-9037-4d06-84a8-6fded7356e12/crate/download/2026-02-25 14:28:09.653062+00:002026-05-06 14:13:26.439990+00:002026-02-25 14:28:09.653062+00:00This Research Object aggregates the research resources related to sea surface observationsapplication/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/ea792c69-9037-4d06-84a8-6fded7356e12Arctic Radioisotopes - Sea surface observationsMANUALPalma, Raul. "Arctic Radioisotopes - Sea surface observations." ROHub. Feb 25 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/ea792c69-9037-4d06-84a8-6fded7356e12.1 degree2010/2018JRAOC20TRNRPv2812165https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/56dfa02d-4a58-4a78-8e8f-77e7c7e2cabd/download/2026-03-19 10:13:57.954583+00:002026-03-19 10:13:59.868037+00:00application/pdfwiad-1183742-Zaproszenie_na_spektakl_muzyczny_o_Janie_Nowaku-Jezioranskim.pdf2026-03-19 10:13:57.954583+00:00EarthSea surface salinity (SSS)Sea surface temperature (SST)Arctic radioisotope10.03009027081243710.0MethodologyMarine and fisheriesFundingArctic Radioisotopes - Sea surface observations This Research Object aggregates the research resources related to sea surface observations100.0100.0Research Objectsurface20.58526740665993820.4research resource21.86559679037111421.8StakeholdersOceanographyradioisotope12.10898082744702412.0Key Type Measuresresource12.0838471023427879.8Academia/ Research InstitutionsEarth Sciencesaggregate the research4.5135406218655964.5Geographical Scoperadioisotope14.18002466091245111.5Seas and coastssurface25.89395807644882621.0surface observation4.2126379137412244.2noneAtomic, Molecular, Nuclear, Particle and Plasma PhysicsnoneData on climateKnowledge Sector (EEA)IPCCClimate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsClimate Hazardsea surface observation59.3781344032096359.2Nuclear accident and incidentDisaster, accident and emergency incident/Accident and emergency incident/Explosion accident and incident/Industrial accident and incident/Nuclear accident and incidentsea18.16347124117053718.0Geosciences (General)nonePhysical and Technologicalresearch18.00246609124537414.6GeosciencesResearch Object19.8789101917255319.7observation4.5408678102926344.5observation7.2749691738594325.9Oceanographyresearch14.73259334006054614.6nonesea22.5647348951911218.3resource9.9899091826437949.9nonePolicy ScalePhysical SciencesOther Earth SciencesUser Needs (RAST)noneRaul PalmaEnvironmental research0https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/82e51b26-cc4e-4271-9bb0-5881ae8d7c73/crate/download/2026-03-18 11:28:47.536714+00:002026-04-11 01:30:21.150444+00:002026-03-18 11:28:47.536714+00:00Climatic database about Portugal, Madeira and Azores.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/82e51b26-cc4e-4271-9bb0-5881ae8d7c73Climatic database about PortugalMANUALPantazi, Despina. "Climatic database about Portugal." ROHub. Mar 18 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/82e51b26-cc4e-4271-9bb0-5881ae8d7c73.http://rna2100.portaldoclima.pt/pt/RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP8.5AzoresMadeiraMinimum air temperatureMaximum air temperatureMean air temperatureNumber of heatwave daysNumber of tropical nightsThermic amplitudesGeosciencesMadeiraPolicy Scaledatabase30.2780638516992829.4Knowledge Sector (EEA)StakeholdersWeatherWeatherEarth SciencesClimate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsnoneFundingClimate change impacts, risks and adaptationPortugal31.51390319258496630.6AzoresUser Needs (RAST)Physical and TechnologicalMethodologyAzores19.56745623069001319.0MeteorologyScience and technology/Natural science/MeteorologyGeosciences (General)IT-computer sciencesScience and technology/Technology and engineering/IT-computer sciencesclimatic database about Portugal0.90090090090090080.9PortugalSystemic Literature ReviewMadeira18.1256436663233817.6Data on climateGeographical ScopeClimatologyNational policyAzores19.97940267765190519.4database about Portugal35.9359359359359435.9Madeira18.02265705458290417.5OceanographyIPCCdatabase30.4840370751802329.6PortugalOther Earth SciencesClimatic database about Portugal Climatic database about Portugal, Madeira and Azores.100.0100.0Key Type MeasuresMeteorology and climatologyStructural/physical: Ecosystem-basedGovernment/ Public SectorClimate Hazardclimatic database63.1631631631631663.1Portugal32.0288362512873431.1EUDespina PantaziEarth sciencesClimatologyhttps://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.191125452026-03-20 13:30:17.698601+00:002026-03-20 13:30:20.023982+00:00Floodlevels in increments of 10 cm ranging from 30 cm to 100cm.Hamburg Floodlevels2026-03-20 13:30:17.698601+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/24165a93-ac0d-46ef-98a7-046e6d5a287e/crate/download/2026-03-20 13:26:33.130248+00:002026-03-27 10:38:55.226794+00:002026-03-20 13:26:33.130248+00:00Floodlevels in increments of 10 cm ranging from 30 cm to 100cm.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/24165a93-ac0d-46ef-98a7-046e6d5a287eHamburgflood levelspluvial flood riskHamburg FloodlevelsMANUAL
https://w3id.org/ro/terms/earth-science#DataCentricResearchObjectTemplate
GONZALEZ GUARDIA, ESTEBAN. "Hamburg Floodlevels." ROHub. Mar 20 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/24165a93-ac0d-46ef-98a7-046e6d5a287e.bibliodatametadataraw dataFloodingincrease100.085.1Key Type MeasuresData on climate-relate hazardsLocal policyPhysicsWater managementGovernment/ Public SectorIPCCExtreme weather: floods, droughts, heatwavesStakeholdersincrement87.1871871871871987.1Fluid mechanics and thermodynamicsKnowledge Sector (EEA)Structural/physical: Engineered and built environmentsClimate HazardClimate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsEngineeringNational government agenciesUser Needs (RAST)European ContinentGeographical ScopeMethodologyMathematical PhysicsMathematical SciencesPhysical and TechnologicalScenario AnalysisPolicy ScaleHamburg Floodlevels Floodlevels in increments of 10 cm ranging from 30 cm to 100cm.100.0100.0Hamburg Floodlevels Floodlevels in increment100.0100.0FundingPhysics (General)Other Mathematical SciencesHamburg Floodlevels Floodlevels12.81281281281281412.8ESTEBAN GONZALEZ GUARDIAEnvironmental research0https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/ed5942f9-4d46-441b-96c1-46f50db5ff29/crate/download/2026-03-20 16:10:37.682205+00:002026-03-20 17:44:58.341204+00:002026-03-20 16:10:37.682205+00:00Climatic database about Portugal, Madeira and Azores.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/ed5942f9-4d46-441b-96c1-46f50db5ff29Test CS4MANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "Test CS4." ROHub. Mar 20 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/ed5942f9-4d46-441b-96c1-46f50db5ff29.http://rna2100.portaldoclima.pt/pt/test12.060301507537699.6FundingClimate HazardPolicy ScaleClimate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsCS420.505050505050520.3Other Earth SciencesPortugal23.36683417085427518.6PortugalAzores18.5858585858585818.4Government/ Public SectorMadeira22.86432160804020318.2Earth SciencesStructural/physical: Ecosystem-basedUser Needs (RAST)Geosciences (General)Data on climatetest CS49.409409409409419.4database18.59296482412060314.8StakeholdersMeteorologyScience and technology/Natural science/MeteorologyOceanographyWildfirestest8.9898989898989888.9Meteorology and climatologyNational policyIT-computer sciencesScience and technology/Technology and engineering/IT-computer sciencesclimatic database90.5905905905905890.5MadeiraGeosciencesPortugaldatabase15.35353535353535115.2Other Environmental SciencesTest CS4 Climatic database about Portugal, Madeira and Azores.100.0100.0WeatherWeatherMethodologySystemic Literature ReviewKey Type MeasuresPortugal18.5858585858585818.4Physical and TechnologicalMadeira17.97979797979797617.8IPCCEnvironmental SciencesEUAzoresClimate change impacts, risks and adaptationClimatologyAzores23.11557788944723418.4Knowledge Sector (EEA)Geographical ScopeEsteban GonzalezEnvironmental research0https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/4fdb4e5d-e51d-4f22-936f-1db447c87ddc/crate/download/2026-03-20 17:41:42.485581+00:002026-03-20 17:44:52.858872+00:002026-03-20 17:41:42.485581+00:00This deliverable summarises FAIR2Adapt activities and governance during its first reporting period (M1–M12, 2025), reviewing progress across all seven work packages and defining priorities for Year 2. Year 1 built a strong foundation for FAIR implementation across six case studies through targeted capacity building, transforming initial uncertainty into readiness. While FAIR understanding is now in place, communities do not yet clearly see the practical value of FAIR Digital Objects, as technical developments progressed in parallel with onboarding. Year 2 will therefore focus on FAIR in practice, demonstrating concrete benefits through co-design, demonstrators, dashboards, and solution pathways linking stakeholder needs to technical services.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/4fdb4e5d-e51d-4f22-936f-1db447c87ddcD1.3 - First Project activity, including Governance reportMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "D1.3 - First Project activity, including Governance report." ROHub. Mar 20 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/4fdb4e5d-e51d-4f22-936f-1db447c87ddc.Geographical ScopeInformation and Computing SciencesGeneralPreparing the groundadministration5.3177691309987034.1summarise FAIR2Adapt activity8.099688473520255.2uncertainty11.181434599156125.3M1-M1215.8227848101265857.5doubt8.5603112840466926.6Documentation and information scienceEngineering (General)Knowledge Sector (EEA)FAIR2Adapt11.8143459915611835.6Project activity52.8037383177570133.9FAIR2Adaptfoundation15.1898734177215227.2implementation7.5226977950713375.8community8.0415045395590146.2DemonstrationConflicts, war and peace/Civil unrest/DemonstrationKey Type MeasuresOther Engineeringclass15.8236057068741912.2MethodologyEngineeringstakeholder5.7068741893644634.4European Continentfoundation12.0622568093385239.3User Needs (RAST)fair understanding8.5669781931464175.5Information Systemsconstruction industry76.086956521739143.5Computer systemsStakeholderscommunity10.1265822784810154.8EngineeringM1-M12IPCCbuilding5.8365758754863824.5Climate HazardClimate change impacts, risks and adaptationData FormatYear 2 will therefore focus on FAIR in practice, demonstrating concrete benefits through co-design, demonstrators, dashboards, and solution pathways linking stakeholder needs to technical services.13.02428256070640311.8Governance and InstitutionalD1.3 - First Project activity, including Governance report This deliverable summarises FAIR2Adapt activities and governance during its first reporting period (M1–M12, 2025), reviewing progress across all seven work packages and defining priorities for Year 2.52.5386313465783747.6activity16.0337552742616057.6Mathematical and computer sciences (general)Space sciencescase study6.6147859922178985.1Computation Theory and MathematicsnonePolicy ScaleYear 1 built a strong foundation for FAIR implementation across six case studies through targeted capacity building, transforming initial uncertainty into readiness.34.43708609271523431.2year19.8312236286919879.4Social and information sciencesparcel5.7068741893644634.4Academia/ Research InstitutionsNo policy or regulationwork package7.9439252336448585.1Space sciences (General)trade23.9130434782608751.1Climate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsCase StudyMathematical and computer sciencesComputer SoftwareGeneralsolution pathway22.58566978193146514.5progress6.225680933852144.8activity12.58106355382629.7Distributed ComputingFundingInstitutional: Government policies and programsnoneEUEsteban GonzalezEnvironmental research0https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/7c349915-a90b-4113-a16d-74d8a0e9d068/crate/download/2026-03-20 17:43:21.033013+00:002026-03-20 17:44:58.297286+00:002026-03-20 17:43:21.033013+00:00This deliverable summarises FAIR2Adapt activities and governance during its first reporting period (M1–M12, 2025), reviewing progress across all seven work packages and defining priorities for Year 2. Year 1 built a strong foundation for FAIR implementation across six case studies through targeted capacity building, transforming initial uncertainty into readiness. While FAIR understanding is now in place, communities do not yet clearly see the practical value of FAIR Digital Objects, as technical developments progressed in parallel with onboarding. Year 2 will therefore focus on FAIR in practice, demonstrating concrete benefits through co-design, demonstrators, dashboards, and solution pathways linking stakeholder needs to technical services.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/7c349915-a90b-4113-a16d-74d8a0e9d068D1.3 - First Project activity, including Governance reportMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "D1.3 - First Project activity, including Governance report." ROHub. Mar 20 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/7c349915-a90b-4113-a16d-74d8a0e9d068.Year 1 built a strong foundation for FAIR implementation across six case studies through targeted capacity building, transforming initial uncertainty into readiness.34.43708609271523431.2Academia/ Research InstitutionsSpace sciences (General)Mathematical and computer sciences (general)implementation7.5226977950713375.8Institutional: Government policies and programsfoundation12.0622568093385239.3administration5.3177691309987034.1foundation15.1898734177215227.2Climate HazardProject activity52.8037383177570133.9case study6.6147859922178985.1Key Type Measuresuncertainty11.181434599156125.3Computation Theory and Mathematicswork package7.9439252336448585.1progress6.225680933852144.8noneSpace sciencesyear19.8312236286919879.4IPCCGeographical ScopeGovernance and Institutionalsolution pathway22.58566978193146514.5GeneralM1-M12parcel5.7068741893644634.4building5.8365758754863824.5community8.0415045395590146.2Documentation and information scienceEngineeringstakeholder5.7068741893644634.4Climate change impacts, risks and adaptationPolicy ScaleDemonstrationConflicts, war and peace/Civil unrest/DemonstrationStakeholdersFAIR2Adapt11.8143459915611835.6trade23.9130434782608751.1Other EngineeringEUnoneEuropean ContinentNo policy or regulationM1-M1215.8227848101265857.5User Needs (RAST)Knowledge Sector (EEA)summarise FAIR2Adapt activity8.099688473520255.2Climate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsMathematical and computer sciencesactivity12.58106355382629.7Data FormatSocial and information sciencesfair understanding8.5669781931464175.5GeneralD1.3 - First Project activity, including Governance report This deliverable summarises FAIR2Adapt activities and governance during its first reporting period (M1–M12, 2025), reviewing progress across all seven work packages and defining priorities for Year 2.52.5386313465783747.6Methodologyclass15.8236057068741912.2construction industry76.086956521739143.5FAIR2Adaptcommunity10.1265822784810154.8Computer SoftwareDistributed ComputingEngineeringPreparing the groundactivity16.0337552742616057.6Engineering (General)Computer systemsInformation and Computing SciencesCase Studydoubt8.5603112840466926.6Year 2 will therefore focus on FAIR in practice, demonstrating concrete benefits through co-design, demonstrators, dashboards, and solution pathways linking stakeholder needs to technical services.13.02428256070640311.8FundingInformation SystemsEsteban GonzalezApplied scienceshttps://fair2adapt.github.io/riomar-dashboard/2026-03-20 15:22:58.427334+00:002026-03-20 18:12:17.330524+00:00DashboardDashboard2026-03-20 15:22:58.427334+00:00https://pangeo-eosc-minioapi.vm.fedcloud.eu/afouilloux-dggs/sentinel_bbox_l20_pyramid.zarr/72026-03-20 18:13:34.399299+00:002026-03-20 19:26:14.441919+00:00sentinel_bbox_l20_pyramid.zarr2026-03-20 18:13:34.399299+00:00https://pangeo-eosc-minioapi.vm.fedcloud.eu/afouilloux-dggs/sentinel_bbox_l20_pyramid.zarr/7Academia/ Research InstitutionsHEALPix DGGS15.0984682713347926.9Monitoring, evaluating and learningHEALPix DGGS approach23.1104651162790715.9Climate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsRouenClimate Hazarddatabase28.4482758620689683.3Information SystemsMathematical SciencesFundingGeographical ScopeComputer SoftwareStakeholdersFranceMathematical and computer sciencesFrance10.489510489510497.5MethodologynoneComputer systemspyramid14.8796498905908096.8satellite8.2517482517482525.9ParisHEALPix Discrete Global Grid System26.74418604651162618.4visualization6.0139860139860144.3NormandieMathematical PhysicsSocial and information sciencesPhysicsCase StudyKey Type Measurescomputer science30.172413793103453.5Structural/physical: Ecosystem-basedDiscrete Global Grid System12.4726477024070025.7geometry13.7931034482758631.6Information and Computing SciencesMathematical and computer sciences (general)metadata6.2937062937062934.5EUpyramid12.1678321678321678.7nested HEALPix15.11627906976744210.4Geosciences (General)collection4.8951048951048953.5Engineering (General)### FAIRification
- Satellite imagery converted to DGGS using [xhealpixify](https://github.com/IAOCEA/xhealpixify)
- Machine-actionable: `schema:ViewAction` links the dataset to the [FAIR2Adapt dashboard](https://fair2adapt.github.io/riomar-dashboard/) for interactive visualization at any zoom level
- Metadata enriched with [I-ADOPT](https://i-adopt.github.io/) variable decomposition23.01480484522207317.1### Dataset
- **Variable**: Band 02 (Blue, 490nm) top-of-atmosphere reflectance
- **Spatial coverage**: Normandy, France (~48.5°N–49.5°N, 0.5°E–1.5°E)
- **Grid**: HEALPix multiscale pyramid (11 levels)
- Finest: level 20 (nside=1,048,576, ~10m resolution, 208M cells)
- Coarsest: level 10 (nside=1,024, ~10km resolution)
- Resampling: mean aggregation between levels
- **Format**: Cloud-optimized Zarr with nested HEALPix indexing on WGS84 ellipsoid26.51413189771197319.7User Needs (RAST)NanotechnologyScience and technology/Technology and engineering/Micro science/NanotechnologyPhysics (General)http13.4265734265734279.6Knowledge Sector (EEA)IPCCEuropean ContinentGeosciencesreflectivity7.9720279720279725.7Documentation and information sciencedataset13.0069930069930089.3Numerical and Computational MathematicsPolicy ScaleNormandie10.489510489510497.5FAIR2Adapt — Sentinel-2 B02 reflectance on HEALPix DGGS (multiscale pyramid) Sentinel-2 Level-1C satellite observation converted to a HEALPix Discrete Global Grid System (DGGS) multiscale pyramid, covering a region in **Normandy, France** (Seine Valley, between Rouen and Paris)50.4710632570659437.5Statisticsinformation technology27.5862068965517263.2EngineeringFrance12.6914660831509835.8Earth resources and remote sensingClimate change impacts, risks and adaptationPhysical and TechnologicalPhysical Scienceshttp16.1925601750547057.4spirit level6.9930069930069935.0AgricultureAstronomical and Space SciencesRegional policyFAIR2Adapt12.9102844638949665.9multiscale pyramid10.7558139534883737.4IT-computer sciencesScience and technology/Technology and engineering/IT-computer sciencesdataset15.7549234135667387.2satellite observation24.2732558139534916.7Seine ValleyData Format2026-03-20 18:12:17.997118+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/fdc1c071-76d7-44df-a565-8217ebcc59fe/crate/download/2026-02-20 22:03:58.321018+00:002026-04-11 02:51:16.533696+00:002026-02-20 22:03:58.321018+00:00Sentinel-2 Level-1C satellite observation converted to a HEALPix Discrete Global Grid System (DGGS) multiscale pyramid, covering a region in **Normandy, France** (Seine Valley, between Rouen and Paris).
