Magnetic susceptibility Primary particle size Valence band Remanent magnetisation Dielectric constant Hydrophilicity Flexural strength Specific surface area Dielectric loss Photoluminescence spectrum Transmittance Saturation magnetisation Aspect ratio Hardness Crystallization temperature Colloidal stability over time Dissolution rate Doping level Shape category Surface roughness Core–shell structure presence Particle size distribution External vs internal SA Length Tensile strength Dispersibility Isoelectric point Thermal stability window Quantum yield Swelling Elongation at break Sedimentation rate Surface functional groups Glass transition temperature Oxidation rate Porosity Surface energy Polymorph identity Water uptake Melting point Electrical conductivity Bulk density Wear rate Fracture toughness Coercivity Coefficient of thermal expansion Resistivity Synthesis route Young’s modulus Agglomeration state Zeta potential Work function Reflectance Corrosion rate Grain size Pore size distribution Decomposition temperature Residual catalyst/surfactant Energy band gap pH of leachate Compressive strength Surface coating thickness Surface charge Surface coating Hydrophobicity Conduction band Diameter Amorphous fraction Flexural modulus Elemental composition UV–Vis–NIR absorption Fatigue life Photocatalytic activity Thermal conductivity Ion release profile Specific heat capacity Phase composition Refractive index Surface coating density Protein corona the distinction between the surface area of a material that is exposed on the outer particle surface (external surface area) and the surface area located within pores or internal structures of the material External vs internal SA external vs internal surface area of material the layer of proteins that spontaneously adsorbs onto the surface of a nanoparticle when it is exposed to a biological medium Protein corona protein corona of material Mysid shrimp(Americamysis bahia) Water flea(Daphnia magna) Water flea(Daphnia pulex) Water flea(Ceriodaphnia dubia) Fruit fly(Drosophila melanogaster) Predatory mites(Hypoaspis aculeifer) Roundworm(Caenorhabditis elegans) Copepods (e.g. Acartia) Purple sea urchin(Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) Blue mussel(Mytilus edulis) Rotifer(Brachionus plicatilis) Rotifer(Brachionus calyciflorus) Midge(Chironomus dilutus) Planarian flatworm(Schmidtea mediterranea) Marine copepod(Acartia tonsa) Springtail(Folsomia fimetaria) Bombus spp. New Zealand mud snail(Potamopyrgus antipodarum) Water flea(Moina macrocopa) Springtail(Folsomia candida) Compost earthworm(Eisenia andrei) Mediterranean mussel(Mytilus galloprovincialis) Pacific oyster(Crassostrea gigas) Freshwater amphipod(Hyalella azteca) Non-biting midge(Chironomus riparius) Starlet sea anemone(Nematostella vectensis) Asian clam(Corbicula fluminea) Freshwater amphipod(Gammarus pulex) Nematode(Pristionchus pacificus) Hydra(Hydra vulgaris) Freshwater planarian(Dugesia japonica) Blackworm(Lumbriculus variegatus) Enchytraeus spp. White worm(Enchytraeus albidus) Mealworm beetle(Tenebrio molitor) Red flour beetle(Tribolium castaneum) Ladybirds, lacewings(Coccinella septempunctata; Chrysoperla carnea) Greater wax moth(Galleria mellonella) Purple sea urchin(Paracentrotus lividus) Water flea(Simocephalus vetulus) Brine shrimp(Artemia salina) Potworm(Enchytraeus crypticus) Great pond snail(Lymnaea stagnalis) Buff-tailed bumblebee(Bombus terrestris) Red wiggler earthworm(Eisenia fetida) Honey bee(Apis mellifera) Water louse(Asellus aquaticus) Non-human primate(Primates spp.) Goat(Capra hircus) Guinea pig(Cavia porcellus) Hamster(Mesocricetus auratus) Mouse (SCID, nude) Rat (F344) Mouse (C57BL/6) Xenopus tropicalis Mouse (BALB/c) Mouse (CD-1/ICR) Rabbit (NZW) Xenopus laevis Medaka(Oryzias latipes) Bobwhite quail(Colinus virginianus) Sheep(Ovis aries) Rat (Sprague–Dawley) Mallard duck(Anas platyrhynchos) Pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) Fathead minnow(Pimephales promelas) Rat (Wistar) Carp(Cyprinus carpio) Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Japanese quail(Coturnix japonica) Dog(Canis lupus familiaris,Beagle) Rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss) HT29(human colon carcinoma cells) HaCaT(human keratinocyte cells) Human lymphocytes U937(human monocytic/histiocytic cells) Primary hepatocytes H295R(human adrenocortical carcinoma cells) SH-SY5Y(human neuroblastoma cells) T47D(human breast carcinoma cells) HUVEC(human umbilical vein endothelial cells) 16HBE14o-(human bronchial epithelial cells) NHEK(human epidermal keratinocyte cells) TK6(human lymphoblastoid cells) BEAS-2B(human bronchial epithelial cells) Caco-2(human intestinal epithelial cells) Calu-3(human lung adenocarcinoma cells) HeLa(human cervical carcinoma cells) HepG2(human hepatocellular carcinoma cells) LS174T(human colon carcinoma cells) THP-1(human monocytic cells) A549(human lung carcinoma cells) HepaRG MCF-7(human breast carcinoma cells) K562(human chronic myeloid leukemia cells) Jurkat(human T lymphocyte cells) EA.hy926(human endothelial cells) Huh7(human hepatocellular carcinoma cells) PC12(rat pheochromocytoma cells) 