### Dataset
- **Variable**: Band 02 (Blue, 490nm) top-of-atmosphere reflectance
- **Spatial coverage**: Normandy, France (~48.5°N–49.5°N, 0.5°E–1.5°E)
- **Grid**: HEALPix multiscale pyramid (11 levels)
- Finest: level 20 (nside=1,048,576, ~10m resolution, 208M cells)
- Coarsest: level 10 (nside=1,024, ~10km resolution)
- Resampling: mean aggregation between levels
- **Format**: Cloud-optimized Zarr with nested HEALPix indexing on WGS84 ellipsoid
### FAIRification
- Satellite imagery converted to DGGS using [xhealpixify](https://github.com/IAOCEA/xhealpixify)
- Machine-actionable: `schema:ViewAction` links the dataset to the [FAIR2Adapt dashboard](https://fair2adapt.github.io/riomar-dashboard/) for interactive visualization at any zoom level
- Metadata enriched with [I-ADOPT](https://i-adopt.github.io/) variable decomposition
### Context
Part of the [FAIR2Adapt](https://fair2adapt.eu) project, demonstrating that the HEALPix DGGS approach works for both ocean model outputs and Earth observation data. The multiscale pyramid enables efficient visualization from global overview to full 10m resolution.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/fdc1c071-76d7-44df-a565-8217ebcc59feFAIR2Adapt — Sentinel-2 B02 reflectance on HEALPix DGGS (multiscale pyramid)MANUAL
https://w3id.org/ro/terms/earth-science#ExecutableResearchObjectTemplate
Fouilloux, Anne. "FAIR2Adapt — Sentinel-2 B02 reflectance on HEALPix DGGS (multiscale pyramid)." ROHub. Feb 20 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/fdc1c071-76d7-44df-a565-8217ebcc59fe.View Sentinel-2 data in FAIR2Adapt Dashboardhttps://fair2adapt.github.io/riomar-dashboard/#{dataset_url}The Sentinel-2 Level-1C satellite observation can be converted to a HEALPix DGGS multiscale pyramid, enabling efficient visualization from global overview to 10m resolution.The HEALPix DGGS multiscale pyramid allows for efficient visualization of Sentinel-2 Level-1C satellite data from global overview to 10m resolution.The Sentinel-2 Level-1C satellite observation is converted to a HEALPix DGGS multiscale pyramid, covering a region in Normandy, France, with a spatial coverage of ~48.5°N–49.5°N, 0.5°E–1.5°E.The HEALPix multiscale pyramid has 11 levels, with the finest level having a resolution of approximately 10 meters and the coarsest level having a resolution of approximately 10 kilometers.Mean aggregation between levels is used for resampling in the HEALPix multiscale pyramid.The dataset is stored in a Cloud-optimized Zarr format with nested HEALPix indexing on the WGS84 ellipsoid, enabling efficient data retrieval and visualization.The Sentinel-2 Level-1C satellite observation was successfully converted to a HEALPix Discrete Global Grid System (DGGS) multiscale pyramid using the xhealpixify tool.The dataset is machine-actionable, allowing for interactive visualization at any zoom level through the FAIR2Adapt dashboard.I-ADOPT variable decomposition is applied to the metadata of the Sentinel-2 Level-1C satellite observation dataset.The HEALPix Discrete Global Grid System (DGGS) can be applied to both ocean model outputs and Earth observation data, such as Sentinel-2 Level-1C satellite observations, for efficient visualization and analysis.bibliooutputtoolinputNormandy, France (Seine Valley)Sentinel-2 b02 reflectancehttps://w3id.org/sciencelive/np/RA2Cp-j2iDsRzhpuoyq6rqhZCjCV6GFX3qOmt68irgRRs2026-03-22 10:50:50.167563+00:002026-03-22 10:50:50.525764+00:00AIDA Claim 4: The dataset is machine-actionable, allowing for interactive visualization at any...2026-03-22 10:50:50.167563+00:00https://w3id.org/sciencelive/np/RA4unVW6jtvBeBsMW_XM69mXq-umYgZ35GA3TT4DtoJcw2026-03-22 10:50:47.231042+00:002026-03-22 10:50:47.597248+00:00AIDA Claim 3: The dataset is stored in a Cloud-optimized Zarr format with nested HEALPix index...2026-03-22 10:50:47.231042+00:00https://w3id.org/sciencelive/np/RA6lk8d22TSZCdI2WnnZXAm2aO5JMvaEVM1zlpR6BdaLM2026-03-22 10:51:02.220190+00:002026-03-22 10:51:02.595615+00:00AIDA Claim 8: The Sentinel-2 Level-1C satellite observation was successfully converted to a HE...2026-03-22 10:51:02.220190+00:00https://w3id.org/sciencelive/np/RAAES9N-NOvhLFhdkybwLFzvx6sseVlH8B5t6woBpJf_Y2026-03-22 10:50:53.297244+00:002026-03-22 10:50:53.658092+00:00AIDA Claim 5: The HEALPix Discrete Global Grid System (DGGS) can be applied to both ocean mode...2026-03-22 10:50:53.297244+00:00https://w3id.org/sciencelive/np/RAISh_0MxXiTLY_5F1FUo0hECp2wPhI0RsLbPeiamW6pw2026-03-22 10:50:59.299305+00:002026-03-22 10:50:59.670709+00:00AIDA Claim 7: Mean aggregation between levels is used for resampling in the HEALPix multiscale...2026-03-22 10:50:59.299305+00:00https://w3id.org/sciencelive/np/RAJwqE_J7SsyDKi3aH6MkLvJlMf0N_9mVlx83_Ka0jT9M2026-03-22 10:51:08.175488+00:002026-03-22 10:51:08.570679+00:00AIDA Claim 10: The Sentinel-2 Level-1C satellite observation can be converted to a HEALPix DGGS...2026-03-22 10:51:08.175488+00:00https://w3id.org/sciencelive/np/RAaJZOla75L703Yidp2zrTxDPLxKKaUVyCyr3GRacTtAI2026-03-22 10:50:44.309113+00:002026-03-22 10:50:44.682697+00:00AIDA Claim 2: The HEALPix multiscale pyramid has 11 levels, with the finest level having a res...2026-03-22 10:50:44.309113+00:00https://w3id.org/sciencelive/np/RAbOTm3IKX_isnQvjnNePD9i6I1EiwqjFeukAwDvH7avY2026-03-22 10:51:05.331972+00:002026-03-22 10:51:05.672327+00:00AIDA Claim 9: I-ADOPT variable decomposition is applied to the metadata of the Sentinel-2 Leve...2026-03-22 10:51:05.331972+00:00https://w3id.org/sciencelive/np/RAoxsjIwlHNmLaHjZ5isgye2W7ttFTtk7H6NVdBvugGJY2026-03-22 10:50:40.600533+00:002026-03-22 10:50:40.958827+00:00AIDA Claim 1: The HEALPix DGGS multiscale pyramid allows for efficient visualization of Sentin...2026-03-22 10:50:40.600533+00:00https://w3id.org/sciencelive/np/RAridbsSM86NKY8_8ndXhNBX563gMIHNrR7hBy8hCR0XE2026-03-22 10:50:56.145571+00:002026-03-22 10:50:56.546047+00:00AIDA Claim 6: The Sentinel-2 Level-1C satellite observation is converted to a HEALPix DGGS mul...2026-03-22 10:50:56.145571+00:00Environmental research0https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/5cdbb82c-6147-4585-832e-0f203ab639f8/crate/download/2026-03-20 18:23:31.546150+00:002026-04-11 07:31:21.242662+00:002026-03-20 18:23:31.546150+00:00Climatic database about Portugal, Madeira and Azores.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/5cdbb82c-6147-4585-832e-0f203ab639f8Horizon Europe EOSC FAIR2Adapt projectProject titledelivery datedocument descriptiongovernance activitygovernance reportgovernance structure implementationimplementation profileproject managementstructure implementationwork programmeTest CS4MANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "Test CS4." ROHub. Mar 20 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/5cdbb82c-6147-4585-832e-0f203ab639f8.Portugal18.5858585858585818.4Earth SciencesPortugal23.36683417085427518.6Other Environmental SciencesPortugalStructural/physical: Ecosystem-baseddatabase18.59296482412060314.8test12.060301507537699.6EUMadeira22.86432160804020318.2Azores18.5858585858585818.4MadeiraGovernment/ Public SectorOther Earth Sciencesdatabase15.35353535353535115.2Environmental SciencesAzores23.11557788944723418.4Madeira17.97979797979797617.8Data on climatetest CS49.409409409409419.4test8.9898989898989888.9Climate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsPhysical and TechnologicalKey Type MeasuresCS420.505050505050520.3FundingKnowledge Sector (EEA)ClimatologyClimate HazardGeosciences (General)IT-computer sciencesScience and technology/Technology and engineering/IT-computer sciencesUser Needs (RAST)PortugalNational policyClimate change impacts, risks and adaptationIPCCMeteorology and climatologyTest CS4 Climatic database about Portugal, Madeira and Azores.100.0100.0climatic database90.5905905905905890.5StakeholdersSystemic Literature ReviewGeographical ScopeGeosciencesOceanographyWeatherWeatherMeteorologyScience and technology/Natural science/MeteorologyPolicy ScaleAzoresWildfiresMethodologyEsteban GonzalezEarth scienceshttps://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.191255172026-03-21 12:45:25.444387+00:002026-03-21 12:45:27.225023+00:00Data of the street outlines in the city of Hamburg.Hamburg Street Data2026-03-21 12:45:25.444387+00:00861d719d-fe10-4b8e-a274-c2688593b709POINT (9.994812011718752 53.57293832648609)9.99481201171875253.57293832648609POINT (9.994812011718752 53.57293832648609)d8f03ff1-8ad1-455a-89d8-8bfe450285e0POLYGON ((9.819030761718752 53.49294782332984, 9.819030761718752 53.63405351645887, 10.206298828125002 53.63405351645887, 10.206298828125002 53.49294782332984, 9.819030761718752 53.49294782332984))POLYGON ((9.819030761718752 53.49294782332984, 9.819030761718752 53.63405351645887, 10.206298828125002 53.63405351645887, 10.206298828125002 53.49294782332984, 9.819030761718752 53.49294782332984))9.819030761718752 53.49294782332984, 9.819030761718752 53.63405351645887, 10.206298828125002 53.63405351645887, 10.206298828125002 53.49294782332984, 9.819030761718752 53.492947823329840https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/1884b780-507e-4447-975c-87b970c5b503/crate/download/2026-03-21 12:43:13.627334+00:002026-03-23 09:46:24.296804+00:002026-03-21 12:43:13.627334+00:00Data of the street outlines in the city of Hamburg.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/1884b780-507e-4447-975c-87b970c5b503pluvial flood riskstreet dataHamburg Street DataMANUAL
https://w3id.org/ro/terms/earth-science#DataCentricResearchObjectTemplate
GONZALEZ GUARDIA, ESTEBAN. "Hamburg Street Data." ROHub. Mar 21 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/1884b780-507e-4447-975c-87b970c5b503.POINT (9.994812011718752 53.57293832648609)POLYGON ((9.819030761718752 53.49294782332984, 9.819030761718752 53.63405351645887, 10.206298828125002 53.63405351645887, 10.206298828125002 53.49294782332984, 9.819030761718752 53.49294782332984))metadatadataraw databibliocity of Hamburg35.8717434869739535.8Geosciences (General)Data on climatestreet34.6215780998389721.5GeneralLand use planningKey Type MeasuresLocal policyStakeholdersNational government agenciesHamburg26.40901771336553616.4Hamburg17.21721721721721817.2Systemic Literature Reviewstreet19.9199199199199219.9city38.96940418679549424.2Fundingoutline in the city of Hamburg0.100200400801603210.1Land useMethodologynoneGeneralClimate HazardUser Needs (RAST)Engineering (General)Hamburg Street Data Data of the street62.32464929859719462.2Physical and TechnologicalIPCCGovernment/ Public SectorClimate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsHamburg Street Data Data39.3393393393393439.3Hamburg Street Data Data of the street outlines in the city of Hamburg.100.0100.0GeosciencesKnowledge Sector (EEA)Policy ScaleGeographical ScopeStructural/physical: Engineered and built environmentsEngineeringHamburgHamburg Street Data Dataoutline in the city1.70340681362725471.7European Continentcity23.52352352352352623.5ESTEBAN GONZALEZ GUARDIAEarth scienceshttps://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.191131462026-03-21 12:52:54.126993+00:002026-03-21 12:52:55.351508+00:00Data on the building level containing the number of inhabitants, the building type and the number of floors for each building. Furthermore, each building is assigned to its Statistical Unit (=Urban District) and the corresponding social vulnerability data.Hamburg: Preprocessed Data on the Building Level2026-03-21 12:52:54.126993+00:00POLYGON ((9.830017089843752 53.5117346755535, 9.830017089843752 53.63812471860769, 10.128021240234377 53.63812471860769, 10.128021240234377 53.5117346755535, 9.830017089843752 53.5117346755535))9.830017089843752 53.5117346755535, 9.830017089843752 53.63812471860769, 10.128021240234377 53.63812471860769, 10.128021240234377 53.5117346755535, 9.830017089843752 53.5117346755535e3a4512b-43a9-47aa-ae82-56f6151449acPOLYGON ((9.830017089843752 53.5117346755535, 9.830017089843752 53.63812471860769, 10.128021240234377 53.63812471860769, 10.128021240234377 53.5117346755535, 9.830017089843752 53.5117346755535))0https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/6984727e-5804-4de7-98cf-36068c22c426/crate/download/2026-03-21 12:50:10.527429+00:002026-04-11 03:16:51.462372+00:002026-03-21 12:50:10.527429+00:00Data on the building level containing the number of inhabitants, the building type and the number of floors for each building. Furthermore, each building is assigned to its Statistical Unit (=Urban District) and the corresponding social vulnerability data.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/6984727e-5804-4de7-98cf-36068c22c426Hamburgbuilding levelpluvial flood risksocial vulnerabilityHamburg: Preprocessed Data on the Building LevelMANUAL
https://w3id.org/ro/terms/earth-science#DataCentricResearchObjectTemplate
GONZALEZ GUARDIA, ESTEBAN. "Hamburg: Preprocessed Data on the Building Level." ROHub. Mar 21 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/6984727e-5804-4de7-98cf-36068c22c426.POLYGON ((9.830017089843752 53.5117346755535, 9.830017089843752 53.63812471860769, 10.128021240234377 53.63812471860769, 10.128021240234377 53.5117346755535, 9.830017089843752 53.5117346755535))bibliodataraw datametadataMathematical and computer sciencesStructural/physical: Engineered and built environmentsMathematical and computer sciences (general)building23.50877192982456520.1Preparing the groundMethodologydata on the Building Level Data5.8641975308641975.7GeosciencesEngineeringvulnerability8.3040935672514627.1Fundingdata23.2124352331606222.4Statistics and probabilityvulnerability data27.46913580246913626.7Engineering (General)Buildings and constructionClimate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsUser Needs (RAST)Policy ScaleIPCCClimate HazardBuildingsConstruction and propertyEconomy, business and finance/Economic sector/Construction and propertybuilding level33.7448559670781832.8Environmental SciencesHamburg10.4093567251461988.9floor10.67357512953367810.3HamburgStatisticsconstruction industry52.5179856115107957.3Physical and TechnologicalPortugalStakeholdersbuilding20.62176165803108319.9building type23.2510288065843622.6Hamburg8.2901554404145078.0Key Type MeasuresGeosciences (General)Mathematical SciencesHousing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policyexposure6.9430051813471496.7Systemic Literature ReviewFurthermore, each building is assigned to its Statistical Unit (=Urban District) and the corresponding social vulnerability data.46.34634634634634446.3Regional policyfloor11.3450292397660819.7statistical unit5.5958549222797925.4data26.78362573099415322.9noneGovernment/ Public SectorGeneralOther Environmental SciencesHamburg: Preprocessed Data on the Building Level Data on the building level containing the number of inhabitants, the building type and the number of floors for each building.53.6536536536536553.6level11.4619883040935689.8inhabitant6.1139896373056995.9Knowledge Sector (EEA)number7.66839378238341857.4Computer systemsstorey10.8808290155440410.5Geographical Scopenumber of floor9.6707818930041159.4computer science47.482014388489216.6Generalnumber8.1871345029239777.0National government agenciesESTEBAN GONZALEZ GUARDIAEarth sciences10.24424/e8am-pd37https://github.com/FAIR2Adapt/urban_pfr_toolbox_hamburg2026-03-21 12:56:39.535363+00:002026-03-21 12:56:42.651509+00:00Python package conversion of the ArcGIS workflow from Urban Pluvial Flood Risk Mapping: A High-Resolution Assessment for the City of Hamburg (von Szombathely et al., 2025).Urban Pluvial Flood Risk Assessment2026-03-21 12:56:39.535363+00:00POLYGON ((9.849243164062502 53.525615259225226, 9.849243164062502 53.643009642582335, 10.1898193359375 53.643009642582335, 10.1898193359375 53.525615259225226, 9.849243164062502 53.525615259225226))9.849243164062502 53.525615259225226, 9.849243164062502 53.643009642582335, 10.1898193359375 53.643009642582335, 10.1898193359375 53.525615259225226, 9.849243164062502 53.525615259225226ad6788c7-ad07-4290-b24b-cd990a931c1dPOLYGON ((9.849243164062502 53.525615259225226, 9.849243164062502 53.643009642582335, 10.1898193359375 53.643009642582335, 10.1898193359375 53.525615259225226, 9.849243164062502 53.525615259225226))0https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/8ee17c14-089e-40a7-98ea-023dd03358fc/crate/download/2026-03-21 12:55:13.194418+00:002026-04-21 18:38:20.301920+00:002026-03-21 12:55:13.194418+00:00Python package conversion of the ArcGIS workflow from Urban Pluvial Flood Risk Mapping: A High-Resolution Assessment for the City of Hamburg (von Szombathely et al., 2025).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/8ee17c14-089e-40a7-98ea-023dd03358fcUrban Pluvial Flood Risk AssessmentMANUAL
https://w3id.org/ro/terms/earth-science#ExecutableResearchObjectTemplate
GONZALEZ GUARDIA, ESTEBAN. "Urban Pluvial Flood Risk Assessment." ROHub. Mar 21 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/8ee17c14-089e-40a7-98ea-023dd03358fc.POLYGON ((9.849243164062502 53.525615259225226, 9.849243164062502 53.643009642582335, 10.1898193359375 53.643009642582335, 10.1898193359375 53.525615259225226, 9.849243164062502 53.525615259225226))outputbiblioinputtoolSzombathely11.5335868187579239.1Identification of risksWeatherWeatherEnvironmental Science and Managementpython17.74891774891774812.3Knowledge and Behavioural ChangeComputer Softwareassessment15.72871572871572910.9workflow12.2655122655122668.5Academia/ Research InstitutionsAcademic/ Institutionalflood risk assessment python package conversion5.7511737089201874.9package19.62481962481962613.6Szombathely13.1313131313131319.1Knowledge Sector (EEA)Climate Hazardassessment13.81495564005069810.9Meteorology and climatologyconversion of the ArcGIS workflow32.2769953051643127.5Stakeholdersflood risk18.2509505703422114.4Key Type MeasuresLanguageArts, culture and entertainment/Culture/LanguageEngineeringflood risk assessment python package conversion of the ArcGIS workflow3.52112676056337963.0UrbanMathematical and computer sciencesComputer programming and softwarevon Szombathely8.685446009389677.4package17.4904942965779513.8Geosciences (General)GeosciencesHamburg13.708513708513719.5Local policyModeling/ SimulationHamburg12.0405576679340959.5Policy ScaleHamburgGeographical Scopeworkflow10.8998732572877078.6FundingEnvironment pollutionSzombathelyEnvironmental SciencesInformation and Computing SciencesnoneUser Needs (RAST)python15.96958174904943212.6IPCCClimate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsExtreme weather: floods, droughts, heatwavesFloodingFluid mechanics and thermodynamicsnonecity7.7922077922077925.4Urban and Regional Planningassessment python package conversion49.7652582159624342.4Built Environment and DesignUrban Pluvial Flood Risk Assessment Python package conversion of the ArcGIS workflow from Urban Pluvial Flood Risk Mapping: A High-Resolution Assessment for the City of Hamburg (von Szombathely et al., 2025)100.0100.0MethodologyESTEBAN GONZALEZ GUARDIAApplied scienceshttps://fair2adapt.duckdns.org/afouilloux-noresm/JRAOC20TRNRPv2_2010-2018.zarr2026-03-21 14:36:50.419688+00:002026-03-21 14:36:51.227235+00:00JRAOC20TRNRPv2_2010-2018.zarr2026-03-21 14:36:50.419688+00:00https://fair2adapt.github.io/riomar-dashboard/2026-03-20 15:22:58.427334+00:002026-03-21 13:58:21.687298+00:00DashboardDashboard2026-03-20 15:22:58.427334+00:00https://fair2adapt.duckdns.org/afouilloux-noresm/JRAOC20TRNRPv2_2010-2018.zarr2026-03-21 13:58:22.446540+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/1f0b5044-ae4f-483d-b7a2-48a5a6ac3965/crate/download/2026-02-20 22:03:58.321018+00:002026-03-23 09:45:52.099813+00:002026-02-20 22:03:58.321018+00:00Ocean reanalysis data from the **NorESM2/BLOM** model (JRA-OC20 forcing), providing monthly average sea surface temperature and 3D ocean temperature fields for 2010–2018.
### Dataset
- **Variables**: sea surface temperature (SST), ocean temperature on 53 sigma density levels
- **Temporal coverage**: January 2010 – December 2018, monthly averages (108 timesteps)
- **Spatial coverage**: Near-global ocean (-80°S to 90°N), BLOM tripolar curvilinear grid (385×360)
- **Grid**: Original BLOM tripolar curvilinear grid with 2D latitude/longitude coordinates
- **Format**: Cloud-optimized Zarr (Zstd compressed)
### FAIRification
- NetCDF model outputs converted to Zarr with 2D coordinates from the BLOM grid file
- Served through an authenticated HTTPS proxy for access-controlled sharing
- Machine-actionable: `schema:ViewAction` links the dataset to the [FAIR2Adapt dashboard](https://fair2adapt.github.io/riomar-dashboard/) for interactive visualization
- Metadata enriched with [I-ADOPT](https://i-adopt.github.io/) variable decomposition
### Context
Part of the [FAIR2Adapt](https://fair2adapt.eu) project. Data generated by Yanchun He (NERSC) and formatted by NERSC under the FAIR2Adapt project (EU grant 101188256). Licensed under CC-BY 4.0.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/1f0b5044-ae4f-483d-b7a2-48a5a6ac3965FAIR2Adapt ARCTIC — NorESM2 ocean reanalysis (SST + Temperature) 2010-2018MANUAL
https://w3id.org/ro/terms/earth-science#ExecutableResearchObjectTemplate
Fouilloux, Anne. "FAIR2Adapt ARCTIC — NorESM2 ocean reanalysis (SST + Temperature) 2010-2018." ROHub. Feb 20 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/1f0b5044-ae4f-483d-b7a2-48a5a6ac3965.View ARCTIC dataset in dashboardhttps://fair2adapt.github.io/riomar-dashboard/#{dataset_url}tooloutputinputbiblioGlobal ocean (-80S to 90N)Ocean surface temperatureTemperaturere-analysis5.8371735791090623.8108 timestepsNorESM2sea surface temperature13.0136986301369865.7information technology31.6455696202531667.5Physical and TechnologicalInformation Systemsproxy server8.7557603686635935.7Earth SciencesOceansEnvironment/Natural resources/Water/OceansMeteorology and climatologyGeosciencesEngineering (General)Cloud-optimized Zarr16.50485436893203710.2FAIR2Adapt ARCTIC — NorESM2 ocean reanalysis (SST + Temperature) 2010-2018 Ocean reanalysis data from the **NorESM2/BLOM** model (JRA-OC20 forcing), providing monthly average sea surface temperature and 3D ocean temperature fields for 2010–2018.46.5116279069767440.0coordinate12.785388127853885.6European Continentdatabase26.5822784810126586.3User Needs (RAST)Key Type MeasuresWeather statisticWeather/Weather statisticsea surface temperature11.827956989247317.7Environmental Science and ManagementPolicy ScaleEnvironmental SciencesYanchun HeNERSCGeosciences (General)Fluid mechanics and thermodynamicsClimate HazardData on climate-relate hazardsData FormatEngineeringoutput8.7557603686635935.7Oceanography### FAIRification
- NetCDF model outputs converted to Zarr with 2D coordinates from the BLOM grid file
- Served through an authenticated HTTPS proxy for access-controlled sharing
- Machine-actionable: `schema:ViewAction` links the dataset to the [FAIR2Adapt dashboard](https://fair2adapt.github.io/riomar-dashboard/) for interactive visualization
- Metadata enriched with [I-ADOPT](https://i-adopt.github.io/) variable decomposition22.09302325581395419.0ClimatologyComputer SoftwareEuropean Uniongrid14.155251141552516.2Information and Computing SciencesSea Level Riseocean temperature23.30097087378640814.4### Dataset
- **Variables**: sea surface temperature (SST), ocean temperature on 53 sigma density levels
- **Temporal coverage**: January 2010 – December 2018, monthly averages (108 timesteps)
- **Spatial coverage**: Near-global ocean (-80°S to 90°N), BLOM tripolar curvilinear grid (385×360)
- **Grid**: Original BLOM tripolar curvilinear grid with 2D latitude/longitude coordinates
- **Format**: Cloud-optimized Zarr (Zstd compressed)31.395348837209327.0Geographical ScopeZstdIT-computer sciencesScience and technology/Technology and engineering/IT-computer sciencesOceanographyNo policy or regulationBLOM14.3835616438356146.3FundingMethodologyKnowledge Sector (EEA)dataset15.7534246575342456.9Academia/ Research InstitutionsZarrgrid network13.0568356374807978.5NetCDFcoordinate11.6743471582181247.6BLOM grid26.05177993527508616.1ocean reanalysis14.5631067961165059.0Jan-2010 - Dec-2018Zarr12.5570776255707755.5dataset13.9784946236559129.1Structural/physical: Technologicalhttp17.351598173515987.6http15.82181259600614210.3Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectorstemperature10.2918586789554516.7PhysicsBLOM tripolar curvilinear grid19.5792880258899712.1Climate change impacts, risks and adaptationnone2010-2018computer science41.772151898734189.9IPCCStakeholdersPhysics (General)Academic/ InstitutionalEnvironmental research0https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/ce925871-0304-45ba-adbf-782342f5c639/crate/download/2026-03-22 18:33:57.984278+00:002026-03-23 12:37:23.421624+00:002026-03-22 18:33:57.984278+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/ce925871-0304-45ba-adbf-782342f5c639A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 22 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/ce925871-0304-45ba-adbf-782342f5c639.summerIPCCdependent territory6.255.1of summerGeosciences (General)physics30.5732484076433124.8Climate change impacts, risks and adaptationLisbonMathematical Sciencessensitivity13.9601139601139614.9Earth SciencesMathematical Physicsland-use23.9316239316239328.4disentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0between 1951-1980Climate changeEnvironment/Climate changesensitivity8.3333333333333346.8This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4climate5.7598039215686274.7Physical Sciencesresult6.617647058823535.4maximum5.5147058823529414.5mean temperature11.1519607843137269.1Physical and TechnologicalClimatologyClimate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsGeosciencesmean temperature18.2336182336182346.4Fundingland-use property27.240143369175637.6temperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2Extreme heatPortugalStatisticsmeteorology69.426751592356710.9T max16.8458781362007174.7E20C13.6752136752136754.8Lisbon18.2336182336182346.4extrication6.255.1Climate HazardE20CStakeholdersCity in Portugalland-use14.33823529411764911.71981-2010 periodsHousing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policyUser Needs (RAST)temperature13.35784313725490310.9emissivity5.6372549019607844.6EngineeringStructural/physical: Ecosystem-basedOther Physical SciencesAcademic/ InstitutionalEnvironmental Science and ManagementMeteorology and climatologyThe improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4summer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9noneper 30 yearsfraction6.0049019607843154.9Atmospheric SciencesA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1Policy ScaleChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/ChemistryFluid mechanics and thermodynamicsNo policy or regulationGeographical ScopeEnvironmental SciencesAcademia/ Research InstitutionsLisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7Engineering (General)Lisbon10.7843137254901998.8Knowledge Sector (EEA)Key Type MeasuresMethodologyWeatherWeatherPreparing the groundEsteban GonzalezEnvironmental research0https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/871f8aa3-6675-4a67-a22b-557d9911af94/crate/download/2026-03-23 12:35:03.665944+00:002026-03-25 14:47:47.329308+00:002026-03-23 12:35:03.665944+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/871f8aa3-6675-4a67-a22b-557d9911af94A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 23 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/871f8aa3-6675-4a67-a22b-557d9911af94.sensitivity13.9601139601139614.9emissivity5.6372549019607844.6land-use23.9316239316239328.4Environmental Science and ManagementFundingAcademia/ Research InstitutionsEnvironmental Sciencestemperature13.35784313725490310.9Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectorsphysics30.5732484076433124.8User Needs (RAST)Climate changeEnvironment/Climate changeNo policy or regulationsummer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9climate5.7598039215686274.7PortugalEngineering (General)Lisbon10.7843137254901998.8MethodologyIPCCClimate HazardEngineeringdependent territory6.255.1This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4Other Physical SciencesMathematical SciencesWeatherWeatherLisbon18.2336182336182346.4Academic/ InstitutionalGeographical ScopeA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1Policy ScaleClimatologyE20CPreparing the groundStructural/physical: Ecosystem-basedtemperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2Stakeholdersdisentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0Mathematical PhysicsChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/Chemistryfraction6.0049019607843154.9City in Portugalmaximum5.5147058823529414.5Housing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policyPhysical and TechnologicalLisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7E20C13.6752136752136754.8Statisticsland-use property27.240143369175637.6Fluid mechanics and thermodynamicsT max16.8458781362007174.71981-2010 periodsmeteorology69.426751592356710.9mean temperature18.2336182336182346.4Atmospheric SciencesClimate change impacts, risks and adaptationsensitivity8.3333333333333346.8summerland-use14.33823529411764911.7Physical SciencesLisbonmean temperature11.1519607843137269.1Key Type Measuresbetween 1951-1980Meteorology and climatologyresult6.617647058823535.4The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4per 30 yearsKnowledge Sector (EEA)Earth SciencesExtreme heatextrication6.255.1noneof summerGeosciences (General)GeosciencesEsteban GonzalezEnvironmental research0https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/582b0124-cb3d-4ed4-b941-47e260792a81/crate/download/2026-03-23 12:55:10.444052+00:002026-03-25 14:44:38.324233+00:002026-03-23 12:55:10.444052+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/582b0124-cb3d-4ed4-b941-47e260792a81A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 23 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/582b0124-cb3d-4ed4-b941-47e260792a81.LisbonThis approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4meteorology69.426751592356710.9Structural/physical: Ecosystem-basedClimate changeEnvironment/Climate changeland-use14.33823529411764911.7Mathematical Sciencesemissivity5.6372549019607844.6of summerphysics30.5732484076433124.8maximum5.5147058823529414.5Extreme heatCity in Portugalextrication6.255.1Policy ScalenoneClimate change impacts, risks and adaptationresult6.617647058823535.4Physical and TechnologicalsummerFluid mechanics and thermodynamicsdisentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0between 1951-1980Engineeringmean temperature18.2336182336182346.4Mathematical PhysicsAcademia/ Research InstitutionsKey Type MeasuresHousing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policyper 30 yearsPortugalA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1sensitivity8.3333333333333346.8ClimatologyStatisticsGeographical ScopePhysical SciencesStakeholdersdependent territory6.255.1IPCCAcademic/ InstitutionalGeosciences (General)Climate HazardMeteorology and climatologyland-use property27.240143369175637.6Environmental Science and ManagementE20C13.6752136752136754.8GeosciencesWeatherWeatherThe improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4land-use23.9316239316239328.4temperature13.35784313725490310.9Preparing the groundChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/Chemistrytemperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2fraction6.0049019607843154.9Environmental Sciencessummer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9mean temperature11.1519607843137269.1T max16.8458781362007174.7Other Physical SciencesEngineering (General)Knowledge Sector (EEA)sensitivity13.9601139601139614.9Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectorsclimate5.7598039215686274.7Lisbon10.7843137254901998.8E20CUser Needs (RAST)No policy or regulationEarth SciencesAtmospheric SciencesLisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.71981-2010 periodsMethodologyLisbon18.2336182336182346.4FundingEsteban GonzalezEnvironmental research0https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/6bb432f6-cafb-4999-a0a8-37acca5d6874/crate/download/2026-03-23 15:14:37.942775+00:002026-03-25 14:44:15.880108+00:002026-03-23 15:14:37.942775+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/6bb432f6-cafb-4999-a0a8-37acca5d6874A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 23 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/6bb432f6-cafb-4999-a0a8-37acca5d6874.sensitivity13.9601139601139614.9disentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4Geosciences (General)Climate change impacts, risks and adaptationGeosciencesAcademic/ Institutionalmean temperature18.2336182336182346.4sensitivity8.3333333333333346.8emissivity5.6372549019607844.6land-use property27.240143369175637.6mean temperature11.1519607843137269.1Engineering (General)Academia/ Research Institutionsland-use23.9316239316239328.4IPCCnonebetween 1951-1980Mathematical SciencesNo policy or regulationmaximum5.5147058823529414.5Preparing the groundtemperature13.35784313725490310.9Policy ScaleFundingEngineeringextrication6.255.1Climate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsStatisticsExtreme heatStakeholdersE20CT max16.8458781362007174.7User Needs (RAST)Climate Hazardtemperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2land-use14.33823529411764911.7E20C13.6752136752136754.8Knowledge Sector (EEA)Other Physical SciencesMathematical PhysicsLisbon18.2336182336182346.4Meteorology and climatologyPhysical Sciencesclimate5.7598039215686274.7of summersummerMethodologyPhysical and TechnologicalEarth SciencesStructural/physical: Ecosystem-basedphysics30.5732484076433124.8meteorology69.426751592356710.9Environmental Science and ManagementClimatologyGeographical ScopeLisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7dependent territory6.255.1Atmospheric SciencesFluid mechanics and thermodynamicsLisbon10.7843137254901998.8per 30 yearsPortugalClimate changeEnvironment/Climate changesummer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9Environmental Sciencesfraction6.0049019607843154.9Key Type MeasuresLisbonChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/Chemistryresult6.617647058823535.4WeatherWeatherCity in PortugalHousing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy1981-2010 periodsThis approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4Esteban GonzalezEnvironmental research0https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/ddf399fc-b532-4e4e-9b13-1796a7a144d7/crate/download/2026-03-23 17:27:30.746575+00:002026-03-25 14:43:04.015341+00:002026-03-23 17:27:30.746575+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/ddf399fc-b532-4e4e-9b13-1796a7a144d7A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 23 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/ddf399fc-b532-4e4e-9b13-1796a7a144d7.Climatologysensitivity13.9601139601139614.9land-use property27.240143369175637.6land-use23.9316239316239328.4E20C13.6752136752136754.8IPCCUser Needs (RAST)Climate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsGeographical ScopeEngineering (General)Geosciences (General)E20Cclimate5.7598039215686274.7summer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4per 30 yearsAcademia/ Research InstitutionsKey Type Measuresdisentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0result6.617647058823535.4Extreme heatextrication6.255.1Lisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4WeatherWeatherland-use14.33823529411764911.7Mathematical PhysicsFundingCity in Portugalmean temperature18.2336182336182346.4Housing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policyPolicy ScaleLisbon10.7843137254901998.8Preparing the groundEnvironmental Science and ManagementNo policy or regulationT max16.8458781362007174.7A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1emissivity5.6372549019607844.6fraction6.0049019607843154.9physics30.5732484076433124.8GeosciencesLisbon18.2336182336182346.4Meteorology and climatology1981-2010 periodstemperature13.35784313725490310.9EngineeringMathematical Sciencesmean temperature11.1519607843137269.1StatisticsnoneChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/ChemistryClimate changeEnvironment/Climate changesummerOther Physical SciencesEnvironmental SciencesClimate change impacts, risks and adaptationStructural/physical: Ecosystem-basedMethodologyLisbonAtmospheric SciencesPhysical and Technologicalbetween 1951-1980Stakeholdersmaximum5.5147058823529414.5of summersensitivity8.3333333333333346.8dependent territory6.255.1Climate Hazardmeteorology69.426751592356710.9Knowledge Sector (EEA)Physical SciencesPortugalAcademic/ InstitutionalEarth Sciencestemperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2Fluid mechanics and thermodynamicsEsteban GonzalezEnvironmental researchPortugalFundingE20C13.6752136752136754.8StatisticsPreparing the groundland-use14.33823529411764911.7Fluid mechanics and thermodynamicsGeosciences (General)WeatherWeatherUser Needs (RAST)T max16.8458781362007174.7emissivity5.6372549019607844.6summer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9Physical SciencesClimatologyClimate change impacts, risks and adaptationdisentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4Extreme heatsummerStructural/physical: Ecosystem-basedOther Physical Sciencesfraction6.0049019607843154.9of summerLisbonland-use23.9316239316239328.4Lisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7Environmental SciencesStakeholdersMathematical SciencesKey Type MeasuresEngineeringThis approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4Climate HazardAtmospheric Sciencesmeteorology69.426751592356710.9IPCCMathematical Physicssensitivity8.3333333333333346.8A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1Climate changeEnvironment/Climate changeE20Ctemperature13.35784313725490310.9Knowledge Sector (EEA)Geographical ScopeCity in Portugalnoneland-use property27.240143369175637.6Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectorsbetween 1951-1980temperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2No policy or regulationLisbon10.7843137254901998.8mean temperature11.1519607843137269.1dependent territory6.255.1Meteorology and climatologyPolicy ScaleMethodologyEarth Sciencesphysics30.5732484076433124.8ChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/Chemistry1981-2010 periodsEngineering (General)result6.617647058823535.4sensitivity13.9601139601139614.9mean temperature18.2336182336182346.4maximum5.5147058823529414.5Physical and TechnologicalHousing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policyper 30 yearsclimate5.7598039215686274.7extrication6.255.1GeosciencesAcademia/ Research InstitutionsEnvironmental Science and ManagementLisbon18.2336182336182346.4Academic/ Institutional0https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/f46983ca-a0f2-4b8e-a3ea-fce696d20d7a/crate/download/2026-03-24 00:10:50.927788+00:002026-03-25 14:47:16.207961+00:002026-03-24 00:10:50.927788+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/f46983ca-a0f2-4b8e-a3ea-fce696d20d7aA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/f46983ca-a0f2-4b8e-a3ea-fce696d20d7a.Esteban GonzalezEnvironmental research0https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/b4dd13a7-679a-4e2c-b3f0-16bee1c67b88/crate/download/2026-03-24 00:17:18.811253+00:002026-03-25 14:45:19.295237+00:002026-03-24 00:17:18.811253+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/b4dd13a7-679a-4e2c-b3f0-16bee1c67b88A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/b4dd13a7-679a-4e2c-b3f0-16bee1c67b88.summerHousing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policytemperature13.35784313725490310.9User Needs (RAST)physics30.5732484076433124.8maximum5.5147058823529414.5per 30 yearsEarth SciencesClimatologyPreparing the groundChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/ChemistryStakeholdersKey Type Measuressensitivity8.3333333333333346.8WeatherWeatherE20CAcademic/ InstitutionalClimate change impacts, risks and adaptationGeosciencesmeteorology69.426751592356710.9Engineering (General)Academia/ Research InstitutionsThe improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4fraction6.0049019607843154.9Extreme heatland-use23.9316239316239328.4noneMathematical Sciencesland-use14.33823529411764911.7mean temperature18.2336182336182346.4Mathematical Physicsof summerPortugalThis approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4IPCCGeographical Scoperesult6.617647058823535.4Knowledge Sector (EEA)No policy or regulationGeosciences (General)Climate Hazardmean temperature11.1519607843137269.1Lisbon10.7843137254901998.8dependent territory6.255.1Environmental SciencesMethodologyMeteorology and climatologyPhysical SciencesClimate changeEnvironment/Climate changeland-use property27.240143369175637.6FundingFluid mechanics and thermodynamicsbetween 1951-1980Engineeringclimate5.7598039215686274.7T max16.8458781362007174.7extrication6.255.1StatisticsLisbonCity in PortugalAtmospheric SciencesStructural/physical: Ecosystem-basedsummer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9Lisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7temperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2Policy Scaleemissivity5.6372549019607844.6disentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.11981-2010 periodsClimate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsEnvironmental Science and ManagementPhysical and TechnologicalLisbon18.2336182336182346.4sensitivity13.9601139601139614.9E20C13.6752136752136754.8Other Physical SciencesEsteban GonzalezEnvironmental research0https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/140d2b83-a813-40a0-8abd-9cf30783f321/crate/download/2026-03-24 00:19:30.322056+00:002026-03-25 13:38:59.672334+00:002026-03-24 00:19:30.322056+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/140d2b83-a813-40a0-8abd-9cf30783f321A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/140d2b83-a813-40a0-8abd-9cf30783f321.Knowledge Sector (EEA)climate5.7598039215686274.7Geosciences (General)FundingClimate Hazardof summerGeosciencesHousing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policyPortugalland-use14.33823529411764911.7MethodologyClimate changeEnvironment/Climate changeLisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7mean temperature11.1519607843137269.1between 1951-1980Lisbon18.2336182336182346.4Engineering (General)nonemaximum5.5147058823529414.5land-use property27.240143369175637.6meteorology69.426751592356710.9physics30.5732484076433124.8Other Physical SciencesPolicy ScaleGeographical ScopeEnvironmental Sciencesextrication6.255.1The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4Climatologyemissivity5.6372549019607844.6Mathematical Sciences1981-2010 periodsresult6.617647058823535.4Meteorology and climatologyMathematical PhysicsWeatherWeathersensitivity8.3333333333333346.8Academic/ Institutionaltemperature13.35784313725490310.9Preparing the groundtemperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2User Needs (RAST)Key Type MeasuressummerEarth SciencesE20CAtmospheric SciencesStatisticsExtreme heatmean temperature18.2336182336182346.4land-use23.9316239316239328.4Lisbon10.7843137254901998.8Structural/physical: Ecosystem-basedsummer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9dependent territory6.255.1This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4Fluid mechanics and thermodynamicsLisbondisentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0Environmental Science and ManagementIPCCper 30 yearsA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1Climate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsEngineeringStakeholdersT max16.8458781362007174.7Climate change impacts, risks and adaptationAcademia/ Research Institutionssensitivity13.9601139601139614.9fraction6.0049019607843154.9City in PortugalPhysical SciencesNo policy or regulationPhysical and TechnologicalE20C13.6752136752136754.8ChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/ChemistryEsteban GonzalezEnvironmental researchhttps://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f2026-03-24 00:22:55.319849+00:002026-03-24 00:22:56.412088+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon2026-03-24 00:22:55.319849+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/19b58956-ef0d-4777-af80-cffc3d1467f5/crate/download/2026-03-24 00:22:53.709226+00:002026-03-25 14:45:41.263600+00:002026-03-24 00:22:53.709226+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/19b58956-ef0d-4777-af80-cffc3d1467f5A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/19b58956-ef0d-4777-af80-cffc3d1467f5.Engineering (General)PortugalClimate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectorsland-use23.9316239316239328.4Environmental Sciencesland-use14.33823529411764911.7land-use property27.240143369175637.6Mathematical SciencesChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/ChemistryPhysical Sciencesdisentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0Lisbon10.7843137254901998.8Mathematical PhysicsStakeholdersOther Physical Sciencesmean temperature11.1519607843137269.1between 1951-1980ClimatologyExtreme heatsensitivity13.9601139601139614.9Lisbonresult6.617647058823535.4extrication6.255.1This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4StatisticsGeosciences (General)Engineeringfraction6.0049019607843154.9Atmospheric Sciencesclimate5.7598039215686274.7emissivity5.6372549019607844.6The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4Physical and TechnologicalAcademia/ Research InstitutionsWeatherWeatherClimate change impacts, risks and adaptationnonetemperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2physics30.5732484076433124.8Geographical Scopemeteorology69.426751592356710.9User Needs (RAST)FundingMeteorology and climatologyper 30 yearsdependent territory6.255.1mean temperature18.2336182336182346.4summerLisbon18.2336182336182346.4Environmental Science and ManagementA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1GeosciencesCity in PortugalE20C13.6752136752136754.8Fluid mechanics and thermodynamicsKey Type MeasuresKnowledge Sector (EEA)Earth SciencesAcademic/ InstitutionalClimate changeEnvironment/Climate changeE20CPolicy ScalePreparing the groundLisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7MethodologyIPCC1981-2010 periodsmaximum5.5147058823529414.5of summerClimate HazardT max16.8458781362007174.7Structural/physical: Ecosystem-basedHousing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policyNo policy or regulationsummer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9sensitivity8.3333333333333346.8temperature13.35784313725490310.9Esteban GonzalezEnvironmental researchhttps://doi.org/10.1080/106433808022381372026-03-24 01:17:45.860419+00:002026-03-24 01:17:46.945369+00:00This paper reviews the European summer heat wave of 2003, with special emphasis on the first half of August 2003, jointly with its significant societal and environmental impact across Western and Central Europe. We show the pattern of record-breaking temperature anomalies, discuss it in the context of the past, and address the role of the main contributing factors responsible for the occurrence and persistence of this event: blocking episodes, soil moisture deficit, and sea surface temperatures. We show that the anticyclonic pattern corresponds more to an anomalous northern displacement of the North Atlantic subtropical high than a canonical blocking structure, and that soil moisture deficit was a key factor to reach unprecedented temperature anomalies. There are indications that the anomalous Mediterranean Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) have contributed to the heat wave of 2003, whereas the role of SST anomalies in other oceanic regions is still under debate. There are methodological limitations to evaluate excess mortality due to excessive temperatures; however, the different studies available in the literature allow us to estimate that around 40,000 deaths were registered in Europe during the heat wave, mostly elderly persons. Despite previous efforts undertaken by a few cities to implement warning systems, this dramatic episode has highlighted the widespread un-preparedness of most civil and health authorities to cope with such large events. Therefore, the implementation of early warning systems in most European cities to mitigate the impact of extreme heat is the main consequence to diminish the impact of future similar events. In addition to mortality (by far the most dramatic impact), we have also analyzed the record-breaking forest fires in Portugal and the evidence of other relevant impacts, including agriculture and air pollution.A Review of the European Summer Heat Wave of 20032026-03-24 01:17:45.860419+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/14b4b9e7-c8b7-42dd-b5b8-857330399855/crate/download/2026-03-24 01:17:44.353200+00:002026-03-25 14:42:56.836781+00:002026-03-24 01:17:44.353200+00:00This paper reviews the European summer heat wave of 2003, with special emphasis on the first half of August 2003, jointly with its significant societal and environmental impact across Western and Central Europe. We show the pattern of record-breaking temperature anomalies, discuss it in the context of the past, and address the role of the main contributing factors responsible for the occurrence and persistence of this event: blocking episodes, soil moisture deficit, and sea surface temperatures. We show that the anticyclonic pattern corresponds more to an anomalous northern displacement of the North Atlantic subtropical high than a canonical blocking structure, and that soil moisture deficit was a key factor to reach unprecedented temperature anomalies. There are indications that the anomalous Mediterranean Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) have contributed to the heat wave of 2003, whereas the role of SST anomalies in other oceanic regions is still under debate. There are methodological limitations to evaluate excess mortality due to excessive temperatures; however, the different studies available in the literature allow us to estimate that around 40,000 deaths were registered in Europe during the heat wave, mostly elderly persons. Despite previous efforts undertaken by a few cities to implement warning systems, this dramatic episode has highlighted the widespread un-preparedness of most civil and health authorities to cope with such large events. Therefore, the implementation of early warning systems in most European cities to mitigate the impact of extreme heat is the main consequence to diminish the impact of future similar events. In addition to mortality (by far the most dramatic impact), we have also analyzed the record-breaking forest fires in Portugal and the evidence of other relevant impacts, including agriculture and air pollution.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/14b4b9e7-c8b7-42dd-b5b8-857330399855A Review of the European Summer Heat Wave of 2003MANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A Review of the European Summer Heat Wave of 2003." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/14b4b9e7-c8b7-42dd-b5b8-857330399855.Ecological Applicationsrole7.24815724815724855.9Meteorology and climatologyPolicy ScaleEnvironmental pollutionEnvironment/Environmental pollutionPhysical and TechnologicalFundingKnowledge Sector (EEA)PortugalExtreme heat2003Structural/physical: Ecosystem-basedA Review of the European Summer Heat Wave of 2003 This paper reviews the European summer heat wave of 2003, with special emphasis on the first half of August 2003, jointly with its significant societal and environmental impact across Western and Central Europe.44.65648854961832423.4Earth SciencesClimate HazardPopulation growthEnvironment/Natural resources/Population growthEnvironmental Science and ManagementOther Biological SciencesAcademic/ Institutionalsoil moisture deficit34.3163538873994612.8Systemic Literature ReviewKey Type Measuresgeology24.5901639344262261.5Central EuropeMediterranean SeaMethodologyevent7.1253071253071265.8forest fire16.0762942779291545.9summermeteorology55.737704918032783.4Biological SciencesExtreme weather: floods, droughts, heatwavespreparedness11.7166212534059934.3HealthIPCChydrography19.672131147540981.2surface temperature12.8065395095367834.7summer heat wave25.4691689008042889.5Data on climate-relate hazardshealth authority11.9891008174386934.4Other Environmental SciencesGeographical Scopemortality rate8.7223587223587247.1Atmospheric Scienceson the first half of Aug-2003User Needs (RAST)GeosciencesClimate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectorshot weather16.21621621621621813.2of 2003warning system5.159705159705164.2European Continentreadiness8.2309582309582316.7StakeholdersRecords and achievementsHuman interest/Accomplishment/Records and achievementsWe show the pattern of record-breaking temperature anomalies, discuss it in the context of the past, and address the role of the main contributing factors responsible for the occurrence and persistence of this event: blocking episodes, soil moisture deficit, and sea surface temperatures.26.5267175572519113.9Environment pollutiondeficit11.7166212534059934.3European/ Subnational policyGeosciences (General)shortage8.3538083538083546.8indication5.28255528255528354.3WeatherWeatherWeather phenomenaWeather/Weather phenomenaEarth resources and remote sensingfactor5.5282555282555294.5health authority8.5995085995086017.0wildfire11.6707616707616739.5role of the main13.4048257372654145.0Mediterranean Sea surface temperatures17.158176943699736.4Environmental SciencesOther Earth SciencesGeologymortality11.7166212534059934.3record-breaking temperature anomalies9.6514745308310993.6Academia/ Research InstitutionsThere are indications that the anomalous Mediterranean Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) have contributed to the heat wave of 2003, whereas the role of SST anomalies in other oceanic regions is still under debate.28.81679389312977315.1heat wave23.9782016348773878.8impact7.86240786240786356.4EuropeEsteban GonzalezEnvironmental researchhttps://doi.org/10.1080/106433808022381372026-03-24 07:14:19.380860+00:002026-03-24 07:14:20.399545+00:00This paper reviews the European summer heat wave of 2003, with special emphasis on the first half of August 2003, jointly with its significant societal and environmental impact across Western and Central Europe. We show the pattern of record-breaking temperature anomalies, discuss it in the context of the past, and address the role of the main contributing factors responsible for the occurrence and persistence of this event: blocking episodes, soil moisture deficit, and sea surface temperatures. We show that the anticyclonic pattern corresponds more to an anomalous northern displacement of the North Atlantic subtropical high than a canonical blocking structure, and that soil moisture deficit was a key factor to reach unprecedented temperature anomalies. There are indications that the anomalous Mediterranean Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) have contributed to the heat wave of 2003, whereas the role of SST anomalies in other oceanic regions is still under debate. There are methodological limitations to evaluate excess mortality due to excessive temperatures; however, the different studies available in the literature allow us to estimate that around 40,000 deaths were registered in Europe during the heat wave, mostly elderly persons. Despite previous efforts undertaken by a few cities to implement warning systems, this dramatic episode has highlighted the widespread un-preparedness of most civil and health authorities to cope with such large events. Therefore, the implementation of early warning systems in most European cities to mitigate the impact of extreme heat is the main consequence to diminish the impact of future similar events. In addition to mortality (by far the most dramatic impact), we have also analyzed the record-breaking forest fires in Portugal and the evidence of other relevant impacts, including agriculture and air pollution.A Review of the European Summer Heat Wave of 20032026-03-24 07:14:19.380860+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/d5e7d8f9-36f3-4742-b9f5-382009a433d7/crate/download/2026-03-24 07:14:17.839290+00:002026-03-25 14:43:16.742924+00:002026-03-24 07:14:17.839290+00:00This paper reviews the European summer heat wave of 2003, with special emphasis on the first half of August 2003, jointly with its significant societal and environmental impact across Western and Central Europe. We show the pattern of record-breaking temperature anomalies, discuss it in the context of the past, and address the role of the main contributing factors responsible for the occurrence and persistence of this event: blocking episodes, soil moisture deficit, and sea surface temperatures. We show that the anticyclonic pattern corresponds more to an anomalous northern displacement of the North Atlantic subtropical high than a canonical blocking structure, and that soil moisture deficit was a key factor to reach unprecedented temperature anomalies. There are indications that the anomalous Mediterranean Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) have contributed to the heat wave of 2003, whereas the role of SST anomalies in other oceanic regions is still under debate. There are methodological limitations to evaluate excess mortality due to excessive temperatures; however, the different studies available in the literature allow us to estimate that around 40,000 deaths were registered in Europe during the heat wave, mostly elderly persons. Despite previous efforts undertaken by a few cities to implement warning systems, this dramatic episode has highlighted the widespread un-preparedness of most civil and health authorities to cope with such large events. Therefore, the implementation of early warning systems in most European cities to mitigate the impact of extreme heat is the main consequence to diminish the impact of future similar events. In addition to mortality (by far the most dramatic impact), we have also analyzed the record-breaking forest fires in Portugal and the evidence of other relevant impacts, including agriculture and air pollution.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/d5e7d8f9-36f3-4742-b9f5-382009a433d7A Review of the European Summer Heat Wave of 2003MANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A Review of the European Summer Heat Wave of 2003." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/d5e7d8f9-36f3-4742-b9f5-382009a433d7.Environment pollutionsummerKey Type MeasuresExtreme weather: floods, droughts, heatwavesEnvironmental pollutionEnvironment/Environmental pollutionrole of the main13.4048257372654145.0impact7.86240786240786356.4Atmospheric SciencesEarth Scienceshealth authority11.9891008174386934.4Academic/ InstitutionalGeosciences (General)We show the pattern of record-breaking temperature anomalies, discuss it in the context of the past, and address the role of the main contributing factors responsible for the occurrence and persistence of this event: blocking episodes, soil moisture deficit, and sea surface temperatures.26.5267175572519113.9Geographical ScopePhysical and Technological2003Biological SciencesKnowledge Sector (EEA)Healthindication5.28255528255528354.3mortality11.7166212534059934.3Earth resources and remote sensingwildfire11.6707616707616739.5Weather phenomenaWeather/Weather phenomenaEuropeData on climate-relate hazardsMediterranean Searole7.24815724815724855.9Records and achievementsHuman interest/Accomplishment/Records and achievementsPopulation growthEnvironment/Natural resources/Population growthreadiness8.2309582309582316.7Other Earth Scienceswarning system5.159705159705164.2WeatherWeatherEnvironmental Science and ManagementEuropean Continentforest fire16.0762942779291545.9mortality rate8.7223587223587247.1GeologyEnvironmental SciencesEuropean/ Subnational policyExtreme heatsurface temperature12.8065395095367834.7factor5.5282555282555294.5Mediterranean Sea surface temperatures17.158176943699736.4Meteorology and climatologySystemic Literature ReviewOther Biological SciencesFundingClimate Hazardon the first half of Aug-2003Structural/physical: Ecosystem-baseddeficit11.7166212534059934.3hydrography19.672131147540981.2heat wave23.9782016348773878.8There are indications that the anomalous Mediterranean Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) have contributed to the heat wave of 2003, whereas the role of SST anomalies in other oceanic regions is still under debate.28.81679389312977315.1StakeholdersIPCCPortugalsoil moisture deficit34.3163538873994612.8meteorology55.737704918032783.4of 2003A Review of the European Summer Heat Wave of 2003 This paper reviews the European summer heat wave of 2003, with special emphasis on the first half of August 2003, jointly with its significant societal and environmental impact across Western and Central Europe.44.65648854961832423.4hot weather16.21621621621621813.2Other Environmental SciencesEcological ApplicationsUser Needs (RAST)shortage8.3538083538083546.8preparedness11.7166212534059934.3Central EuropeMethodologyPolicy Scalesummer heat wave25.4691689008042889.5record-breaking temperature anomalies9.6514745308310993.6geology24.5901639344262261.5event7.1253071253071265.8Academia/ Research InstitutionsGeoscienceshealth authority8.5995085995086017.0Climate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsEsteban GonzalezEnvironmental researchhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2022.1275482026-03-24 07:17:49.352074+00:002026-03-24 07:17:50.439486+00:00Implementing measures to adapt and mitigate climate change effects in cities has been considered increasingly urgent since the quality of life, health, and well-being of urban residents is threatened by this change. Novel communities of plant species that emerge and thrive in the harsh conditions of cities may represent a promising opportunity to address climate change adaptation and mitigation through the planting design and management of urban green spaces. The objective of this study is to develop an adaptive planting design and management framework. The proposed framework is grounded on previous adaptive approaches and focuses on the opportunities emerging from novel plant communities in urban conditions. The framework comprises three main steps (1 – Climate change assessment, 2 – Plant species database, and 3 – Planting design and management procedure). A proposal on how the framework could be tested was developed for the city of Porto, Portugal. Still, the application of the framework can also be adjusted to other urban contexts, offering a starting point for experimentation and assessment of plants’ adaptation and mitigation capacities through design and management. As lack of knowledge and uncertainty about climate change limits global capacity to implement robust adaptation and mitigation strategies, building knowledge in an adaptive way and context-specific locations will be of paramount interest to tackle climate change in cities.Adaptive planting design and management framework for urban climate change adaptation and mitigation2026-03-24 07:17:49.352074+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/5a191e95-25b2-436f-9559-65c36a845789/crate/download/2026-03-24 07:17:47.285826+00:002026-03-25 14:42:27.266435+00:002026-03-24 07:17:47.285826+00:00Implementing measures to adapt and mitigate climate change effects in cities has been considered increasingly urgent since the quality of life, health, and well-being of urban residents is threatened by this change. Novel communities of plant species that emerge and thrive in the harsh conditions of cities may represent a promising opportunity to address climate change adaptation and mitigation through the planting design and management of urban green spaces. The objective of this study is to develop an adaptive planting design and management framework. The proposed framework is grounded on previous adaptive approaches and focuses on the opportunities emerging from novel plant communities in urban conditions. The framework comprises three main steps (1 – Climate change assessment, 2 – Plant species database, and 3 – Planting design and management procedure). A proposal on how the framework could be tested was developed for the city of Porto, Portugal. Still, the application of the framework can also be adjusted to other urban contexts, offering a starting point for experimentation and assessment of plants’ adaptation and mitigation capacities through design and management. As lack of knowledge and uncertainty about climate change limits global capacity to implement robust adaptation and mitigation strategies, building knowledge in an adaptive way and context-specific locations will be of paramount interest to tackle climate change in cities.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/5a191e95-25b2-436f-9559-65c36a845789Adaptive planting design and management framework for urban climate change adaptation and mitigationMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "Adaptive planting design and management framework for urban climate change adaptation and mitigation." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/5a191e95-25b2-436f-9559-65c36a845789.Geosciences (General)climate change adaptation12.2916666666666665.9management framework18.2773109243697438.7noneclimate change10.2439024390243928.4User Needs (RAST)Earth resources and remote sensingknowledge7.9268292682926856.5Policy ScaleIPCCSystemic Literature ReviewMethodologyStakeholdersOther Biological SciencesNovel communities of plant species that emerge and thrive in the harsh conditions of cities may represent a promising opportunity to address climate change adaptation and mitigation through the planting design and management of urban green spaces.39.1585760517799424.2Academic/ InstitutionalPortomitigation strategy30.46218487394957814.5GeosciencesLife sciences (General)Geographical ScopeEnvironmental Science and ManagementBiological Sciencesemergency measure17.19512195121951614.1Other Agricultural and Veterinary SciencesPreparing the groundrack7.31707317073170856.0pattern10.08.2Life sciencesClimate change impacts, risks and adaptationKnowledge Sector (EEA)Other Environmental Sciencesecology38.524590163934434.7AgricultureEconomy, business and finance/Economic sector/AgricultureEnvironment pollutionaim4.268292682926833.5WeatherWeatherstrategy5.1219512195121964.2Climate changeEnvironment/Climate changeplant species10.8333333333333345.2botany13.1147540983606561.6The objective of this study is to develop an adaptive planting design and management framework.22.16828478964401213.7Extreme heatplanting9.268292682926837.6European ContinentBuilt Environment and DesignKey Type MeasuresClimate Hazardmanagement5.0609756097560984.15planting design20.1680672268907569.6Environmental SciencesUrban and Regional PlanningMeteorology and climatologyEcological ApplicationsAdaptive planting design and management framework for urban climate change adaptation and mitigation Implementing measures to adapt and mitigate climate change effects in cities has been considered increasingly urgent since the quality of life, health, and well-being of urban residents is threatened by this change.38.67313915857605623.9Nature-based Solutions and Ecosystem-based ApproachNo policy or regulationmitigation26.66666666666666812.8opportunity12.0833333333333345.8framework11.0416666666666665.3Academia/ Research InstitutionsOther Built Environment and Designopportunity7.5609756097560996.2Agricultural and Veterinary Sciencesmitigation Implementing measure19.327731092436979.2locating4.3902439024390253.6community6.5853658536585385.4building knowledge11.764705882352945.6PlantHuman interest/Plantbiology24.590163934426233.0Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectorsmeteorology23.770491803278692.9knowledge12.56.0UrbanAgriculture, Land and Farm Managementplanting14.5833333333333347.0FundingEsteban GonzalezEnvironmental researchhttps://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ad75272026-03-24 07:22:00.899615+00:002026-03-24 07:22:01.922059+00:00Abstract
As extreme event attribution (EEA) matures, explaining the impacts of extreme events has risen to be a key focus for attribution scientists. Studies of this type usually assess the contribution of anthropogenic climate change to observed impacts. Other scientific communities have developed tools to assess how human activities influence impacts of extreme weather events on ecosystems and societies. For example, the disaster risk reduction (DRR) community analyses how the structure of human societies affects exposure, vulnerability, and ultimately the impacts of extreme weather events, with less attention to the role of anthropogenic climate change. In this perspective, we argue that adapting current practice in EEA to also consider other causal factors in attribution of extreme weather impacts would provide richer and more comprehensive insight into the causes of disasters. To this end, we propose a framework for EEA that would generate a more complete picture of human influences on impacts and bridge the gap between the EEA and DRR communities. We provide illustrations for five case studies: the 2021–2022 Kenyan drought; the 2013–2015 marine heatwave in the northeast Pacific; the 2017 forest fires in Portugal; Acqua Alta (flooding) events in Venice and evaluation of the efficiency of the Experimental Electromechanical Module, an ensemble of mobile barriers that can be activated to mitigate the influx of seawater in the city; and California droughts and the Forecast Informed Reservoir Operations system as an adaptation strategy.Broadening the scope of anthropogenic influence in extreme event attribution2026-03-24 07:22:00.899615+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/611168c5-cd96-4ff1-a973-46be7b669d56/crate/download/2026-03-24 07:21:59.320509+00:002026-03-25 13:49:49.477493+00:002026-03-24 07:21:59.320509+00:00Abstract
As extreme event attribution (EEA) matures, explaining the impacts of extreme events has risen to be a key focus for attribution scientists. Studies of this type usually assess the contribution of anthropogenic climate change to observed impacts. Other scientific communities have developed tools to assess how human activities influence impacts of extreme weather events on ecosystems and societies. For example, the disaster risk reduction (DRR) community analyses how the structure of human societies affects exposure, vulnerability, and ultimately the impacts of extreme weather events, with less attention to the role of anthropogenic climate change. In this perspective, we argue that adapting current practice in EEA to also consider other causal factors in attribution of extreme weather impacts would provide richer and more comprehensive insight into the causes of disasters. To this end, we propose a framework for EEA that would generate a more complete picture of human influences on impacts and bridge the gap between the EEA and DRR communities. We provide illustrations for five case studies: the 2021–2022 Kenyan drought; the 2013–2015 marine heatwave in the northeast Pacific; the 2017 forest fires in Portugal; Acqua Alta (flooding) events in Venice and evaluation of the efficiency of the Experimental Electromechanical Module, an ensemble of mobile barriers that can be activated to mitigate the influx of seawater in the city; and California droughts and the Forecast Informed Reservoir Operations system as an adaptation strategy.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/611168c5-cd96-4ff1-a973-46be7b669d56Broadening the scope of anthropogenic influence in extreme event attributionMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "Broadening the scope of anthropogenic influence in extreme event attribution." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/611168c5-cd96-4ff1-a973-46be7b669d56.Other Environmental SciencesExperimental Electromechanical ModuleEcosystemEnvironment/Nature/Ecosystemthe 2013-2015European Continentinsight6.585788561525133.8Climate Hazardanthropogenic climate change12.7403846153846175.3extreme event attribution15.3846153846153876.4Disaster risk reductiondrr community15.7894736842105266.0Experimental Electromechanical Module13.1578947368421045.0event attribution Abstract26.052631578947379.9meteorology62.7118644067796543.7ecology37.288135593220342.2influx6.2391681109185453.6Key Type MeasuresInternational/ Global policyVeniceWeatherWeatherMethodologycontribution6.7590987868284243.9Atmospheric SciencesPreparing the groundstudy10.0519930675909885.8Science and technologyScience and technologyAcademic/ InstitutionalEarth SciencesGeosciences (General)CaliforniaClimate change impacts, risks and adaptationextreme weather11.538461538461544.8Energy production and conversionIn this perspective, we argue that adapting current practice in EEA to also consider other causal factors in attribution of extreme weather impacts would provide richer and more comprehensive insight into the causes of disasters.24.51838879159369414.0the 2021-2022Ecological ApplicationsNon specificEnvironmental Sciencesact8.4922010398613534.9Institutional: Government policies and programsimpacts of extreme weather event11.8421052631578964.5Climate changeEnvironment/Climate changePortugalEnvironment pollutionAcademia/ Research InstitutionsGeographical ScopeSystemic Literature ReviewUser Needs (RAST)Geosciencesstudy11.538461538461544.8As extreme event attribution (EEA) matures, explaining the impacts of extreme events has risen to be a key focus for attribution scientists.52.5394045534150630.0Policy ScalePhysical and TechnologicalClimate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectorsattribution scientist33.157894736842112.6StakeholdersKnowledge Sector (EEA)impact13.4615384615384635.6determinant6.4124783362218373.7attribution20.6730769230769278.6community14.663461538461546.1IPCCEnvironmental Science and Managementcommunity18.71750433275563510.8Broadening the scope of anthropogenic influence in extreme event attribution Abstract22.94220665499124213.1impact9.8786828422876955.7FundingMeteorology and climatologyGeophysicsattribution16.9844020797227069.8Esteban GonzalezEnvironmental researchhttps://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f2026-03-24 07:30:27.392753+00:002026-03-24 07:30:28.416665+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon2026-03-24 07:30:27.392753+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/b2e03e61-d513-4394-82c6-09742ad9b0bf/crate/download/2026-03-24 07:30:25.596802+00:002026-03-25 14:48:18.692247+00:002026-03-24 07:30:25.596802+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/b2e03e61-d513-4394-82c6-09742ad9b0bfA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/b2e03e61-d513-4394-82c6-09742ad9b0bf.Lisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7Key Type MeasuresNo policy or regulationGeosciences (General)between 1951-1980Housing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policymean temperature11.1519607843137269.1IPCCsensitivity8.3333333333333346.8E20C13.6752136752136754.8EngineeringUser Needs (RAST)Physical and TechnologicalLisbon10.7843137254901998.8Preparing the groundGeosciencesMethodologyland-use23.9316239316239328.4StakeholdersOther Physical Sciencesextrication6.255.1of summerFundingPhysical SciencesLisbon18.2336182336182346.4Policy ScaleLisbonper 30 yearssummer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9disentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0dependent territory6.255.1physics30.5732484076433124.8A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1Engineering (General)Extreme heatland-use14.33823529411764911.7meteorology69.426751592356710.9mean temperature18.2336182336182346.4This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4Knowledge Sector (EEA)PortugalEnvironmental Science and Managementclimate5.7598039215686274.7result6.617647058823535.4City in PortugalStatisticsThe improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4Environmental SciencesStructural/physical: Ecosystem-basedClimate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsGeographical ScopeChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/Chemistrytemperature13.35784313725490310.9Academia/ Research Institutionsfraction6.0049019607843154.9maximum5.5147058823529414.5land-use property27.240143369175637.6Climate changeEnvironment/Climate changeClimate change impacts, risks and adaptationClimate HazardWeatherWeatherEarth SciencesMathematical Physicssensitivity13.9601139601139614.9ClimatologyE20C1981-2010 periodsAtmospheric SciencesMeteorology and climatologysummeremissivity5.6372549019607844.6temperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2T max16.8458781362007174.7Fluid mechanics and thermodynamicsAcademic/ InstitutionalMathematical SciencesnoneEsteban GonzalezEnvironmental researchhttps://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f2026-03-24 08:20:54.277645+00:002026-03-24 08:20:55.345399+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon2026-03-24 08:20:54.277645+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/139232bf-65ac-4b90-8e50-378e66f4b88f/crate/download/2026-03-24 08:20:52.809064+00:002026-03-25 14:43:35.410683+00:002026-03-24 08:20:52.809064+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/139232bf-65ac-4b90-8e50-378e66f4b88fA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/139232bf-65ac-4b90-8e50-378e66f4b88f.Climate HazardNo policy or regulationGeosciencesPhysical SciencesEngineering (General)land-use23.9316239316239328.4Lisbon18.2336182336182346.4result6.617647058823535.4Geographical ScopePhysical and Technologicalmaximum5.5147058823529414.5noneof summersummerPortugalMethodologyMeteorology and climatologyland-use property27.240143369175637.6StakeholdersE20C13.6752136752136754.8Fluid mechanics and thermodynamicsEngineeringmean temperature11.1519607843137269.1Preparing the groundKnowledge Sector (EEA)City in PortugalGeosciences (General)Housing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policyClimatologysensitivity8.3333333333333346.8land-use14.33823529411764911.7FundingWeatherWeatherextrication6.255.1Climate change impacts, risks and adaptationLisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7climate5.7598039215686274.7A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1User Needs (RAST)temperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2fraction6.0049019607843154.9physics30.5732484076433124.8Extreme heatThe improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4disentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0Lisbon10.7843137254901998.8Climate changeEnvironment/Climate changeKey Type MeasuresThis approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4Earth SciencesIPCCLisbonPolicy ScaleStatisticsMathematical PhysicsChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/ChemistryEnvironmental Science and Managementbetween 1951-1980Mathematical SciencesOther Physical SciencesAcademia/ Research InstitutionsStructural/physical: Ecosystem-basedT max16.8458781362007174.7Environmental Sciencestemperature13.35784313725490310.9Atmospheric Sciencesper 30 yearsmeteorology69.426751592356710.91981-2010 periodsemissivity5.6372549019607844.6Academic/ Institutionalsensitivity13.9601139601139614.9Climate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsE20Cdependent territory6.255.1mean temperature18.2336182336182346.4summer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9Esteban GonzalezEnvironmental researchhttps://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f2026-03-24 08:51:46.046981+00:002026-03-24 08:51:47.158524+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon2026-03-24 08:51:46.046981+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/e9a82f6c-3bbe-40e6-bb17-daa68cd07f4c/crate/download/2026-03-24 08:51:44.416774+00:002026-03-25 14:46:44.756211+00:002026-03-24 08:51:44.416774+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/e9a82f6c-3bbe-40e6-bb17-daa68cd07f4cA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/e9a82f6c-3bbe-40e6-bb17-daa68cd07f4c.E20CFluid mechanics and thermodynamicsThis approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4E20C13.6752136752136754.8Atmospheric Sciencessensitivity13.9601139601139614.9Other Physical SciencesEngineering (General)Environmental Sciencesper 30 yearsAcademia/ Research InstitutionsWeatherWeatherClimatologyGeographical ScopeThe improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4Earth Sciencestemperature13.35784313725490310.9dependent territory6.255.1land-use14.33823529411764911.7Meteorology and climatologyextrication6.255.1Knowledge Sector (EEA)Environmental Science and ManagementEngineeringLisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7City in PortugalA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1summerGeosciences (General)summer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9climate5.7598039215686274.7Housing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policymaximum5.5147058823529414.5Funding1981-2010 periodsbetween 1951-1980User Needs (RAST)Mathematical PhysicsKey Type Measuresland-use property27.240143369175637.6mean temperature18.2336182336182346.4Physical and Technologicalsensitivity8.3333333333333346.8fraction6.0049019607843154.9mean temperature11.1519607843137269.1of summerNo policy or regulationExtreme heatStakeholdersLisbonLisbon10.7843137254901998.8MethodologyPhysical Sciencesnonemeteorology69.426751592356710.9Geosciencesdisentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0result6.617647058823535.4ChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/ChemistryClimate change impacts, risks and adaptationPolicy ScaleClimate HazardStatisticsIPCCLisbon18.2336182336182346.4Preparing the groundClimate changeEnvironment/Climate changePortugalemissivity5.6372549019607844.6T max16.8458781362007174.7Structural/physical: Ecosystem-basedtemperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2land-use23.9316239316239328.4Climate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsAcademic/ InstitutionalMathematical Sciencesphysics30.5732484076433124.8Esteban GonzalezEnvironmental researchhttps://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f2026-03-24 09:22:04.887010+00:002026-03-24 09:22:06.345506+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon2026-03-24 09:22:04.887010+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/c72367c0-9ce3-48a3-8d50-c1ad5811cdd7/crate/download/2026-03-24 09:22:03.148849+00:002026-03-25 14:44:26.868247+00:002026-03-24 09:22:03.148849+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/c72367c0-9ce3-48a3-8d50-c1ad5811cdd7A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/c72367c0-9ce3-48a3-8d50-c1ad5811cdd7.No policy or regulationCity in PortugalFundingOther Physical SciencesClimatologyEarth SciencesE20CLisbonE20C13.6752136752136754.8Climate change impacts, risks and adaptationresult6.617647058823535.4Lisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7Engineering (General)StakeholdersStatisticsAcademia/ Research InstitutionsMathematical SciencesPhysical Sciences1981-2010 periodsPolicy Scaleper 30 yearsMathematical PhysicsClimate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectorsland-use property27.240143369175637.6Structural/physical: Ecosystem-basedmean temperature18.2336182336182346.4sensitivity13.9601139601139614.9disentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0WeatherWeatherGeosciences (General)physics30.5732484076433124.8land-use23.9316239316239328.4ChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/Chemistrytemperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2Physical and TechnologicalLisbon10.7843137254901998.8GeosciencesMeteorology and climatologybetween 1951-1980mean temperature11.1519607843137269.1A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1Engineeringextrication6.255.1climate5.7598039215686274.7Climate changeEnvironment/Climate changeFluid mechanics and thermodynamicsExtreme heatLisbon18.2336182336182346.4land-use14.33823529411764911.7summer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9IPCCmeteorology69.426751592356710.9Climate HazardHousing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policyAcademic/ InstitutionalPortugalsensitivity8.3333333333333346.8fraction6.0049019607843154.9MethodologyT max16.8458781362007174.7User Needs (RAST)Atmospheric Sciencestemperature13.35784313725490310.9Knowledge Sector (EEA)noneThe improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4maximum5.5147058823529414.5of summerEnvironmental Science and ManagementThis approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4summerEnvironmental Sciencesdependent territory6.255.1Preparing the groundGeographical Scopeemissivity5.6372549019607844.6Key Type MeasuresEsteban GonzalezEnvironmental researchhttps://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f2026-03-24 09:27:55.555823+00:002026-03-24 09:27:56.567408+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon2026-03-24 09:27:55.555823+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/d9c756dd-0481-405a-911b-23ce97e81abd/crate/download/2026-03-24 09:27:53.744918+00:002026-03-25 14:43:46.111587+00:002026-03-24 09:27:53.744918+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/d9c756dd-0481-405a-911b-23ce97e81abdA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/d9c756dd-0481-405a-911b-23ce97e81abd.between 1951-1980meteorology69.426751592356710.9Climate Hazardtemperature13.35784313725490310.9Other Physical SciencesAcademia/ Research InstitutionsStatisticsMeteorology and climatologyland-use property27.240143369175637.6summer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9Lisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7User Needs (RAST)result6.617647058823535.4nonemean temperature11.1519607843137269.1emissivity5.6372549019607844.6This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4Physical and TechnologicalE20CLisbonland-use14.33823529411764911.7Lisbon10.7843137254901998.8sensitivity8.3333333333333346.8Atmospheric SciencesClimate changeEnvironment/Climate changeEarth SciencessummerKnowledge Sector (EEA)per 30 yearsStructural/physical: Ecosystem-basedGeographical Scopefraction6.0049019607843154.9Methodologydisentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0Extreme heatextrication6.255.1Mathematical SciencesFluid mechanics and thermodynamicssensitivity13.9601139601139614.9City in PortugalPortugalClimatologyStakeholdersGeosciences (General)ChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/ChemistryPreparing the grounddependent territory6.255.1Academic/ InstitutionalMathematical PhysicsPolicy ScaleLisbon18.2336182336182346.4Key Type MeasuresE20C13.6752136752136754.8physics30.5732484076433124.8Housing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policyEngineering (General)Climate change impacts, risks and adaptationWeatherWeatherEnvironmental Sciencesland-use23.9316239316239328.4of summerT max16.8458781362007174.7Climate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsGeosciencesA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1Environmental Science and ManagementThe improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4IPCCNo policy or regulationmean temperature18.2336182336182346.4EngineeringPhysical Sciencesmaximum5.5147058823529414.5Fundingclimate5.7598039215686274.71981-2010 periodstemperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2Esteban GonzalezEnvironmental researchhttps://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f2026-03-24 09:34:15.157056+00:002026-03-24 09:34:16.191304+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon2026-03-24 09:34:15.157056+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/4a7bb92b-6d39-498a-a1d0-c974fd399f4a/crate/download/2026-03-24 09:34:13.450108+00:002026-03-25 14:44:48.997939+00:002026-03-24 09:34:13.450108+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/4a7bb92b-6d39-498a-a1d0-c974fd399f4aA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/4a7bb92b-6d39-498a-a1d0-c974fd399f4a.land-use23.9316239316239328.4mean temperature11.1519607843137269.1temperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2Atmospheric Sciencestemperature13.35784313725490310.9land-use14.33823529411764911.7FundingStructural/physical: Ecosystem-basedE20C13.6752136752136754.8Portugaldisentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0No policy or regulationA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1land-use property27.240143369175637.6Fluid mechanics and thermodynamicsnoneEarth Sciencesmeteorology69.426751592356710.9Lisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7Environmental SciencesEnvironmental Science and Managementmaximum5.5147058823529414.5emissivity5.6372549019607844.6Housing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy1981-2010 periodsPreparing the groundMethodologyMeteorology and climatologyLisbonmean temperature18.2336182336182346.4summer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9Other Physical SciencesEngineering (General)Physical and Technologicalof summersensitivity8.3333333333333346.8Climate change impacts, risks and adaptationclimate5.7598039215686274.7City in PortugalLisbon18.2336182336182346.4Climate changeEnvironment/Climate changeE20Csummerextrication6.255.1EngineeringStatisticsMathematical SciencesWeatherWeatherPolicy ScaleKey Type MeasuresThe improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4User Needs (RAST)Knowledge Sector (EEA)Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectorsbetween 1951-1980Extreme heatMathematical Physicsper 30 yearsIPCCClimate HazardPhysical SciencesStakeholdersAcademia/ Research InstitutionsClimatologydependent territory6.255.1Geographical ScopeAcademic/ InstitutionalThis approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4physics30.5732484076433124.8Geosciences (General)sensitivity13.9601139601139614.9T max16.8458781362007174.7fraction6.0049019607843154.9GeosciencesChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/ChemistryLisbon10.7843137254901998.8result6.617647058823535.4Esteban GonzalezEnvironmental researchhttps://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f2026-03-24 09:36:49.616449+00:002026-03-24 09:36:50.807140+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon2026-03-24 09:36:49.616449+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/ae854009-c98e-44e9-bf6d-3f6fbd65be7d/crate/download/2026-03-24 09:36:47.975506+00:002026-03-25 09:40:18.035331+00:002026-03-24 09:36:47.975506+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/ae854009-c98e-44e9-bf6d-3f6fbd65be7dA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/ae854009-c98e-44e9-bf6d-3f6fbd65be7d.Climate Hazarddisentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0Policy Scalemaximum5.5147058823529414.5Environmental Science and ManagementChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/ChemistryWeatherWeatherUser Needs (RAST)summer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9temperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2Methodologyresult6.617647058823535.4Atmospheric SciencesPreparing the groundStatisticsFundingA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1extrication6.255.1Other Physical SciencesStructural/physical: Ecosystem-based1981-2010 periodsdependent territory6.255.1GeosciencesEnvironmental SciencesGeographical ScopePhysical Sciencesmean temperature11.1519607843137269.1Knowledge Sector (EEA)Earth Sciencesper 30 yearsAcademic/ InstitutionalKey Type Measuresclimate5.7598039215686274.7City in PortugalHousing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policyThis approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4between 1951-1980IPCCNo policy or regulationExtreme heatThe improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4Physical and Technologicalsensitivity8.3333333333333346.8Meteorology and climatologyE20CStakeholdersAcademia/ Research Institutionsof summerfraction6.0049019607843154.9emissivity5.6372549019607844.6sensitivity13.9601139601139614.9Lisbon10.7843137254901998.8land-use property27.240143369175637.6Climate change impacts, risks and adaptationPortugalphysics30.5732484076433124.8Engineeringmeteorology69.426751592356710.9Fluid mechanics and thermodynamicsLisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7Climatologyland-use14.33823529411764911.7land-use23.9316239316239328.4Mathematical SciencessummerE20C13.6752136752136754.8Engineering (General)Geosciences (General)mean temperature18.2336182336182346.4Mathematical Physicsnonetemperature13.35784313725490310.9Lisbon18.2336182336182346.4T max16.8458781362007174.7Climate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsLisbonClimate changeEnvironment/Climate changeEsteban GonzalezEnvironmental researchhttps://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f2026-03-24 09:42:43.093080+00:002026-03-24 09:42:44.202124+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon2026-03-24 09:42:43.093080+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/e6aca448-8af3-48aa-950c-3ce09607bb9e/crate/download/2026-03-24 09:42:41.064953+00:002026-04-09 17:39:33.080581+00:002026-03-24 09:42:41.064953+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/e6aca448-8af3-48aa-950c-3ce09607bb9eA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/e6aca448-8af3-48aa-950c-3ce09607bb9e.Academic/ Institutionalresult6.617647058823535.4Lisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7No policy or regulationLisbon18.2336182336182346.4E20CPhysical SciencesPhysical and Technologicalmean temperature18.2336182336182346.4Engineering (General)Lisbon10.7843137254901998.8Fluid mechanics and thermodynamicsT max16.8458781362007174.7Environmental SciencesEarth SciencesAcademia/ Research Institutionssummer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9ClimatologyEnvironmental Science and ManagementnoneExtreme heatWeatherWeatherStructural/physical: Ecosystem-basedA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1Climate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsClimate change impacts, risks and adaptationStatisticsFundingclimate5.7598039215686274.7Preparing the ground1981-2010 periodssensitivity13.9601139601139614.9temperature13.35784313725490310.9Geosciences (General)temperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2Climate changeEnvironment/Climate changedisentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0between 1951-1980sensitivity8.3333333333333346.8dependent territory6.255.1Mathematical PhysicsKey Type MeasuresEngineeringland-use23.9316239316239328.4StakeholdersKnowledge Sector (EEA)per 30 yearsemissivity5.6372549019607844.6E20C13.6752136752136754.8Mathematical Sciencesmean temperature11.1519607843137269.1City in PortugalMeteorology and climatologyPortugalHousing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policymaximum5.5147058823529414.5GeosciencesThe improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4land-use14.33823529411764911.7land-use property27.240143369175637.6This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4Atmospheric Sciencesof summerMethodologymeteorology69.426751592356710.9ChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/Chemistryphysics30.5732484076433124.8User Needs (RAST)Other Physical SciencesPolicy ScalesummerGeographical ScopeIPCCClimate HazardLisbonextrication6.255.1fraction6.0049019607843154.9Esteban GonzalezEnvironmental researchhttps://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f2026-03-24 09:43:09.566917+00:002026-03-24 09:43:10.707716+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon2026-03-24 09:43:09.566917+00:00Academia/ Research InstitutionsAtmospheric SciencesCity in Portugalphysics30.5732484076433124.8IPCCEngineeringMathematical SciencesEnvironmental Sciencesextrication6.255.1No policy or regulationof summerland-use23.9316239316239328.4ChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/ChemistryMathematical Physicssensitivity13.9601139601139614.9Academic/ InstitutionalThis approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4Geographical ScopeKey Type Measuresbetween 1951-1980User Needs (RAST)Extreme heatHousing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policyMethodologyresult6.617647058823535.4per 30 yearsnonedisentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0temperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2Climate changeEnvironment/Climate changemean temperature11.1519607843137269.1ClimatologyLisbon18.2336182336182346.4Policy ScaleLisbon10.7843137254901998.8Lisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7Earth SciencesStakeholdersE20CClimate Hazardland-use property27.240143369175637.6Statisticsmeteorology69.426751592356710.9emissivity5.6372549019607844.6Engineering (General)GeosciencessummerClimate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsKnowledge Sector (EEA)Environmental Science and ManagementFundingdependent territory6.255.1A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1Fluid mechanics and thermodynamicsmean temperature18.2336182336182346.4fraction6.0049019607843154.9summer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9Preparing the groundland-use14.33823529411764911.7sensitivity8.3333333333333346.8PortugalGeosciences (General)Structural/physical: Ecosystem-basedWeatherWeathertemperature13.35784313725490310.9Meteorology and climatologyT max16.8458781362007174.7maximum5.5147058823529414.51981-2010 periodsPhysical and TechnologicalOther Physical SciencesThe improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4Climate change impacts, risks and adaptationLisbonclimate5.7598039215686274.7Physical SciencesE20C13.6752136752136754.80https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/f9e45bd4-6ed9-4c36-889d-849a2c698b8d/crate/download/2026-03-24 09:43:07.990194+00:002026-03-25 09:40:28.104286+00:002026-03-24 09:43:07.990194+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/f9e45bd4-6ed9-4c36-889d-849a2c698b8dA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/f9e45bd4-6ed9-4c36-889d-849a2c698b8d.Esteban GonzalezEnvironmental researchhttps://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f2026-03-24 09:45:20.158181+00:002026-03-24 09:45:21.275905+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon2026-03-24 09:45:20.158181+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/1709a1f4-9cbf-4430-bd38-ce8b2747196e/crate/download/2026-03-24 09:45:18.478393+00:002026-03-25 14:45:29.701217+00:002026-03-24 09:45:18.478393+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/1709a1f4-9cbf-4430-bd38-ce8b2747196eA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/1709a1f4-9cbf-4430-bd38-ce8b2747196e.StakeholdersPolicy ScaleStatisticsland-use23.9316239316239328.4GeosciencesEarth Sciencesof summerfraction6.0049019607843154.9Physical and Technologicalmean temperature11.1519607843137269.1WeatherWeatherKnowledge Sector (EEA)Environmental Science and ManagementAtmospheric SciencesClimate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsCity in PortugalE20Cmean temperature18.2336182336182346.4Physical SciencesClimate Hazardextrication6.255.1PortugalClimate change impacts, risks and adaptationland-use property27.240143369175637.6dependent territory6.255.1emissivity5.6372549019607844.6Meteorology and climatology1981-2010 periodsMethodologyper 30 yearsdisentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0Preparing the groundMathematical Physicssensitivity8.3333333333333346.8maximum5.5147058823529414.5summertemperature13.35784313725490310.9Lisbon10.7843137254901998.8physics30.5732484076433124.8Housing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policyStructural/physical: Ecosystem-basedsensitivity13.9601139601139614.9nonebetween 1951-1980Geosciences (General)FundingKey Type MeasuresEnvironmental SciencesAcademia/ Research Institutionsland-use14.33823529411764911.7summer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9User Needs (RAST)result6.617647058823535.4Engineering (General)Academic/ InstitutionalExtreme heatThis approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4Geographical Scopetemperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2No policy or regulationclimate5.7598039215686274.7The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4E20C13.6752136752136754.8IPCCLisbonOther Physical SciencesClimatologyFluid mechanics and thermodynamicsT max16.8458781362007174.7Lisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7Mathematical SciencesEngineeringClimate changeEnvironment/Climate changemeteorology69.426751592356710.9A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1ChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/ChemistryLisbon18.2336182336182346.4Esteban GonzalezEnvironmental researchhttps://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f2026-03-24 10:06:14.152415+00:002026-03-24 10:06:15.214609+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon2026-03-24 10:06:14.152415+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/51ef67fc-b04f-4902-ae69-4a8a34ab60db/crate/download/2026-03-24 10:06:12.633941+00:002026-03-25 13:47:19.774891+00:002026-03-24 10:06:12.633941+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/51ef67fc-b04f-4902-ae69-4a8a34ab60dbA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/51ef67fc-b04f-4902-ae69-4a8a34ab60db.AfricaCampo GrandeLisbonPortugalmaximum5.5147058823529414.5StatisticsUser Needs (RAST)fraction6.0049019607843154.9Key Type MeasuresClimate HazardClimate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectorstemperature13.35784313725490310.9Lisbon10.7843137254901998.8Climate change impacts, risks and adaptationE20C13.6752136752136754.8This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4Knowledge Sector (EEA)Structural/physical: Ecosystem-basedAtmospheric SciencesLisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7Lisbonresult6.617647058823535.4Preparing the grounddisentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0Environmental SciencesWeatherWeatherGeographical Scopeextrication6.255.1PortugalAcademia/ Research InstitutionsAcademic/ InstitutionalHousing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policyEngineeringsensitivity8.3333333333333346.8land-use property27.240143369175637.6sensitivity13.9601139601139614.9temperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2noneGeosciences (General)Policy ScaleClimate changeEnvironment/Climate changePhysical and Technologicalland-use14.33823529411764911.7Lisbon18.2336182336182346.4Physical Sciencesof summersummersummer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9Mathematical PhysicsOther Physical SciencesExtreme heatNo policy or regulationE20CStakeholdersThe improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4between 1951-1980Meteorology and climatologymean temperature11.1519607843137269.1Earth Sciencesphysics30.5732484076433124.8A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1Funding1981-2010 periodsCity in PortugalEnvironmental Science and ManagementMethodologyland-use23.9316239316239328.4dependent territory6.255.1Engineering (General)meteorology69.426751592356710.9climate5.7598039215686274.7mean temperature18.2336182336182346.4per 30 yearsFluid mechanics and thermodynamicsMathematical SciencesClimatologyGeosciencesIPCCT max16.8458781362007174.7emissivity5.6372549019607844.6ChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/ChemistryEsteban GonzalezEnvironmental researchhttps://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f2026-03-24 10:14:40.608471+00:002026-03-24 10:14:41.650392+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon2026-03-24 10:14:40.608471+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/5df6b246-7aee-464e-9135-c77c57059f9d/crate/download/2026-03-24 10:14:38.771759+00:002026-03-25 14:42:32.303916+00:002026-03-24 10:14:38.771759+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/5df6b246-7aee-464e-9135-c77c57059f9dA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/5df6b246-7aee-464e-9135-c77c57059f9d.AfricaCampo GrandeLisbonPortugalExtreme heatGeosciencesIPCCmeteorology69.426751592356710.9maximum5.5147058823529414.5Fluid mechanics and thermodynamicsextrication6.255.1Climate change impacts, risks and adaptationNo policy or regulationdisentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0land-use23.9316239316239328.4ChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/ChemistryGeographical ScopePolicy ScaleMethodologyThis approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4Mathematical PhysicsE20CPhysical Sciencesbetween 1951-1980result6.617647058823535.4Lisbonmean temperature11.1519607843137269.1Knowledge Sector (EEA)mean temperature18.2336182336182346.4emissivity5.6372549019607844.6Climate changeEnvironment/Climate changeEngineering1981-2010 periodstemperature13.35784313725490310.9fraction6.0049019607843154.9Physical and Technologicalphysics30.5732484076433124.8Atmospheric SciencesUser Needs (RAST)nonesummersummer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9climate5.7598039215686274.7Lisbon10.7843137254901998.8Academia/ Research InstitutionsAcademic/ Institutionalland-use property27.240143369175637.6of summerdependent territory6.255.1Earth Sciencessensitivity13.9601139601139614.9Lisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7Other Physical SciencesStatisticsHousing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policyThe improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4Meteorology and climatologyKey Type MeasuresE20C13.6752136752136754.8T max16.8458781362007174.7Engineering (General)Climate HazardStructural/physical: Ecosystem-basedA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1Environmental Science and ManagementEnvironmental SciencesClimatologyFundingPreparing the groundper 30 yearstemperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2Climate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsPortugalLisbon18.2336182336182346.4Geosciences (General)City in PortugalWeatherWeatherMathematical Sciencessensitivity8.3333333333333346.8Stakeholdersland-use14.33823529411764911.7Esteban GonzalezEnvironmental researchhttps://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f2026-03-24 10:16:01.828034+00:002026-03-24 10:16:02.792827+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon2026-03-24 10:16:01.828034+00:00Lisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7disentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0E20CGeographical ScopesummerUser Needs (RAST)Fluid mechanics and thermodynamicsland-use23.9316239316239328.4Climate HazardGeosciencesdependent territory6.255.1Housing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policyMathematical PhysicsStructural/physical: Ecosystem-basedof summerPreparing the groundChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/ChemistryLisbon18.2336182336182346.4EngineeringPhysical and TechnologicalPhysical SciencesKey Type MeasuresNo policy or regulationLisbon10.7843137254901998.8emissivity5.6372549019607844.6Climatologymean temperature18.2336182336182346.4Policy ScaleIPCCMeteorology and climatologybetween 1951-1980Climate change impacts, risks and adaptationsensitivity8.3333333333333346.8The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4Lisbontemperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2summer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9land-use property27.240143369175637.6Engineering (General)Knowledge Sector (EEA)temperature13.35784313725490310.9FundingMathematical SciencesClimate changeEnvironment/Climate changeAcademic/ Institutionalphysics30.5732484076433124.8result6.617647058823535.4Environmental Science and ManagementExtreme heatPortugalclimate5.7598039215686274.7Earth SciencesCity in Portugalsensitivity13.9601139601139614.9fraction6.0049019607843154.9StakeholdersWeatherWeathermaximum5.5147058823529414.5A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1meteorology69.426751592356710.9mean temperature11.1519607843137269.1E20C13.6752136752136754.8Environmental Sciencesnoneper 30 yearsAcademia/ Research InstitutionsAtmospheric SciencesGeosciences (General)1981-2010 periodsThis approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4T max16.8458781362007174.7MethodologyOther Physical Sciencesextrication6.255.1land-use14.33823529411764911.7Climate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsStatistics0https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/ffbc587d-278f-435c-98fb-6b589c3a4d29/crate/download/2026-03-24 10:15:58.640070+00:002026-04-11 09:37:47.507608+00:002026-03-24 10:15:58.640070+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/ffbc587d-278f-435c-98fb-6b589c3a4d29A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/ffbc587d-278f-435c-98fb-6b589c3a4d29.AfricaCampo GrandeLisbonPortugalEsteban GonzalezEnvironmental researchhttps://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f2026-03-24 11:05:29.749638+00:002026-03-24 11:05:30.869255+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon2026-03-24 11:05:29.749638+00:00Geographical Scope1981-2010 periodsUrbanPortugaldisentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0IPCCClimate changeEnvironment/Climate changesummerof summerThis approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4temperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2E20C13.6752136752136754.8Policy ScalePhysical and TechnologicalModeling/ SimulationKnowledge Sector (EEA)land-use property27.240143369175637.6Housing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policyExtreme heatClimate change impacts, risks and adaptationmeteorology69.426751592356710.9sensitivity13.9601139601139614.9Not reported/ Unknownextrication6.255.1Lisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7Climate Hazardbetween 1951-1980Data on climate-relate hazardsfraction6.0049019607843154.9Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectorsemissivity5.6372549019607844.6Earth SciencesOther Earth SciencesnoneCity in Portugalphysics30.5732484076433124.8ChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/ChemistryMeteorology and climatologyresult6.617647058823535.4LisbonLisbon18.2336182336182346.4Geosciences (General)GeosciencesLisbon10.7843137254901998.8FundingEnvironmental Science and ManagementKey Type Measuresmaximum5.5147058823529414.5land-use14.33823529411764911.7land-use23.9316239316239328.4summer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9mean temperature18.2336182336182346.4MethodologyLocal policyclimate5.7598039215686274.7sensitivity8.3333333333333346.8temperature13.35784313725490310.9Academia/ Research Institutionsmean temperature11.1519607843137269.1dependent territory6.255.1StakeholdersE20CEnvironmental SciencesWeatherWeatherT max16.8458781362007174.7per 30 yearsPhysical Geography and Environmental GeoscienceAtmospheric SciencesA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1User Needs (RAST)The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.40https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/f8152637-f8b2-4f29-8b24-771b9a8ecadb/crate/download/2026-03-24 11:05:27.879436+00:002026-04-27 18:30:09.977542+00:002026-03-24 11:05:27.879436+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/f8152637-f8b2-4f29-8b24-771b9a8ecadbA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/f8152637-f8b2-4f29-8b24-771b9a8ecadb.AfricaCampo GrandeLisbonPortugalEsteban GonzalezInformation scienceSocial sciences0https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/8eff08fb-ac8b-4e0d-af28-5d7a8d39602e/crate/download/2026-03-27 13:53:52.564812+00:002026-04-11 00:15:06.213451+00:002026-03-27 13:53:52.564812+00:00Metabolic activity data and analysisapplication/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/8eff08fb-ac8b-4e0d-af28-5d7a8d39602e02 - Metabolic ActivityMANUALTykhonov, Slava. "02 - Metabolic Activity." ROHub. Mar 27 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/8eff08fb-ac8b-4e0d-af28-5d7a8d39602e.146221https://api.rohub.org/api/resources/78024781-eea7-4330-8905-c99c85e841ab/download/2026-03-27 13:53:55.777393+00:002026-03-27 13:54:01.883505+00:00Metabolic activity data (raw, compiled, analyzed); Statistical analysisapplication/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheetMetabolicActivity.xlsx2026-03-27 13:53:55.777393+00:00metabolic Activity Metabolic activity datum8.2246740220661988.2Methodologyactivity34.03263403263403629.2EnergyBiological SciencesEnvironmental health impactsAcademia/ Research InstitutionsSocial: InformationalActivity Metabolic activity datum91.2738214643931891.0User Needs (RAST)datum58.87850467289718656.7Activity Metabolic0.200601805416248750.2fact62.4708624708624753.6metabolic Activity Metabolic0.100300902708124380.1Non specificEuropean ContinentOther Biological SciencesKnowledge Sector (EEA)IPCCBiochemistry and Cell BiologyLife sciencesData on climateMathematical and computer sciences02 - Metabolic Activity Metabolic activity data and analysis100.0100.0analysis11.9418483904465211.5activity29.1796469366562828.1Stakeholdersactivity datum0.200601805416248750.2Key Type MeasuresMathematical and computer sciences (general)No policy or regulationFundingPhysics (General)Life sciences (General)Academic/ InstitutionalEngineeringClimate HazardSystemic Literature ReviewClimate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsPhysical and TechnologicalEngineering (General)Geographical Scopemetabolic3.49650349650349673.0PhysicsPolicy ScaleSlava TykhonovApplied sciencesAnne FouillouxnonePhysical Geography and Environmental Geosciencejeopardy14.34599156118143210.2geophysics65.714285714285712.3WeatherWeatherIntergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeLocal policyKnowledge Sector (EEA)Physical and TechnologicalSzombathelyAcademia/ Research Institutionspipeline7.313642756680735.2flood risk11.290322580645164.2job market34.2857142857142851.2ellipsoid7.7355836849507735.5column mapping12.144702842377264.7FAIR2Adapt — Hamburg Pluvial Flood Risk Assessment (CS3) **Urban pluvial flood risk assessment for Hamburg** using the IPCC risk framework (Risk = Hazard × Exposure × Vulnerability)66.8458781362007137.3Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change6.610407876230664.7Fundingvon Szombathely11.6279069767441854.5Meteorology and climatologyCase StudyPolicy ScaleAtmospheric SciencesClimate changeEnvironment/Climate changeJewelleryArts, culture and entertainment/Arts and entertainment/Fashion/Jewellerynoneexposure7.1729957805907165.1Szombathely13.9784946236559125.2I-ADOPT10.752688172043014.0Extreme weather: floods, droughts, heatwavesrisk17.7419354838709686.6GeophysicsGeosciencesClimate HazardIPCC risk framework38.5012919896640814.9Hamburg12.517580872011258.9input file8.1575246132208155.82025IPCCUser Needs (RAST)Earth Sciences### Pipeline
- Repository: https://github.com/FAIR2Adapt/urban_pfr_toolbox_hamburg
- Paper: von Szombathely et al. (2025) Urban Pluvial Flood Risk Mapping for Hamburg16.8458781362007179.4Identification of risksGeographical ScopeHamburgmapping12.9032258064516124.8end product6.7510548523206744.8Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectorsrisk8.1575246132208155.8Geosciences (General)Environmental Science and ManagementFloodingSzombathely11.1111111111111097.9GeographyScience and technology/Social sciences/GeographyEngineeringKey Type Measuresmapping10.1265822784810127.2UrbanOther Earth SciencesHEALPix18.010752688172046.7HEALPix cell16.5374677002583976.4Hamburg15.322580645161295.7StakeholdersEnvironmental Sciencesexposure × vulnerability21.188630490956078.2MethodologyPublic results aggregated to **HEALPix cells** (depth 15, ~200m, WGS84 ellipsoid) for privacy.16.3082437275985659.1Academic/ InstitutionalFluid mechanics and thermodynamicsShannon0https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/fc1733d3-2970-442c-820a-702ef853a9d6/crate/download/2026-03-28 19:29:27.408352+00:002026-04-27 18:30:18.830406+00:002026-03-28 19:29:27.408352+00:00**Urban pluvial flood risk assessment for Hamburg** using the IPCC risk framework (Risk = Hazard × Exposure × Vulnerability).
### Results
Public results aggregated to **HEALPix cells** (depth 15, ~200m, WGS84 ellipsoid) for privacy. Contains:
- **Risk layer**: PFRMA (mobility & accessibility) and PFRWB (well-being) flood risk indices
- **Vulnerability layer**: Social vulnerability indicators (Sensitivity, Coping Capacity, SVI, SVPF)
### Methodology
Converted from the ArcGIS workflow by von Szombathely et al. (2025) into a reusable Python pipeline:
1. Social vulnerability via TOPSIS with Shannon entropy (I-ADOPT annotated variables)
2. Population exposure distributed to buildings
3. Flood hazard via ring buffer analysis (HMA) and depth analysis (HWB)
4. Risk combination with Delaunay smoothing
5. HEALPix aggregation on WGS84 ellipsoid
### FAIR Digital Objects
- Input data described as RO-Crates with I-ADOPT variable annotations
- Column mappings resolved automatically via fdo-resolver
- Output packaged as Workflow Run Crate with provenance
### Pipeline
- Repository: https://github.com/FAIR2Adapt/urban_pfr_toolbox_hamburg
- Paper: von Szombathely et al. (2025) Urban Pluvial Flood Risk Mapping for Hamburgapplication/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/fc1733d3-2970-442c-820a-702ef853a9d6FAIR2Adapt — Hamburg Pluvial Flood Risk Assessment (CS3)MANUALFouilloux, Anne. "FAIR2Adapt — Hamburg Pluvial Flood Risk Assessment (CS3)." ROHub. Mar 28 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/fc1733d3-2970-442c-820a-702ef853a9d6.Applied scienceshttps://fair2adapt.duckdns.org/afouilloux-noresm/JRAOC20TRNRPv2_2010-2018.zarr2026-03-21 14:36:50.419688+00:002026-03-21 14:36:51.227235+00:00JRAOC20TRNRPv2_2010-2018.zarr2026-03-21 14:36:50.419688+00:00https://fair2adapt.github.io/riomar-dashboard/2026-03-20 15:22:58.427334+00:002026-03-21 13:58:21.687298+00:00DashboardDashboard2026-03-20 15:22:58.427334+00:00https://fair2adapt.duckdns.org/afouilloux-noresm/JRAOC20TRNRPv2_2010-2018.zarr2026-03-21 13:58:22.446540+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/1f0b5044-ae4f-483d-b7a2-48a5a6ac3965/crate/download/2026-02-20 22:03:58.321018+00:002026-03-23 09:45:52.099813+00:002026-02-20 22:03:58.321018+00:00Ocean reanalysis data from the **NorESM2/BLOM** model (JRA-OC20 forcing), providing monthly average sea surface temperature and 3D ocean temperature fields for 2010–2018.
### Dataset
- **Variables**: sea surface temperature (SST), ocean temperature on 53 sigma density levels
- **Temporal coverage**: January 2010 – December 2018, monthly averages (108 timesteps)
- **Spatial coverage**: Near-global ocean (-80°S to 90°N), BLOM tripolar curvilinear grid (385×360)
- **Grid**: Original BLOM tripolar curvilinear grid with 2D latitude/longitude coordinates
- **Format**: Cloud-optimized Zarr (Zstd compressed)
### FAIRification
- NetCDF model outputs converted to Zarr with 2D coordinates from the BLOM grid file
- Served through an authenticated HTTPS proxy for access-controlled sharing
- Machine-actionable: `schema:ViewAction` links the dataset to the [FAIR2Adapt dashboard](https://fair2adapt.github.io/riomar-dashboard/) for interactive visualization
- Metadata enriched with [I-ADOPT](https://i-adopt.github.io/) variable decomposition
### Context
Part of the [FAIR2Adapt](https://fair2adapt.eu) project. Data generated by Yanchun He (NERSC) and formatted by NERSC under the FAIR2Adapt project (EU grant 101188256). Licensed under CC-BY 4.0.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/1f0b5044-ae4f-483d-b7a2-48a5a6ac3965FAIR2Adapt ARCTIC — NorESM2 ocean reanalysis (SST + Temperature) 2010-2018MANUAL
https://w3id.org/ro/terms/earth-science#ExecutableResearchObjectTemplate
Fouilloux, Anne. "FAIR2Adapt ARCTIC — NorESM2 ocean reanalysis (SST + Temperature) 2010-2018." ROHub. Feb 20 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/1f0b5044-ae4f-483d-b7a2-48a5a6ac3965.View ARCTIC dataset in dashboardhttps://fair2adapt.github.io/riomar-dashboard/#{dataset_url}tooloutputinputbiblioGlobal ocean (-80S to 90N)Ocean surface temperatureTemperaturere-analysis5.8371735791090623.8108 timestepsNorESM2sea surface temperature13.0136986301369865.7information technology31.6455696202531667.5Physical and TechnologicalInformation Systemsproxy server8.7557603686635935.7Earth SciencesOceansEnvironment/Natural resources/Water/OceansMeteorology and climatologyGeosciencesEngineering (General)Cloud-optimized Zarr16.50485436893203710.2FAIR2Adapt ARCTIC — NorESM2 ocean reanalysis (SST + Temperature) 2010-2018 Ocean reanalysis data from the **NorESM2/BLOM** model (JRA-OC20 forcing), providing monthly average sea surface temperature and 3D ocean temperature fields for 2010–2018.46.5116279069767440.0coordinate12.785388127853885.6European Continentdatabase26.5822784810126586.3User Needs (RAST)Key Type MeasuresWeather statisticWeather/Weather statisticsea surface temperature11.827956989247317.7Environmental Science and ManagementPolicy ScaleEnvironmental SciencesYanchun HeNERSCGeosciences (General)Fluid mechanics and thermodynamicsClimate HazardData on climate-relate hazardsData FormatEngineeringoutput8.7557603686635935.7Oceanography### FAIRification
- NetCDF model outputs converted to Zarr with 2D coordinates from the BLOM grid file
- Served through an authenticated HTTPS proxy for access-controlled sharing
- Machine-actionable: `schema:ViewAction` links the dataset to the [FAIR2Adapt dashboard](https://fair2adapt.github.io/riomar-dashboard/) for interactive visualization
- Metadata enriched with [I-ADOPT](https://i-adopt.github.io/) variable decomposition22.09302325581395419.0ClimatologyComputer SoftwareEuropean Uniongrid14.155251141552516.2Information and Computing SciencesSea Level Riseocean temperature23.30097087378640814.4### Dataset
- **Variables**: sea surface temperature (SST), ocean temperature on 53 sigma density levels
- **Temporal coverage**: January 2010 – December 2018, monthly averages (108 timesteps)
- **Spatial coverage**: Near-global ocean (-80°S to 90°N), BLOM tripolar curvilinear grid (385×360)
- **Grid**: Original BLOM tripolar curvilinear grid with 2D latitude/longitude coordinates
- **Format**: Cloud-optimized Zarr (Zstd compressed)31.395348837209327.0Geographical ScopeZstdIT-computer sciencesScience and technology/Technology and engineering/IT-computer sciencesOceanographyNo policy or regulationBLOM14.3835616438356146.3FundingMethodologyKnowledge Sector (EEA)dataset15.7534246575342456.9Academia/ Research InstitutionsZarrgrid network13.0568356374807978.5NetCDFcoordinate11.6743471582181247.6BLOM grid26.05177993527508616.1ocean reanalysis14.5631067961165059.0Jan-2010 - Dec-2018Zarr12.5570776255707755.5dataset13.9784946236559129.1Structural/physical: Technologicalhttp17.351598173515987.6http15.82181259600614210.3Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectorstemperature10.2918586789554516.7PhysicsBLOM tripolar curvilinear grid19.5792880258899712.1Climate change impacts, risks and adaptationnone2010-2018computer science41.772151898734189.9IPCCStakeholdersPhysics (General)Academic/ InstitutionalEnvironmental research0https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/ce925871-0304-45ba-adbf-782342f5c639/crate/download/2026-03-22 18:33:57.984278+00:002026-03-23 12:37:23.421624+00:002026-03-22 18:33:57.984278+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/ce925871-0304-45ba-adbf-782342f5c639A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 22 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/ce925871-0304-45ba-adbf-782342f5c639.summerIPCCdependent territory6.255.1of summerGeosciences (General)physics30.5732484076433124.8Climate change impacts, risks and adaptationLisbonMathematical Sciencessensitivity13.9601139601139614.9Earth SciencesMathematical Physicsland-use23.9316239316239328.4disentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0between 1951-1980Climate changeEnvironment/Climate changesensitivity8.3333333333333346.8This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4climate5.7598039215686274.7Physical Sciencesresult6.617647058823535.4maximum5.5147058823529414.5mean temperature11.1519607843137269.1Physical and TechnologicalClimatologyClimate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsGeosciencesmean temperature18.2336182336182346.4Fundingland-use property27.240143369175637.6temperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2Extreme heatPortugalStatisticsmeteorology69.426751592356710.9T max16.8458781362007174.7E20C13.6752136752136754.8Lisbon18.2336182336182346.4extrication6.255.1Climate HazardE20CStakeholdersCity in Portugalland-use14.33823529411764911.71981-2010 periodsHousing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policyUser Needs (RAST)temperature13.35784313725490310.9emissivity5.6372549019607844.6EngineeringStructural/physical: Ecosystem-basedOther Physical SciencesAcademic/ InstitutionalEnvironmental Science and ManagementMeteorology and climatologyThe improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4summer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9noneper 30 yearsfraction6.0049019607843154.9Atmospheric SciencesA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1Policy ScaleChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/ChemistryFluid mechanics and thermodynamicsNo policy or regulationGeographical ScopeEnvironmental SciencesAcademia/ Research InstitutionsLisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7Engineering (General)Lisbon10.7843137254901998.8Knowledge Sector (EEA)Key Type MeasuresMethodologyWeatherWeatherPreparing the groundEsteban GonzalezEnvironmental research0https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/871f8aa3-6675-4a67-a22b-557d9911af94/crate/download/2026-03-23 12:35:03.665944+00:002026-03-25 14:47:47.329308+00:002026-03-23 12:35:03.665944+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/871f8aa3-6675-4a67-a22b-557d9911af94A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 23 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/871f8aa3-6675-4a67-a22b-557d9911af94.sensitivity13.9601139601139614.9emissivity5.6372549019607844.6land-use23.9316239316239328.4Environmental Science and ManagementFundingAcademia/ Research InstitutionsEnvironmental Sciencestemperature13.35784313725490310.9Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectorsphysics30.5732484076433124.8User Needs (RAST)Climate changeEnvironment/Climate changeNo policy or regulationsummer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9climate5.7598039215686274.7PortugalEngineering (General)Lisbon10.7843137254901998.8MethodologyIPCCClimate HazardEngineeringdependent territory6.255.1This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4Other Physical SciencesMathematical SciencesWeatherWeatherLisbon18.2336182336182346.4Academic/ InstitutionalGeographical ScopeA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1Policy ScaleClimatologyE20CPreparing the groundStructural/physical: Ecosystem-basedtemperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2Stakeholdersdisentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0Mathematical PhysicsChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/Chemistryfraction6.0049019607843154.9City in Portugalmaximum5.5147058823529414.5Housing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policyPhysical and TechnologicalLisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7E20C13.6752136752136754.8Statisticsland-use property27.240143369175637.6Fluid mechanics and thermodynamicsT max16.8458781362007174.71981-2010 periodsmeteorology69.426751592356710.9mean temperature18.2336182336182346.4Atmospheric SciencesClimate change impacts, risks and adaptationsensitivity8.3333333333333346.8summerland-use14.33823529411764911.7Physical SciencesLisbonmean temperature11.1519607843137269.1Key Type Measuresbetween 1951-1980Meteorology and climatologyresult6.617647058823535.4The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4per 30 yearsKnowledge Sector (EEA)Earth SciencesExtreme heatextrication6.255.1noneof summerGeosciences (General)GeosciencesEsteban GonzalezEnvironmental research0https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/582b0124-cb3d-4ed4-b941-47e260792a81/crate/download/2026-03-23 12:55:10.444052+00:002026-03-25 14:44:38.324233+00:002026-03-23 12:55:10.444052+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/582b0124-cb3d-4ed4-b941-47e260792a81A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 23 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/582b0124-cb3d-4ed4-b941-47e260792a81.LisbonThis approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4meteorology69.426751592356710.9Structural/physical: Ecosystem-basedClimate changeEnvironment/Climate changeland-use14.33823529411764911.7Mathematical Sciencesemissivity5.6372549019607844.6of summerphysics30.5732484076433124.8maximum5.5147058823529414.5Extreme heatCity in Portugalextrication6.255.1Policy ScalenoneClimate change impacts, risks and adaptationresult6.617647058823535.4Physical and TechnologicalsummerFluid mechanics and thermodynamicsdisentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0between 1951-1980Engineeringmean temperature18.2336182336182346.4Mathematical PhysicsAcademia/ Research InstitutionsKey Type MeasuresHousing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policyper 30 yearsPortugalA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1sensitivity8.3333333333333346.8ClimatologyStatisticsGeographical ScopePhysical SciencesStakeholdersdependent territory6.255.1IPCCAcademic/ InstitutionalGeosciences (General)Climate HazardMeteorology and climatologyland-use property27.240143369175637.6Environmental Science and ManagementE20C13.6752136752136754.8GeosciencesWeatherWeatherThe improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4land-use23.9316239316239328.4temperature13.35784313725490310.9Preparing the groundChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/Chemistrytemperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2fraction6.0049019607843154.9Environmental Sciencessummer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9mean temperature11.1519607843137269.1T max16.8458781362007174.7Other Physical SciencesEngineering (General)Knowledge Sector (EEA)sensitivity13.9601139601139614.9Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectorsclimate5.7598039215686274.7Lisbon10.7843137254901998.8E20CUser Needs (RAST)No policy or regulationEarth SciencesAtmospheric SciencesLisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.71981-2010 periodsMethodologyLisbon18.2336182336182346.4FundingEsteban GonzalezEnvironmental research0https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/6bb432f6-cafb-4999-a0a8-37acca5d6874/crate/download/2026-03-23 15:14:37.942775+00:002026-03-25 14:44:15.880108+00:002026-03-23 15:14:37.942775+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/6bb432f6-cafb-4999-a0a8-37acca5d6874A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 23 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/6bb432f6-cafb-4999-a0a8-37acca5d6874.sensitivity13.9601139601139614.9disentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4Geosciences (General)Climate change impacts, risks and adaptationGeosciencesAcademic/ Institutionalmean temperature18.2336182336182346.4sensitivity8.3333333333333346.8emissivity5.6372549019607844.6land-use property27.240143369175637.6mean temperature11.1519607843137269.1Engineering (General)Academia/ Research Institutionsland-use23.9316239316239328.4IPCCnonebetween 1951-1980Mathematical SciencesNo policy or regulationmaximum5.5147058823529414.5Preparing the groundtemperature13.35784313725490310.9Policy ScaleFundingEngineeringextrication6.255.1Climate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsStatisticsExtreme heatStakeholdersE20CT max16.8458781362007174.7User Needs (RAST)Climate Hazardtemperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2land-use14.33823529411764911.7E20C13.6752136752136754.8Knowledge Sector (EEA)Other Physical SciencesMathematical PhysicsLisbon18.2336182336182346.4Meteorology and climatologyPhysical Sciencesclimate5.7598039215686274.7of summersummerMethodologyPhysical and TechnologicalEarth SciencesStructural/physical: Ecosystem-basedphysics30.5732484076433124.8meteorology69.426751592356710.9Environmental Science and ManagementClimatologyGeographical ScopeLisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7dependent territory6.255.1Atmospheric SciencesFluid mechanics and thermodynamicsLisbon10.7843137254901998.8per 30 yearsPortugalClimate changeEnvironment/Climate changesummer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9Environmental Sciencesfraction6.0049019607843154.9Key Type MeasuresLisbonChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/Chemistryresult6.617647058823535.4WeatherWeatherCity in PortugalHousing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy1981-2010 periodsThis approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4Esteban GonzalezEnvironmental research0https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/ddf399fc-b532-4e4e-9b13-1796a7a144d7/crate/download/2026-03-23 17:27:30.746575+00:002026-03-25 14:43:04.015341+00:002026-03-23 17:27:30.746575+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/ddf399fc-b532-4e4e-9b13-1796a7a144d7A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 23 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/ddf399fc-b532-4e4e-9b13-1796a7a144d7.Climatologysensitivity13.9601139601139614.9land-use property27.240143369175637.6land-use23.9316239316239328.4E20C13.6752136752136754.8IPCCUser Needs (RAST)Climate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsGeographical ScopeEngineering (General)Geosciences (General)E20Cclimate5.7598039215686274.7summer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4per 30 yearsAcademia/ Research InstitutionsKey Type Measuresdisentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0result6.617647058823535.4Extreme heatextrication6.255.1Lisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4WeatherWeatherland-use14.33823529411764911.7Mathematical PhysicsFundingCity in Portugalmean temperature18.2336182336182346.4Housing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policyPolicy ScaleLisbon10.7843137254901998.8Preparing the groundEnvironmental Science and ManagementNo policy or regulationT max16.8458781362007174.7A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1emissivity5.6372549019607844.6fraction6.0049019607843154.9physics30.5732484076433124.8GeosciencesLisbon18.2336182336182346.4Meteorology and climatology1981-2010 periodstemperature13.35784313725490310.9EngineeringMathematical Sciencesmean temperature11.1519607843137269.1StatisticsnoneChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/ChemistryClimate changeEnvironment/Climate changesummerOther Physical SciencesEnvironmental SciencesClimate change impacts, risks and adaptationStructural/physical: Ecosystem-basedMethodologyLisbonAtmospheric SciencesPhysical and Technologicalbetween 1951-1980Stakeholdersmaximum5.5147058823529414.5of summersensitivity8.3333333333333346.8dependent territory6.255.1Climate Hazardmeteorology69.426751592356710.9Knowledge Sector (EEA)Physical SciencesPortugalAcademic/ InstitutionalEarth Sciencestemperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2Fluid mechanics and thermodynamicsEsteban GonzalezEnvironmental researchPortugalFundingE20C13.6752136752136754.8StatisticsPreparing the groundland-use14.33823529411764911.7Fluid mechanics and thermodynamicsGeosciences (General)WeatherWeatherUser Needs (RAST)T max16.8458781362007174.7emissivity5.6372549019607844.6summer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9Physical SciencesClimatologyClimate change impacts, risks and adaptationdisentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4Extreme heatsummerStructural/physical: Ecosystem-basedOther Physical Sciencesfraction6.0049019607843154.9of summerLisbonland-use23.9316239316239328.4Lisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7Environmental SciencesStakeholdersMathematical SciencesKey Type MeasuresEngineeringThis approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4Climate HazardAtmospheric Sciencesmeteorology69.426751592356710.9IPCCMathematical Physicssensitivity8.3333333333333346.8A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1Climate changeEnvironment/Climate changeE20Ctemperature13.35784313725490310.9Knowledge Sector (EEA)Geographical ScopeCity in Portugalnoneland-use property27.240143369175637.6Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectorsbetween 1951-1980temperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2No policy or regulationLisbon10.7843137254901998.8mean temperature11.1519607843137269.1dependent territory6.255.1Meteorology and climatologyPolicy ScaleMethodologyEarth Sciencesphysics30.5732484076433124.8ChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/Chemistry1981-2010 periodsEngineering (General)result6.617647058823535.4sensitivity13.9601139601139614.9mean temperature18.2336182336182346.4maximum5.5147058823529414.5Physical and TechnologicalHousing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policyper 30 yearsclimate5.7598039215686274.7extrication6.255.1GeosciencesAcademia/ Research InstitutionsEnvironmental Science and ManagementLisbon18.2336182336182346.4Academic/ Institutional0https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/f46983ca-a0f2-4b8e-a3ea-fce696d20d7a/crate/download/2026-03-24 00:10:50.927788+00:002026-03-25 14:47:16.207961+00:002026-03-24 00:10:50.927788+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/f46983ca-a0f2-4b8e-a3ea-fce696d20d7aA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/f46983ca-a0f2-4b8e-a3ea-fce696d20d7a.Esteban GonzalezEnvironmental research0https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/b4dd13a7-679a-4e2c-b3f0-16bee1c67b88/crate/download/2026-03-24 00:17:18.811253+00:002026-03-25 14:45:19.295237+00:002026-03-24 00:17:18.811253+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/b4dd13a7-679a-4e2c-b3f0-16bee1c67b88A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/b4dd13a7-679a-4e2c-b3f0-16bee1c67b88.summerHousing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policytemperature13.35784313725490310.9User Needs (RAST)physics30.5732484076433124.8maximum5.5147058823529414.5per 30 yearsEarth SciencesClimatologyPreparing the groundChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/ChemistryStakeholdersKey Type Measuressensitivity8.3333333333333346.8WeatherWeatherE20CAcademic/ InstitutionalClimate change impacts, risks and adaptationGeosciencesmeteorology69.426751592356710.9Engineering (General)Academia/ Research InstitutionsThe improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4fraction6.0049019607843154.9Extreme heatland-use23.9316239316239328.4noneMathematical Sciencesland-use14.33823529411764911.7mean temperature18.2336182336182346.4Mathematical Physicsof summerPortugalThis approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4IPCCGeographical Scoperesult6.617647058823535.4Knowledge Sector (EEA)No policy or regulationGeosciences (General)Climate Hazardmean temperature11.1519607843137269.1Lisbon10.7843137254901998.8dependent territory6.255.1Environmental SciencesMethodologyMeteorology and climatologyPhysical SciencesClimate changeEnvironment/Climate changeland-use property27.240143369175637.6FundingFluid mechanics and thermodynamicsbetween 1951-1980Engineeringclimate5.7598039215686274.7T max16.8458781362007174.7extrication6.255.1StatisticsLisbonCity in PortugalAtmospheric SciencesStructural/physical: Ecosystem-basedsummer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9Lisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7temperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2Policy Scaleemissivity5.6372549019607844.6disentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.11981-2010 periodsClimate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsEnvironmental Science and ManagementPhysical and TechnologicalLisbon18.2336182336182346.4sensitivity13.9601139601139614.9E20C13.6752136752136754.8Other Physical SciencesEsteban GonzalezEnvironmental research0https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/140d2b83-a813-40a0-8abd-9cf30783f321/crate/download/2026-03-24 00:19:30.322056+00:002026-03-25 13:38:59.672334+00:002026-03-24 00:19:30.322056+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/140d2b83-a813-40a0-8abd-9cf30783f321A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/140d2b83-a813-40a0-8abd-9cf30783f321.Knowledge Sector (EEA)climate5.7598039215686274.7Geosciences (General)FundingClimate Hazardof summerGeosciencesHousing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policyPortugalland-use14.33823529411764911.7MethodologyClimate changeEnvironment/Climate changeLisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7mean temperature11.1519607843137269.1between 1951-1980Lisbon18.2336182336182346.4Engineering (General)nonemaximum5.5147058823529414.5land-use property27.240143369175637.6meteorology69.426751592356710.9physics30.5732484076433124.8Other Physical SciencesPolicy ScaleGeographical ScopeEnvironmental Sciencesextrication6.255.1The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4Climatologyemissivity5.6372549019607844.6Mathematical Sciences1981-2010 periodsresult6.617647058823535.4Meteorology and climatologyMathematical PhysicsWeatherWeathersensitivity8.3333333333333346.8Academic/ Institutionaltemperature13.35784313725490310.9Preparing the groundtemperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2User Needs (RAST)Key Type MeasuressummerEarth SciencesE20CAtmospheric SciencesStatisticsExtreme heatmean temperature18.2336182336182346.4land-use23.9316239316239328.4Lisbon10.7843137254901998.8Structural/physical: Ecosystem-basedsummer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9dependent territory6.255.1This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4Fluid mechanics and thermodynamicsLisbondisentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0Environmental Science and ManagementIPCCper 30 yearsA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1Climate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsEngineeringStakeholdersT max16.8458781362007174.7Climate change impacts, risks and adaptationAcademia/ Research Institutionssensitivity13.9601139601139614.9fraction6.0049019607843154.9City in PortugalPhysical SciencesNo policy or regulationPhysical and TechnologicalE20C13.6752136752136754.8ChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/ChemistryEsteban GonzalezEnvironmental researchhttps://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f2026-03-24 00:22:55.319849+00:002026-03-24 00:22:56.412088+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon2026-03-24 00:22:55.319849+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/19b58956-ef0d-4777-af80-cffc3d1467f5/crate/download/2026-03-24 00:22:53.709226+00:002026-03-25 14:45:41.263600+00:002026-03-24 00:22:53.709226+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/19b58956-ef0d-4777-af80-cffc3d1467f5A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/19b58956-ef0d-4777-af80-cffc3d1467f5.Engineering (General)PortugalClimate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectorsland-use23.9316239316239328.4Environmental Sciencesland-use14.33823529411764911.7land-use property27.240143369175637.6Mathematical SciencesChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/ChemistryPhysical Sciencesdisentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0Lisbon10.7843137254901998.8Mathematical PhysicsStakeholdersOther Physical Sciencesmean temperature11.1519607843137269.1between 1951-1980ClimatologyExtreme heatsensitivity13.9601139601139614.9Lisbonresult6.617647058823535.4extrication6.255.1This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4StatisticsGeosciences (General)Engineeringfraction6.0049019607843154.9Atmospheric Sciencesclimate5.7598039215686274.7emissivity5.6372549019607844.6The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4Physical and TechnologicalAcademia/ Research InstitutionsWeatherWeatherClimate change impacts, risks and adaptationnonetemperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2physics30.5732484076433124.8Geographical Scopemeteorology69.426751592356710.9User Needs (RAST)FundingMeteorology and climatologyper 30 yearsdependent territory6.255.1mean temperature18.2336182336182346.4summerLisbon18.2336182336182346.4Environmental Science and ManagementA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1GeosciencesCity in PortugalE20C13.6752136752136754.8Fluid mechanics and thermodynamicsKey Type MeasuresKnowledge Sector (EEA)Earth SciencesAcademic/ InstitutionalClimate changeEnvironment/Climate changeE20CPolicy ScalePreparing the groundLisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7MethodologyIPCC1981-2010 periodsmaximum5.5147058823529414.5of summerClimate HazardT max16.8458781362007174.7Structural/physical: Ecosystem-basedHousing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policyNo policy or regulationsummer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9sensitivity8.3333333333333346.8temperature13.35784313725490310.9Esteban GonzalezEnvironmental researchhttps://doi.org/10.1080/106433808022381372026-03-24 01:17:45.860419+00:002026-03-24 01:17:46.945369+00:00This paper reviews the European summer heat wave of 2003, with special emphasis on the first half of August 2003, jointly with its significant societal and environmental impact across Western and Central Europe. We show the pattern of record-breaking temperature anomalies, discuss it in the context of the past, and address the role of the main contributing factors responsible for the occurrence and persistence of this event: blocking episodes, soil moisture deficit, and sea surface temperatures. We show that the anticyclonic pattern corresponds more to an anomalous northern displacement of the North Atlantic subtropical high than a canonical blocking structure, and that soil moisture deficit was a key factor to reach unprecedented temperature anomalies. There are indications that the anomalous Mediterranean Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) have contributed to the heat wave of 2003, whereas the role of SST anomalies in other oceanic regions is still under debate. There are methodological limitations to evaluate excess mortality due to excessive temperatures; however, the different studies available in the literature allow us to estimate that around 40,000 deaths were registered in Europe during the heat wave, mostly elderly persons. Despite previous efforts undertaken by a few cities to implement warning systems, this dramatic episode has highlighted the widespread un-preparedness of most civil and health authorities to cope with such large events. Therefore, the implementation of early warning systems in most European cities to mitigate the impact of extreme heat is the main consequence to diminish the impact of future similar events. In addition to mortality (by far the most dramatic impact), we have also analyzed the record-breaking forest fires in Portugal and the evidence of other relevant impacts, including agriculture and air pollution.A Review of the European Summer Heat Wave of 20032026-03-24 01:17:45.860419+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/14b4b9e7-c8b7-42dd-b5b8-857330399855/crate/download/2026-03-24 01:17:44.353200+00:002026-03-25 14:42:56.836781+00:002026-03-24 01:17:44.353200+00:00This paper reviews the European summer heat wave of 2003, with special emphasis on the first half of August 2003, jointly with its significant societal and environmental impact across Western and Central Europe. We show the pattern of record-breaking temperature anomalies, discuss it in the context of the past, and address the role of the main contributing factors responsible for the occurrence and persistence of this event: blocking episodes, soil moisture deficit, and sea surface temperatures. We show that the anticyclonic pattern corresponds more to an anomalous northern displacement of the North Atlantic subtropical high than a canonical blocking structure, and that soil moisture deficit was a key factor to reach unprecedented temperature anomalies. There are indications that the anomalous Mediterranean Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) have contributed to the heat wave of 2003, whereas the role of SST anomalies in other oceanic regions is still under debate. There are methodological limitations to evaluate excess mortality due to excessive temperatures; however, the different studies available in the literature allow us to estimate that around 40,000 deaths were registered in Europe during the heat wave, mostly elderly persons. Despite previous efforts undertaken by a few cities to implement warning systems, this dramatic episode has highlighted the widespread un-preparedness of most civil and health authorities to cope with such large events. Therefore, the implementation of early warning systems in most European cities to mitigate the impact of extreme heat is the main consequence to diminish the impact of future similar events. In addition to mortality (by far the most dramatic impact), we have also analyzed the record-breaking forest fires in Portugal and the evidence of other relevant impacts, including agriculture and air pollution.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/14b4b9e7-c8b7-42dd-b5b8-857330399855A Review of the European Summer Heat Wave of 2003MANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A Review of the European Summer Heat Wave of 2003." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/14b4b9e7-c8b7-42dd-b5b8-857330399855.Ecological Applicationsrole7.24815724815724855.9Meteorology and climatologyPolicy ScaleEnvironmental pollutionEnvironment/Environmental pollutionPhysical and TechnologicalFundingKnowledge Sector (EEA)PortugalExtreme heat2003Structural/physical: Ecosystem-basedA Review of the European Summer Heat Wave of 2003 This paper reviews the European summer heat wave of 2003, with special emphasis on the first half of August 2003, jointly with its significant societal and environmental impact across Western and Central Europe.44.65648854961832423.4Earth SciencesClimate HazardPopulation growthEnvironment/Natural resources/Population growthEnvironmental Science and ManagementOther Biological SciencesAcademic/ Institutionalsoil moisture deficit34.3163538873994612.8Systemic Literature ReviewKey Type Measuresgeology24.5901639344262261.5Central EuropeMediterranean SeaMethodologyevent7.1253071253071265.8forest fire16.0762942779291545.9summermeteorology55.737704918032783.4Biological SciencesExtreme weather: floods, droughts, heatwavespreparedness11.7166212534059934.3HealthIPCChydrography19.672131147540981.2surface temperature12.8065395095367834.7summer heat wave25.4691689008042889.5Data on climate-relate hazardshealth authority11.9891008174386934.4Other Environmental SciencesGeographical Scopemortality rate8.7223587223587247.1Atmospheric Scienceson the first half of Aug-2003User Needs (RAST)GeosciencesClimate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectorshot weather16.21621621621621813.2of 2003warning system5.159705159705164.2European Continentreadiness8.2309582309582316.7StakeholdersRecords and achievementsHuman interest/Accomplishment/Records and achievementsWe show the pattern of record-breaking temperature anomalies, discuss it in the context of the past, and address the role of the main contributing factors responsible for the occurrence and persistence of this event: blocking episodes, soil moisture deficit, and sea surface temperatures.26.5267175572519113.9Environment pollutiondeficit11.7166212534059934.3European/ Subnational policyGeosciences (General)shortage8.3538083538083546.8indication5.28255528255528354.3WeatherWeatherWeather phenomenaWeather/Weather phenomenaEarth resources and remote sensingfactor5.5282555282555294.5health authority8.5995085995086017.0wildfire11.6707616707616739.5role of the main13.4048257372654145.0Mediterranean Sea surface temperatures17.158176943699736.4Environmental SciencesOther Earth SciencesGeologymortality11.7166212534059934.3record-breaking temperature anomalies9.6514745308310993.6Academia/ Research InstitutionsThere are indications that the anomalous Mediterranean Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) have contributed to the heat wave of 2003, whereas the role of SST anomalies in other oceanic regions is still under debate.28.81679389312977315.1heat wave23.9782016348773878.8impact7.86240786240786356.4EuropeEsteban GonzalezEnvironmental researchhttps://doi.org/10.1080/106433808022381372026-03-24 07:14:19.380860+00:002026-03-24 07:14:20.399545+00:00This paper reviews the European summer heat wave of 2003, with special emphasis on the first half of August 2003, jointly with its significant societal and environmental impact across Western and Central Europe. We show the pattern of record-breaking temperature anomalies, discuss it in the context of the past, and address the role of the main contributing factors responsible for the occurrence and persistence of this event: blocking episodes, soil moisture deficit, and sea surface temperatures. We show that the anticyclonic pattern corresponds more to an anomalous northern displacement of the North Atlantic subtropical high than a canonical blocking structure, and that soil moisture deficit was a key factor to reach unprecedented temperature anomalies. There are indications that the anomalous Mediterranean Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) have contributed to the heat wave of 2003, whereas the role of SST anomalies in other oceanic regions is still under debate. There are methodological limitations to evaluate excess mortality due to excessive temperatures; however, the different studies available in the literature allow us to estimate that around 40,000 deaths were registered in Europe during the heat wave, mostly elderly persons. Despite previous efforts undertaken by a few cities to implement warning systems, this dramatic episode has highlighted the widespread un-preparedness of most civil and health authorities to cope with such large events. Therefore, the implementation of early warning systems in most European cities to mitigate the impact of extreme heat is the main consequence to diminish the impact of future similar events. In addition to mortality (by far the most dramatic impact), we have also analyzed the record-breaking forest fires in Portugal and the evidence of other relevant impacts, including agriculture and air pollution.A Review of the European Summer Heat Wave of 20032026-03-24 07:14:19.380860+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/d5e7d8f9-36f3-4742-b9f5-382009a433d7/crate/download/2026-03-24 07:14:17.839290+00:002026-03-25 14:43:16.742924+00:002026-03-24 07:14:17.839290+00:00This paper reviews the European summer heat wave of 2003, with special emphasis on the first half of August 2003, jointly with its significant societal and environmental impact across Western and Central Europe. We show the pattern of record-breaking temperature anomalies, discuss it in the context of the past, and address the role of the main contributing factors responsible for the occurrence and persistence of this event: blocking episodes, soil moisture deficit, and sea surface temperatures. We show that the anticyclonic pattern corresponds more to an anomalous northern displacement of the North Atlantic subtropical high than a canonical blocking structure, and that soil moisture deficit was a key factor to reach unprecedented temperature anomalies. There are indications that the anomalous Mediterranean Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) have contributed to the heat wave of 2003, whereas the role of SST anomalies in other oceanic regions is still under debate. There are methodological limitations to evaluate excess mortality due to excessive temperatures; however, the different studies available in the literature allow us to estimate that around 40,000 deaths were registered in Europe during the heat wave, mostly elderly persons. Despite previous efforts undertaken by a few cities to implement warning systems, this dramatic episode has highlighted the widespread un-preparedness of most civil and health authorities to cope with such large events. Therefore, the implementation of early warning systems in most European cities to mitigate the impact of extreme heat is the main consequence to diminish the impact of future similar events. In addition to mortality (by far the most dramatic impact), we have also analyzed the record-breaking forest fires in Portugal and the evidence of other relevant impacts, including agriculture and air pollution.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/d5e7d8f9-36f3-4742-b9f5-382009a433d7A Review of the European Summer Heat Wave of 2003MANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A Review of the European Summer Heat Wave of 2003." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/d5e7d8f9-36f3-4742-b9f5-382009a433d7.Environment pollutionsummerKey Type MeasuresExtreme weather: floods, droughts, heatwavesEnvironmental pollutionEnvironment/Environmental pollutionrole of the main13.4048257372654145.0impact7.86240786240786356.4Atmospheric SciencesEarth Scienceshealth authority11.9891008174386934.4Academic/ InstitutionalGeosciences (General)We show the pattern of record-breaking temperature anomalies, discuss it in the context of the past, and address the role of the main contributing factors responsible for the occurrence and persistence of this event: blocking episodes, soil moisture deficit, and sea surface temperatures.26.5267175572519113.9Geographical ScopePhysical and Technological2003Biological SciencesKnowledge Sector (EEA)Healthindication5.28255528255528354.3mortality11.7166212534059934.3Earth resources and remote sensingwildfire11.6707616707616739.5Weather phenomenaWeather/Weather phenomenaEuropeData on climate-relate hazardsMediterranean Searole7.24815724815724855.9Records and achievementsHuman interest/Accomplishment/Records and achievementsPopulation growthEnvironment/Natural resources/Population growthreadiness8.2309582309582316.7Other Earth Scienceswarning system5.159705159705164.2WeatherWeatherEnvironmental Science and ManagementEuropean Continentforest fire16.0762942779291545.9mortality rate8.7223587223587247.1GeologyEnvironmental SciencesEuropean/ Subnational policyExtreme heatsurface temperature12.8065395095367834.7factor5.5282555282555294.5Mediterranean Sea surface temperatures17.158176943699736.4Meteorology and climatologySystemic Literature ReviewOther Biological SciencesFundingClimate Hazardon the first half of Aug-2003Structural/physical: Ecosystem-baseddeficit11.7166212534059934.3hydrography19.672131147540981.2heat wave23.9782016348773878.8There are indications that the anomalous Mediterranean Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) have contributed to the heat wave of 2003, whereas the role of SST anomalies in other oceanic regions is still under debate.28.81679389312977315.1StakeholdersIPCCPortugalsoil moisture deficit34.3163538873994612.8meteorology55.737704918032783.4of 2003A Review of the European Summer Heat Wave of 2003 This paper reviews the European summer heat wave of 2003, with special emphasis on the first half of August 2003, jointly with its significant societal and environmental impact across Western and Central Europe.44.65648854961832423.4hot weather16.21621621621621813.2Other Environmental SciencesEcological ApplicationsUser Needs (RAST)shortage8.3538083538083546.8preparedness11.7166212534059934.3Central EuropeMethodologyPolicy Scalesummer heat wave25.4691689008042889.5record-breaking temperature anomalies9.6514745308310993.6geology24.5901639344262261.5event7.1253071253071265.8Academia/ Research InstitutionsGeoscienceshealth authority8.5995085995086017.0Climate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsEsteban GonzalezEnvironmental researchhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2022.1275482026-03-24 07:17:49.352074+00:002026-03-24 07:17:50.439486+00:00Implementing measures to adapt and mitigate climate change effects in cities has been considered increasingly urgent since the quality of life, health, and well-being of urban residents is threatened by this change. Novel communities of plant species that emerge and thrive in the harsh conditions of cities may represent a promising opportunity to address climate change adaptation and mitigation through the planting design and management of urban green spaces. The objective of this study is to develop an adaptive planting design and management framework. The proposed framework is grounded on previous adaptive approaches and focuses on the opportunities emerging from novel plant communities in urban conditions. The framework comprises three main steps (1 – Climate change assessment, 2 – Plant species database, and 3 – Planting design and management procedure). A proposal on how the framework could be tested was developed for the city of Porto, Portugal. Still, the application of the framework can also be adjusted to other urban contexts, offering a starting point for experimentation and assessment of plants’ adaptation and mitigation capacities through design and management. As lack of knowledge and uncertainty about climate change limits global capacity to implement robust adaptation and mitigation strategies, building knowledge in an adaptive way and context-specific locations will be of paramount interest to tackle climate change in cities.Adaptive planting design and management framework for urban climate change adaptation and mitigation2026-03-24 07:17:49.352074+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/5a191e95-25b2-436f-9559-65c36a845789/crate/download/2026-03-24 07:17:47.285826+00:002026-03-25 14:42:27.266435+00:002026-03-24 07:17:47.285826+00:00Implementing measures to adapt and mitigate climate change effects in cities has been considered increasingly urgent since the quality of life, health, and well-being of urban residents is threatened by this change. Novel communities of plant species that emerge and thrive in the harsh conditions of cities may represent a promising opportunity to address climate change adaptation and mitigation through the planting design and management of urban green spaces. The objective of this study is to develop an adaptive planting design and management framework. The proposed framework is grounded on previous adaptive approaches and focuses on the opportunities emerging from novel plant communities in urban conditions. The framework comprises three main steps (1 – Climate change assessment, 2 – Plant species database, and 3 – Planting design and management procedure). A proposal on how the framework could be tested was developed for the city of Porto, Portugal. Still, the application of the framework can also be adjusted to other urban contexts, offering a starting point for experimentation and assessment of plants’ adaptation and mitigation capacities through design and management. As lack of knowledge and uncertainty about climate change limits global capacity to implement robust adaptation and mitigation strategies, building knowledge in an adaptive way and context-specific locations will be of paramount interest to tackle climate change in cities.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/5a191e95-25b2-436f-9559-65c36a845789Adaptive planting design and management framework for urban climate change adaptation and mitigationMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "Adaptive planting design and management framework for urban climate change adaptation and mitigation." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/5a191e95-25b2-436f-9559-65c36a845789.Geosciences (General)climate change adaptation12.2916666666666665.9management framework18.2773109243697438.7noneclimate change10.2439024390243928.4User Needs (RAST)Earth resources and remote sensingknowledge7.9268292682926856.5Policy ScaleIPCCSystemic Literature ReviewMethodologyStakeholdersOther Biological SciencesNovel communities of plant species that emerge and thrive in the harsh conditions of cities may represent a promising opportunity to address climate change adaptation and mitigation through the planting design and management of urban green spaces.39.1585760517799424.2Academic/ InstitutionalPortomitigation strategy30.46218487394957814.5GeosciencesLife sciences (General)Geographical ScopeEnvironmental Science and ManagementBiological Sciencesemergency measure17.19512195121951614.1Other Agricultural and Veterinary SciencesPreparing the groundrack7.31707317073170856.0pattern10.08.2Life sciencesClimate change impacts, risks and adaptationKnowledge Sector (EEA)Other Environmental Sciencesecology38.524590163934434.7AgricultureEconomy, business and finance/Economic sector/AgricultureEnvironment pollutionaim4.268292682926833.5WeatherWeatherstrategy5.1219512195121964.2Climate changeEnvironment/Climate changeplant species10.8333333333333345.2botany13.1147540983606561.6The objective of this study is to develop an adaptive planting design and management framework.22.16828478964401213.7Extreme heatplanting9.268292682926837.6European ContinentBuilt Environment and DesignKey Type MeasuresClimate Hazardmanagement5.0609756097560984.15planting design20.1680672268907569.6Environmental SciencesUrban and Regional PlanningMeteorology and climatologyEcological ApplicationsAdaptive planting design and management framework for urban climate change adaptation and mitigation Implementing measures to adapt and mitigate climate change effects in cities has been considered increasingly urgent since the quality of life, health, and well-being of urban residents is threatened by this change.38.67313915857605623.9Nature-based Solutions and Ecosystem-based ApproachNo policy or regulationmitigation26.66666666666666812.8opportunity12.0833333333333345.8framework11.0416666666666665.3Academia/ Research InstitutionsOther Built Environment and Designopportunity7.5609756097560996.2Agricultural and Veterinary Sciencesmitigation Implementing measure19.327731092436979.2locating4.3902439024390253.6community6.5853658536585385.4building knowledge11.764705882352945.6PlantHuman interest/Plantbiology24.590163934426233.0Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectorsmeteorology23.770491803278692.9knowledge12.56.0UrbanAgriculture, Land and Farm Managementplanting14.5833333333333347.0FundingEsteban GonzalezEnvironmental researchhttps://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ad75272026-03-24 07:22:00.899615+00:002026-03-24 07:22:01.922059+00:00Abstract
As extreme event attribution (EEA) matures, explaining the impacts of extreme events has risen to be a key focus for attribution scientists. Studies of this type usually assess the contribution of anthropogenic climate change to observed impacts. Other scientific communities have developed tools to assess how human activities influence impacts of extreme weather events on ecosystems and societies. For example, the disaster risk reduction (DRR) community analyses how the structure of human societies affects exposure, vulnerability, and ultimately the impacts of extreme weather events, with less attention to the role of anthropogenic climate change. In this perspective, we argue that adapting current practice in EEA to also consider other causal factors in attribution of extreme weather impacts would provide richer and more comprehensive insight into the causes of disasters. To this end, we propose a framework for EEA that would generate a more complete picture of human influences on impacts and bridge the gap between the EEA and DRR communities. We provide illustrations for five case studies: the 2021–2022 Kenyan drought; the 2013–2015 marine heatwave in the northeast Pacific; the 2017 forest fires in Portugal; Acqua Alta (flooding) events in Venice and evaluation of the efficiency of the Experimental Electromechanical Module, an ensemble of mobile barriers that can be activated to mitigate the influx of seawater in the city; and California droughts and the Forecast Informed Reservoir Operations system as an adaptation strategy.Broadening the scope of anthropogenic influence in extreme event attribution2026-03-24 07:22:00.899615+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/611168c5-cd96-4ff1-a973-46be7b669d56/crate/download/2026-03-24 07:21:59.320509+00:002026-03-25 13:49:49.477493+00:002026-03-24 07:21:59.320509+00:00Abstract
As extreme event attribution (EEA) matures, explaining the impacts of extreme events has risen to be a key focus for attribution scientists. Studies of this type usually assess the contribution of anthropogenic climate change to observed impacts. Other scientific communities have developed tools to assess how human activities influence impacts of extreme weather events on ecosystems and societies. For example, the disaster risk reduction (DRR) community analyses how the structure of human societies affects exposure, vulnerability, and ultimately the impacts of extreme weather events, with less attention to the role of anthropogenic climate change. In this perspective, we argue that adapting current practice in EEA to also consider other causal factors in attribution of extreme weather impacts would provide richer and more comprehensive insight into the causes of disasters. To this end, we propose a framework for EEA that would generate a more complete picture of human influences on impacts and bridge the gap between the EEA and DRR communities. We provide illustrations for five case studies: the 2021–2022 Kenyan drought; the 2013–2015 marine heatwave in the northeast Pacific; the 2017 forest fires in Portugal; Acqua Alta (flooding) events in Venice and evaluation of the efficiency of the Experimental Electromechanical Module, an ensemble of mobile barriers that can be activated to mitigate the influx of seawater in the city; and California droughts and the Forecast Informed Reservoir Operations system as an adaptation strategy.application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/611168c5-cd96-4ff1-a973-46be7b669d56Broadening the scope of anthropogenic influence in extreme event attributionMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "Broadening the scope of anthropogenic influence in extreme event attribution." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/611168c5-cd96-4ff1-a973-46be7b669d56.Other Environmental SciencesExperimental Electromechanical ModuleEcosystemEnvironment/Nature/Ecosystemthe 2013-2015European Continentinsight6.585788561525133.8Climate Hazardanthropogenic climate change12.7403846153846175.3extreme event attribution15.3846153846153876.4Disaster risk reductiondrr community15.7894736842105266.0Experimental Electromechanical Module13.1578947368421045.0event attribution Abstract26.052631578947379.9meteorology62.7118644067796543.7ecology37.288135593220342.2influx6.2391681109185453.6Key Type MeasuresInternational/ Global policyVeniceWeatherWeatherMethodologycontribution6.7590987868284243.9Atmospheric SciencesPreparing the groundstudy10.0519930675909885.8Science and technologyScience and technologyAcademic/ InstitutionalEarth SciencesGeosciences (General)CaliforniaClimate change impacts, risks and adaptationextreme weather11.538461538461544.8Energy production and conversionIn this perspective, we argue that adapting current practice in EEA to also consider other causal factors in attribution of extreme weather impacts would provide richer and more comprehensive insight into the causes of disasters.24.51838879159369414.0the 2021-2022Ecological ApplicationsNon specificEnvironmental Sciencesact8.4922010398613534.9Institutional: Government policies and programsimpacts of extreme weather event11.8421052631578964.5Climate changeEnvironment/Climate changePortugalEnvironment pollutionAcademia/ Research InstitutionsGeographical ScopeSystemic Literature ReviewUser Needs (RAST)Geosciencesstudy11.538461538461544.8As extreme event attribution (EEA) matures, explaining the impacts of extreme events has risen to be a key focus for attribution scientists.52.5394045534150630.0Policy ScalePhysical and TechnologicalClimate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectorsattribution scientist33.157894736842112.6StakeholdersKnowledge Sector (EEA)impact13.4615384615384635.6determinant6.4124783362218373.7attribution20.6730769230769278.6community14.663461538461546.1IPCCEnvironmental Science and Managementcommunity18.71750433275563510.8Broadening the scope of anthropogenic influence in extreme event attribution Abstract22.94220665499124213.1impact9.8786828422876955.7FundingMeteorology and climatologyGeophysicsattribution16.9844020797227069.8Esteban GonzalezEnvironmental researchhttps://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f2026-03-24 07:30:27.392753+00:002026-03-24 07:30:28.416665+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon2026-03-24 07:30:27.392753+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/b2e03e61-d513-4394-82c6-09742ad9b0bf/crate/download/2026-03-24 07:30:25.596802+00:002026-03-25 14:48:18.692247+00:002026-03-24 07:30:25.596802+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/b2e03e61-d513-4394-82c6-09742ad9b0bfA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/b2e03e61-d513-4394-82c6-09742ad9b0bf.Lisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7Key Type MeasuresNo policy or regulationGeosciences (General)between 1951-1980Housing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policymean temperature11.1519607843137269.1IPCCsensitivity8.3333333333333346.8E20C13.6752136752136754.8EngineeringUser Needs (RAST)Physical and TechnologicalLisbon10.7843137254901998.8Preparing the groundGeosciencesMethodologyland-use23.9316239316239328.4StakeholdersOther Physical Sciencesextrication6.255.1of summerFundingPhysical SciencesLisbon18.2336182336182346.4Policy ScaleLisbonper 30 yearssummer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9disentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0dependent territory6.255.1physics30.5732484076433124.8A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1Engineering (General)Extreme heatland-use14.33823529411764911.7meteorology69.426751592356710.9mean temperature18.2336182336182346.4This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4Knowledge Sector (EEA)PortugalEnvironmental Science and Managementclimate5.7598039215686274.7result6.617647058823535.4City in PortugalStatisticsThe improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4Environmental SciencesStructural/physical: Ecosystem-basedClimate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsGeographical ScopeChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/Chemistrytemperature13.35784313725490310.9Academia/ Research Institutionsfraction6.0049019607843154.9maximum5.5147058823529414.5land-use property27.240143369175637.6Climate changeEnvironment/Climate changeClimate change impacts, risks and adaptationClimate HazardWeatherWeatherEarth SciencesMathematical Physicssensitivity13.9601139601139614.9ClimatologyE20C1981-2010 periodsAtmospheric SciencesMeteorology and climatologysummeremissivity5.6372549019607844.6temperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2T max16.8458781362007174.7Fluid mechanics and thermodynamicsAcademic/ InstitutionalMathematical SciencesnoneEsteban GonzalezEnvironmental researchhttps://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f2026-03-24 08:20:54.277645+00:002026-03-24 08:20:55.345399+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon2026-03-24 08:20:54.277645+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/139232bf-65ac-4b90-8e50-378e66f4b88f/crate/download/2026-03-24 08:20:52.809064+00:002026-03-25 14:43:35.410683+00:002026-03-24 08:20:52.809064+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/139232bf-65ac-4b90-8e50-378e66f4b88fA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/139232bf-65ac-4b90-8e50-378e66f4b88f.Climate HazardNo policy or regulationGeosciencesPhysical SciencesEngineering (General)land-use23.9316239316239328.4Lisbon18.2336182336182346.4result6.617647058823535.4Geographical ScopePhysical and Technologicalmaximum5.5147058823529414.5noneof summersummerPortugalMethodologyMeteorology and climatologyland-use property27.240143369175637.6StakeholdersE20C13.6752136752136754.8Fluid mechanics and thermodynamicsEngineeringmean temperature11.1519607843137269.1Preparing the groundKnowledge Sector (EEA)City in PortugalGeosciences (General)Housing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policyClimatologysensitivity8.3333333333333346.8land-use14.33823529411764911.7FundingWeatherWeatherextrication6.255.1Climate change impacts, risks and adaptationLisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7climate5.7598039215686274.7A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1User Needs (RAST)temperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2fraction6.0049019607843154.9physics30.5732484076433124.8Extreme heatThe improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4disentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0Lisbon10.7843137254901998.8Climate changeEnvironment/Climate changeKey Type MeasuresThis approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4Earth SciencesIPCCLisbonPolicy ScaleStatisticsMathematical PhysicsChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/ChemistryEnvironmental Science and Managementbetween 1951-1980Mathematical SciencesOther Physical SciencesAcademia/ Research InstitutionsStructural/physical: Ecosystem-basedT max16.8458781362007174.7Environmental Sciencestemperature13.35784313725490310.9Atmospheric Sciencesper 30 yearsmeteorology69.426751592356710.91981-2010 periodsemissivity5.6372549019607844.6Academic/ Institutionalsensitivity13.9601139601139614.9Climate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsE20Cdependent territory6.255.1mean temperature18.2336182336182346.4summer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9Esteban GonzalezEnvironmental researchhttps://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f2026-03-24 08:51:46.046981+00:002026-03-24 08:51:47.158524+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon2026-03-24 08:51:46.046981+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/e9a82f6c-3bbe-40e6-bb17-daa68cd07f4c/crate/download/2026-03-24 08:51:44.416774+00:002026-03-25 14:46:44.756211+00:002026-03-24 08:51:44.416774+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/e9a82f6c-3bbe-40e6-bb17-daa68cd07f4cA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/e9a82f6c-3bbe-40e6-bb17-daa68cd07f4c.E20CFluid mechanics and thermodynamicsThis approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4E20C13.6752136752136754.8Atmospheric Sciencessensitivity13.9601139601139614.9Other Physical SciencesEngineering (General)Environmental Sciencesper 30 yearsAcademia/ Research InstitutionsWeatherWeatherClimatologyGeographical ScopeThe improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4Earth Sciencestemperature13.35784313725490310.9dependent territory6.255.1land-use14.33823529411764911.7Meteorology and climatologyextrication6.255.1Knowledge Sector (EEA)Environmental Science and ManagementEngineeringLisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7City in PortugalA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1summerGeosciences (General)summer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9climate5.7598039215686274.7Housing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policymaximum5.5147058823529414.5Funding1981-2010 periodsbetween 1951-1980User Needs (RAST)Mathematical PhysicsKey Type Measuresland-use property27.240143369175637.6mean temperature18.2336182336182346.4Physical and Technologicalsensitivity8.3333333333333346.8fraction6.0049019607843154.9mean temperature11.1519607843137269.1of summerNo policy or regulationExtreme heatStakeholdersLisbonLisbon10.7843137254901998.8MethodologyPhysical Sciencesnonemeteorology69.426751592356710.9Geosciencesdisentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0result6.617647058823535.4ChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/ChemistryClimate change impacts, risks and adaptationPolicy ScaleClimate HazardStatisticsIPCCLisbon18.2336182336182346.4Preparing the groundClimate changeEnvironment/Climate changePortugalemissivity5.6372549019607844.6T max16.8458781362007174.7Structural/physical: Ecosystem-basedtemperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2land-use23.9316239316239328.4Climate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsAcademic/ InstitutionalMathematical Sciencesphysics30.5732484076433124.8Esteban GonzalezEnvironmental researchhttps://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f2026-03-24 09:22:04.887010+00:002026-03-24 09:22:06.345506+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon2026-03-24 09:22:04.887010+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/c72367c0-9ce3-48a3-8d50-c1ad5811cdd7/crate/download/2026-03-24 09:22:03.148849+00:002026-03-25 14:44:26.868247+00:002026-03-24 09:22:03.148849+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/c72367c0-9ce3-48a3-8d50-c1ad5811cdd7A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/c72367c0-9ce3-48a3-8d50-c1ad5811cdd7.No policy or regulationCity in PortugalFundingOther Physical SciencesClimatologyEarth SciencesE20CLisbonE20C13.6752136752136754.8Climate change impacts, risks and adaptationresult6.617647058823535.4Lisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7Engineering (General)StakeholdersStatisticsAcademia/ Research InstitutionsMathematical SciencesPhysical Sciences1981-2010 periodsPolicy Scaleper 30 yearsMathematical PhysicsClimate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectorsland-use property27.240143369175637.6Structural/physical: Ecosystem-basedmean temperature18.2336182336182346.4sensitivity13.9601139601139614.9disentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0WeatherWeatherGeosciences (General)physics30.5732484076433124.8land-use23.9316239316239328.4ChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/Chemistrytemperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2Physical and TechnologicalLisbon10.7843137254901998.8GeosciencesMeteorology and climatologybetween 1951-1980mean temperature11.1519607843137269.1A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1Engineeringextrication6.255.1climate5.7598039215686274.7Climate changeEnvironment/Climate changeFluid mechanics and thermodynamicsExtreme heatLisbon18.2336182336182346.4land-use14.33823529411764911.7summer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9IPCCmeteorology69.426751592356710.9Climate HazardHousing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policyAcademic/ InstitutionalPortugalsensitivity8.3333333333333346.8fraction6.0049019607843154.9MethodologyT max16.8458781362007174.7User Needs (RAST)Atmospheric Sciencestemperature13.35784313725490310.9Knowledge Sector (EEA)noneThe improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4maximum5.5147058823529414.5of summerEnvironmental Science and ManagementThis approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4summerEnvironmental Sciencesdependent territory6.255.1Preparing the groundGeographical Scopeemissivity5.6372549019607844.6Key Type MeasuresEsteban GonzalezEnvironmental researchhttps://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f2026-03-24 09:27:55.555823+00:002026-03-24 09:27:56.567408+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon2026-03-24 09:27:55.555823+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/d9c756dd-0481-405a-911b-23ce97e81abd/crate/download/2026-03-24 09:27:53.744918+00:002026-03-25 14:43:46.111587+00:002026-03-24 09:27:53.744918+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/d9c756dd-0481-405a-911b-23ce97e81abdA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/d9c756dd-0481-405a-911b-23ce97e81abd.between 1951-1980meteorology69.426751592356710.9Climate Hazardtemperature13.35784313725490310.9Other Physical SciencesAcademia/ Research InstitutionsStatisticsMeteorology and climatologyland-use property27.240143369175637.6summer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9Lisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7User Needs (RAST)result6.617647058823535.4nonemean temperature11.1519607843137269.1emissivity5.6372549019607844.6This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4Physical and TechnologicalE20CLisbonland-use14.33823529411764911.7Lisbon10.7843137254901998.8sensitivity8.3333333333333346.8Atmospheric SciencesClimate changeEnvironment/Climate changeEarth SciencessummerKnowledge Sector (EEA)per 30 yearsStructural/physical: Ecosystem-basedGeographical Scopefraction6.0049019607843154.9Methodologydisentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0Extreme heatextrication6.255.1Mathematical SciencesFluid mechanics and thermodynamicssensitivity13.9601139601139614.9City in PortugalPortugalClimatologyStakeholdersGeosciences (General)ChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/ChemistryPreparing the grounddependent territory6.255.1Academic/ InstitutionalMathematical PhysicsPolicy ScaleLisbon18.2336182336182346.4Key Type MeasuresE20C13.6752136752136754.8physics30.5732484076433124.8Housing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policyEngineering (General)Climate change impacts, risks and adaptationWeatherWeatherEnvironmental Sciencesland-use23.9316239316239328.4of summerT max16.8458781362007174.7Climate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsGeosciencesA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1Environmental Science and ManagementThe improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4IPCCNo policy or regulationmean temperature18.2336182336182346.4EngineeringPhysical Sciencesmaximum5.5147058823529414.5Fundingclimate5.7598039215686274.71981-2010 periodstemperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2Esteban GonzalezEnvironmental researchhttps://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f2026-03-24 09:34:15.157056+00:002026-03-24 09:34:16.191304+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon2026-03-24 09:34:15.157056+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/4a7bb92b-6d39-498a-a1d0-c974fd399f4a/crate/download/2026-03-24 09:34:13.450108+00:002026-03-25 14:44:48.997939+00:002026-03-24 09:34:13.450108+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/4a7bb92b-6d39-498a-a1d0-c974fd399f4aA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/4a7bb92b-6d39-498a-a1d0-c974fd399f4a.land-use23.9316239316239328.4mean temperature11.1519607843137269.1temperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2Atmospheric Sciencestemperature13.35784313725490310.9land-use14.33823529411764911.7FundingStructural/physical: Ecosystem-basedE20C13.6752136752136754.8Portugaldisentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0No policy or regulationA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1land-use property27.240143369175637.6Fluid mechanics and thermodynamicsnoneEarth Sciencesmeteorology69.426751592356710.9Lisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7Environmental SciencesEnvironmental Science and Managementmaximum5.5147058823529414.5emissivity5.6372549019607844.6Housing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy1981-2010 periodsPreparing the groundMethodologyMeteorology and climatologyLisbonmean temperature18.2336182336182346.4summer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9Other Physical SciencesEngineering (General)Physical and Technologicalof summersensitivity8.3333333333333346.8Climate change impacts, risks and adaptationclimate5.7598039215686274.7City in PortugalLisbon18.2336182336182346.4Climate changeEnvironment/Climate changeE20Csummerextrication6.255.1EngineeringStatisticsMathematical SciencesWeatherWeatherPolicy ScaleKey Type MeasuresThe improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4User Needs (RAST)Knowledge Sector (EEA)Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectorsbetween 1951-1980Extreme heatMathematical Physicsper 30 yearsIPCCClimate HazardPhysical SciencesStakeholdersAcademia/ Research InstitutionsClimatologydependent territory6.255.1Geographical ScopeAcademic/ InstitutionalThis approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4physics30.5732484076433124.8Geosciences (General)sensitivity13.9601139601139614.9T max16.8458781362007174.7fraction6.0049019607843154.9GeosciencesChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/ChemistryLisbon10.7843137254901998.8result6.617647058823535.4Esteban GonzalezEnvironmental researchhttps://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f2026-03-24 09:36:49.616449+00:002026-03-24 09:36:50.807140+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon2026-03-24 09:36:49.616449+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/ae854009-c98e-44e9-bf6d-3f6fbd65be7d/crate/download/2026-03-24 09:36:47.975506+00:002026-03-25 09:40:18.035331+00:002026-03-24 09:36:47.975506+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/ae854009-c98e-44e9-bf6d-3f6fbd65be7dA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/ae854009-c98e-44e9-bf6d-3f6fbd65be7d.Climate Hazarddisentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0Policy Scalemaximum5.5147058823529414.5Environmental Science and ManagementChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/ChemistryWeatherWeatherUser Needs (RAST)summer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9temperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2Methodologyresult6.617647058823535.4Atmospheric SciencesPreparing the groundStatisticsFundingA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1extrication6.255.1Other Physical SciencesStructural/physical: Ecosystem-based1981-2010 periodsdependent territory6.255.1GeosciencesEnvironmental SciencesGeographical ScopePhysical Sciencesmean temperature11.1519607843137269.1Knowledge Sector (EEA)Earth Sciencesper 30 yearsAcademic/ InstitutionalKey Type Measuresclimate5.7598039215686274.7City in PortugalHousing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policyThis approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4between 1951-1980IPCCNo policy or regulationExtreme heatThe improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4Physical and Technologicalsensitivity8.3333333333333346.8Meteorology and climatologyE20CStakeholdersAcademia/ Research Institutionsof summerfraction6.0049019607843154.9emissivity5.6372549019607844.6sensitivity13.9601139601139614.9Lisbon10.7843137254901998.8land-use property27.240143369175637.6Climate change impacts, risks and adaptationPortugalphysics30.5732484076433124.8Engineeringmeteorology69.426751592356710.9Fluid mechanics and thermodynamicsLisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7Climatologyland-use14.33823529411764911.7land-use23.9316239316239328.4Mathematical SciencessummerE20C13.6752136752136754.8Engineering (General)Geosciences (General)mean temperature18.2336182336182346.4Mathematical Physicsnonetemperature13.35784313725490310.9Lisbon18.2336182336182346.4T max16.8458781362007174.7Climate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsLisbonClimate changeEnvironment/Climate changeEsteban GonzalezEnvironmental researchhttps://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f2026-03-24 09:42:43.093080+00:002026-03-24 09:42:44.202124+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon2026-03-24 09:42:43.093080+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/e6aca448-8af3-48aa-950c-3ce09607bb9e/crate/download/2026-03-24 09:42:41.064953+00:002026-04-09 17:39:33.080581+00:002026-03-24 09:42:41.064953+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/e6aca448-8af3-48aa-950c-3ce09607bb9eA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/e6aca448-8af3-48aa-950c-3ce09607bb9e.Academic/ Institutionalresult6.617647058823535.4Lisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7No policy or regulationLisbon18.2336182336182346.4E20CPhysical SciencesPhysical and Technologicalmean temperature18.2336182336182346.4Engineering (General)Lisbon10.7843137254901998.8Fluid mechanics and thermodynamicsT max16.8458781362007174.7Environmental SciencesEarth SciencesAcademia/ Research Institutionssummer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9ClimatologyEnvironmental Science and ManagementnoneExtreme heatWeatherWeatherStructural/physical: Ecosystem-basedA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1Climate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsClimate change impacts, risks and adaptationStatisticsFundingclimate5.7598039215686274.7Preparing the ground1981-2010 periodssensitivity13.9601139601139614.9temperature13.35784313725490310.9Geosciences (General)temperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2Climate changeEnvironment/Climate changedisentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0between 1951-1980sensitivity8.3333333333333346.8dependent territory6.255.1Mathematical PhysicsKey Type MeasuresEngineeringland-use23.9316239316239328.4StakeholdersKnowledge Sector (EEA)per 30 yearsemissivity5.6372549019607844.6E20C13.6752136752136754.8Mathematical Sciencesmean temperature11.1519607843137269.1City in PortugalMeteorology and climatologyPortugalHousing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policymaximum5.5147058823529414.5GeosciencesThe improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4land-use14.33823529411764911.7land-use property27.240143369175637.6This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4Atmospheric Sciencesof summerMethodologymeteorology69.426751592356710.9ChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/Chemistryphysics30.5732484076433124.8User Needs (RAST)Other Physical SciencesPolicy ScalesummerGeographical ScopeIPCCClimate HazardLisbonextrication6.255.1fraction6.0049019607843154.9Esteban GonzalezEnvironmental researchhttps://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f2026-03-24 09:43:09.566917+00:002026-03-24 09:43:10.707716+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon2026-03-24 09:43:09.566917+00:00Academia/ Research InstitutionsAtmospheric SciencesCity in Portugalphysics30.5732484076433124.8IPCCEngineeringMathematical SciencesEnvironmental Sciencesextrication6.255.1No policy or regulationof summerland-use23.9316239316239328.4ChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/ChemistryMathematical Physicssensitivity13.9601139601139614.9Academic/ InstitutionalThis approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4Geographical ScopeKey Type Measuresbetween 1951-1980User Needs (RAST)Extreme heatHousing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policyMethodologyresult6.617647058823535.4per 30 yearsnonedisentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0temperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2Climate changeEnvironment/Climate changemean temperature11.1519607843137269.1ClimatologyLisbon18.2336182336182346.4Policy ScaleLisbon10.7843137254901998.8Lisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7Earth SciencesStakeholdersE20CClimate Hazardland-use property27.240143369175637.6Statisticsmeteorology69.426751592356710.9emissivity5.6372549019607844.6Engineering (General)GeosciencessummerClimate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsKnowledge Sector (EEA)Environmental Science and ManagementFundingdependent territory6.255.1A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1Fluid mechanics and thermodynamicsmean temperature18.2336182336182346.4fraction6.0049019607843154.9summer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9Preparing the groundland-use14.33823529411764911.7sensitivity8.3333333333333346.8PortugalGeosciences (General)Structural/physical: Ecosystem-basedWeatherWeathertemperature13.35784313725490310.9Meteorology and climatologyT max16.8458781362007174.7maximum5.5147058823529414.51981-2010 periodsPhysical and TechnologicalOther Physical SciencesThe improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4Climate change impacts, risks and adaptationLisbonclimate5.7598039215686274.7Physical SciencesE20C13.6752136752136754.80https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/f9e45bd4-6ed9-4c36-889d-849a2c698b8d/crate/download/2026-03-24 09:43:07.990194+00:002026-03-25 09:40:28.104286+00:002026-03-24 09:43:07.990194+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/f9e45bd4-6ed9-4c36-889d-849a2c698b8dA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/f9e45bd4-6ed9-4c36-889d-849a2c698b8d.Esteban GonzalezEnvironmental researchhttps://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f2026-03-24 09:45:20.158181+00:002026-03-24 09:45:21.275905+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon2026-03-24 09:45:20.158181+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/1709a1f4-9cbf-4430-bd38-ce8b2747196e/crate/download/2026-03-24 09:45:18.478393+00:002026-03-25 14:45:29.701217+00:002026-03-24 09:45:18.478393+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/1709a1f4-9cbf-4430-bd38-ce8b2747196eA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/1709a1f4-9cbf-4430-bd38-ce8b2747196e.StakeholdersPolicy ScaleStatisticsland-use23.9316239316239328.4GeosciencesEarth Sciencesof summerfraction6.0049019607843154.9Physical and Technologicalmean temperature11.1519607843137269.1WeatherWeatherKnowledge Sector (EEA)Environmental Science and ManagementAtmospheric SciencesClimate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsCity in PortugalE20Cmean temperature18.2336182336182346.4Physical SciencesClimate Hazardextrication6.255.1PortugalClimate change impacts, risks and adaptationland-use property27.240143369175637.6dependent territory6.255.1emissivity5.6372549019607844.6Meteorology and climatology1981-2010 periodsMethodologyper 30 yearsdisentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0Preparing the groundMathematical Physicssensitivity8.3333333333333346.8maximum5.5147058823529414.5summertemperature13.35784313725490310.9Lisbon10.7843137254901998.8physics30.5732484076433124.8Housing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policyStructural/physical: Ecosystem-basedsensitivity13.9601139601139614.9nonebetween 1951-1980Geosciences (General)FundingKey Type MeasuresEnvironmental SciencesAcademia/ Research Institutionsland-use14.33823529411764911.7summer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9User Needs (RAST)result6.617647058823535.4Engineering (General)Academic/ InstitutionalExtreme heatThis approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4Geographical Scopetemperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2No policy or regulationclimate5.7598039215686274.7The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4E20C13.6752136752136754.8IPCCLisbonOther Physical SciencesClimatologyFluid mechanics and thermodynamicsT max16.8458781362007174.7Lisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7Mathematical SciencesEngineeringClimate changeEnvironment/Climate changemeteorology69.426751592356710.9A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1ChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/ChemistryLisbon18.2336182336182346.4Esteban GonzalezEnvironmental researchhttps://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f2026-03-24 10:06:14.152415+00:002026-03-24 10:06:15.214609+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon2026-03-24 10:06:14.152415+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/51ef67fc-b04f-4902-ae69-4a8a34ab60db/crate/download/2026-03-24 10:06:12.633941+00:002026-03-25 13:47:19.774891+00:002026-03-24 10:06:12.633941+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/51ef67fc-b04f-4902-ae69-4a8a34ab60dbA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/51ef67fc-b04f-4902-ae69-4a8a34ab60db.AfricaCampo GrandeLisbonPortugalmaximum5.5147058823529414.5StatisticsUser Needs (RAST)fraction6.0049019607843154.9Key Type MeasuresClimate HazardClimate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectorstemperature13.35784313725490310.9Lisbon10.7843137254901998.8Climate change impacts, risks and adaptationE20C13.6752136752136754.8This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4Knowledge Sector (EEA)Structural/physical: Ecosystem-basedAtmospheric SciencesLisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7Lisbonresult6.617647058823535.4Preparing the grounddisentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0Environmental SciencesWeatherWeatherGeographical Scopeextrication6.255.1PortugalAcademia/ Research InstitutionsAcademic/ InstitutionalHousing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policyEngineeringsensitivity8.3333333333333346.8land-use property27.240143369175637.6sensitivity13.9601139601139614.9temperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2noneGeosciences (General)Policy ScaleClimate changeEnvironment/Climate changePhysical and Technologicalland-use14.33823529411764911.7Lisbon18.2336182336182346.4Physical Sciencesof summersummersummer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9Mathematical PhysicsOther Physical SciencesExtreme heatNo policy or regulationE20CStakeholdersThe improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4between 1951-1980Meteorology and climatologymean temperature11.1519607843137269.1Earth Sciencesphysics30.5732484076433124.8A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1Funding1981-2010 periodsCity in PortugalEnvironmental Science and ManagementMethodologyland-use23.9316239316239328.4dependent territory6.255.1Engineering (General)meteorology69.426751592356710.9climate5.7598039215686274.7mean temperature18.2336182336182346.4per 30 yearsFluid mechanics and thermodynamicsMathematical SciencesClimatologyGeosciencesIPCCT max16.8458781362007174.7emissivity5.6372549019607844.6ChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/ChemistryEsteban GonzalezEnvironmental researchhttps://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f2026-03-24 10:14:40.608471+00:002026-03-24 10:14:41.650392+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon2026-03-24 10:14:40.608471+00:000https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/5df6b246-7aee-464e-9135-c77c57059f9d/crate/download/2026-03-24 10:14:38.771759+00:002026-03-25 14:42:32.303916+00:002026-03-24 10:14:38.771759+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/5df6b246-7aee-464e-9135-c77c57059f9dA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/5df6b246-7aee-464e-9135-c77c57059f9d.AfricaCampo GrandeLisbonPortugalExtreme heatGeosciencesIPCCmeteorology69.426751592356710.9maximum5.5147058823529414.5Fluid mechanics and thermodynamicsextrication6.255.1Climate change impacts, risks and adaptationNo policy or regulationdisentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0land-use23.9316239316239328.4ChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/ChemistryGeographical ScopePolicy ScaleMethodologyThis approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4Mathematical PhysicsE20CPhysical Sciencesbetween 1951-1980result6.617647058823535.4Lisbonmean temperature11.1519607843137269.1Knowledge Sector (EEA)mean temperature18.2336182336182346.4emissivity5.6372549019607844.6Climate changeEnvironment/Climate changeEngineering1981-2010 periodstemperature13.35784313725490310.9fraction6.0049019607843154.9Physical and Technologicalphysics30.5732484076433124.8Atmospheric SciencesUser Needs (RAST)nonesummersummer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9climate5.7598039215686274.7Lisbon10.7843137254901998.8Academia/ Research InstitutionsAcademic/ Institutionalland-use property27.240143369175637.6of summerdependent territory6.255.1Earth Sciencessensitivity13.9601139601139614.9Lisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7Other Physical SciencesStatisticsHousing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policyThe improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4Meteorology and climatologyKey Type MeasuresE20C13.6752136752136754.8T max16.8458781362007174.7Engineering (General)Climate HazardStructural/physical: Ecosystem-basedA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1Environmental Science and ManagementEnvironmental SciencesClimatologyFundingPreparing the groundper 30 yearstemperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2Climate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsPortugalLisbon18.2336182336182346.4Geosciences (General)City in PortugalWeatherWeatherMathematical Sciencessensitivity8.3333333333333346.8Stakeholdersland-use14.33823529411764911.7Esteban GonzalezEnvironmental researchhttps://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f2026-03-24 10:16:01.828034+00:002026-03-24 10:16:02.792827+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon2026-03-24 10:16:01.828034+00:00Lisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7disentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0E20CGeographical ScopesummerUser Needs (RAST)Fluid mechanics and thermodynamicsland-use23.9316239316239328.4Climate HazardGeosciencesdependent territory6.255.1Housing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policyMathematical PhysicsStructural/physical: Ecosystem-basedof summerPreparing the groundChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/ChemistryLisbon18.2336182336182346.4EngineeringPhysical and TechnologicalPhysical SciencesKey Type MeasuresNo policy or regulationLisbon10.7843137254901998.8emissivity5.6372549019607844.6Climatologymean temperature18.2336182336182346.4Policy ScaleIPCCMeteorology and climatologybetween 1951-1980Climate change impacts, risks and adaptationsensitivity8.3333333333333346.8The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.4Lisbontemperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2summer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9land-use property27.240143369175637.6Engineering (General)Knowledge Sector (EEA)temperature13.35784313725490310.9FundingMathematical SciencesClimate changeEnvironment/Climate changeAcademic/ Institutionalphysics30.5732484076433124.8result6.617647058823535.4Environmental Science and ManagementExtreme heatPortugalclimate5.7598039215686274.7Earth SciencesCity in Portugalsensitivity13.9601139601139614.9fraction6.0049019607843154.9StakeholdersWeatherWeathermaximum5.5147058823529414.5A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1meteorology69.426751592356710.9mean temperature11.1519607843137269.1E20C13.6752136752136754.8Environmental Sciencesnoneper 30 yearsAcademia/ Research InstitutionsAtmospheric SciencesGeosciences (General)1981-2010 periodsThis approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4T max16.8458781362007174.7MethodologyOther Physical Sciencesextrication6.255.1land-use14.33823529411764911.7Climate-ADAPT Adaptation SectorsStatistics0https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/ffbc587d-278f-435c-98fb-6b589c3a4d29/crate/download/2026-03-24 10:15:58.640070+00:002026-04-11 09:37:47.507608+00:002026-03-24 10:15:58.640070+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/ffbc587d-278f-435c-98fb-6b589c3a4d29A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/ffbc587d-278f-435c-98fb-6b589c3a4d29.AfricaCampo GrandeLisbonPortugalEsteban GonzalezEnvironmental researchhttps://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f2026-03-24 11:05:29.749638+00:002026-03-24 11:05:30.869255+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon2026-03-24 11:05:29.749638+00:00Geographical Scope1981-2010 periodsUrbanPortugaldisentanglement of the effect21.5053763440860246.0IPCCClimate changeEnvironment/Climate changesummerof summerThis approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference.27.0152505446623112.4temperature extreme11.9658119658119664.2E20C13.6752136752136754.8Policy ScalePhysical and TechnologicalModeling/ SimulationKnowledge Sector (EEA)land-use property27.240143369175637.6Housing and urban planning policyPolitics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policyExtreme heatClimate change impacts, risks and adaptationmeteorology69.426751592356710.9sensitivity13.9601139601139614.9Not reported/ Unknownextrication6.255.1Lisbon abstract13.2616487455197153.7Climate Hazardbetween 1951-1980Data on climate-relate hazardsfraction6.0049019607843154.9Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectorsemissivity5.6372549019607844.6Earth SciencesOther Earth SciencesnoneCity in Portugalphysics30.5732484076433124.8ChemistryScience and technology/Natural science/ChemistryMeteorology and climatologyresult6.617647058823535.4LisbonLisbon18.2336182336182346.4Geosciences (General)GeosciencesLisbon10.7843137254901998.8FundingEnvironmental Science and ManagementKey Type Measuresmaximum5.5147058823529414.5land-use14.33823529411764911.7land-use23.9316239316239328.4summer mean temperature21.146953405017925.9mean temperature18.2336182336182346.4MethodologyLocal policyclimate5.7598039215686274.7sensitivity8.3333333333333346.8temperature13.35784313725490310.9Academia/ Research Institutionsmean temperature11.1519607843137269.1dependent territory6.255.1StakeholdersE20CEnvironmental SciencesWeatherWeatherT max16.8458781362007174.7per 30 yearsPhysical Geography and Environmental GeoscienceAtmospheric SciencesA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract32.8976034858387815.1User Needs (RAST)The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties.40.08714596949890618.40https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/f8152637-f8b2-4f29-8b24-771b9a8ecadb/crate/download/2026-03-24 11:05:27.879436+00:002026-04-27 18:30:09.977542+00:002026-03-24 11:05:27.879436+00:00Abstract
Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T
max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T
max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T
max, and around 17% for T
min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T
max and T
min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone).application/ld+jsonhttps://w3id.org/ro-id/f8152637-f8b2-4f29-8b24-771b9a8ecadbA surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to LisbonMANUALGonzalez, Esteban. "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon." ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/f8152637-f8b2-4f29-8b24-771b9a8ecadb.AfricaCampo GrandeLisbonPortugalEsteban Gonzalez