3T3-L1(murine pre-adipocyte cells) V79(Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cells) H9c2(rat cardiomyoblast cells) J774A.1(murine macrophage cells) L5178Y TK+/-(mouse lymphoma cells) L929(murine fibroblast cells) NIH-3T3(murine fibroblast cells) RAW 264.7(murine macrophage cells) CHO-K1(Chinese hamster ovary cells) Feeding rate Fertility index Carrying capacity (K) Biofilm formation on cuticle Time-to-death (LT50) Sex ratio alteration Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity Body length Larval abnormalities DNA strand breaks (Comet assay) Immobilisation rate Growth rate Hatching success Body weight Phenoloxidase activity Multi-generation reproduction Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity Leaf litter decomposition rate Phagocytic activity Brood size Gut accumulation Molting inhibition Exoskeleton adsorption Molting frequency Mortality (LC50 / LD50) Egg production rate Vitellogenin-like protein induction Catalase (CAT) activity Locomotor activity Neurotransmitter levels Elimination rate constant Tissue distribution Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity Bioconcentration factor (BCF) Developmental delay Metamorphosis success Whole-body concentration Sediment bioturbation activity Micronucleus frequency Lysosomal membrane stability Condition index (molluscs) Energy reserves (lipids, glycogen) Burrowing activity Time to first reproduction Reactive oxygen species (ROS) Particle internalisation Reproduction rate (offspring per female) Avoidance behaviour Molting interference (nano) Population growth rate (r) Lipid peroxidation (MDA/TBARS) Fecundity Hemocyte count Chromosomal aberrations Respiration rate Filtration rate Imposex index Swimming behaviour impairment Predator avoidance response Molecular weight Flammability MS spectrum(mass spectrometry) Interfacial tension Explosive limits pKa(acid dissociation constant) Additives / stabilizers Decomposition temperature Simulation degradation water Purity pH of aqueous solution Enthalpy of fusion Enthalpy of vaporization UV–Vis spectrum Thermal stability class Thermal conductivity Explosive properties HLB value (Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance) Glass transition temperature Freezing point True density Specific heat capacity Physical form Water solubility IR spectrum(infrared) Biomagnification factor pKb(base dissociation constant) Vapour pressure Incompatibilities Chromatographic retention index Colour Stereochemistry Hydrolysis rate Log Kow(octanol-water partition coefficient) Impurity profile Inherent biodegradability Photodegradation rate Structural isomerism NMR spectra Physical state at 20°C Sublimation point Critical micelle concentration Solubility in organic solvent Odour Radical formation potential Bulk density Log Koc(Organic Carbon-Water Partition Coefficient) Surface tension Fat solubility Ready biodegradability Melting point Flash point Simulation degradation soil/sediment Redox potential Hygroscopicity Henry’s law constant Auto-ignition temperature Vapour density Bioaccumulation factor Oxidising properties Boiling point Persistent particle burden Hb/Hct(hemoglobin/hematocrit) BAL LDH Fertility index Bioaccumulation Cognitive tests Time-course clearance TDAR (antibody response) Excretion fraction (urine/feces) Platelets Tumor incidence Tmax Hyperplasia/dysplasia Eye irritation score Urea/BUN Fibrosis Growth inhibition ALP(alkaline phosphatase) Implantation sites AUC(area under curve) Skin irritation score Particle-induced fibrosis Bilirubin Granuloma formation Immune cell subsets Cmax Lung function parameters Glucose Spleen/thymus weight Tumor multiplicity Uterotrophic response Gross pathology findings Clinical signs Reproduction (invertebrates) Reproduction Organ weights Volume of distribution Half-life Motor activity Lipids (cholesterol/TG) Mortality Organ concentration Gestation length Fetal weight Inflammation score Malformation incidence Time to tumor Depression-like behavior Injection site reaction Survival (invertebrates) Survival Hershberger endpoints Creatinine FOB score Activity/locomotion Neuropathology Resorptions Postnatal milestones RBC count(red blood cell) Thyroid hormones AST(aspartate aminotransferase) Body weight change WBC count(white blood cell) Necrosis Clearance Growth (plants) Emergence (plants) Mating index Sperm count/motility NK cell activity Lung histopathology BAL differential counts Steroid hormones BAL protein Anxiety-like behavior Food consumption Granuloma / foreign body reaction BAL total cells ALT(alanine aminotransferase) Cytokine release (IL-1α, etc.) Assay interference check Metabolite profiling Peptide depletion Translocation fraction ATP content Anchorage-independent growth DNA synthesis IL-6 secretion Antioxidant enzyme activity DNA strand breaks Differential gene expression h-CLAT activation Surface markers IL-1β secretion Ion channel activity Phase II enzyme modulation Cell count Early apoptosis Lipid peroxidation CYP inhibition Agglomeration in exposure media Mitochondrial membrane potential Clonogenic survival Morphological transformation Cellular uptake fraction Cellular uptake mass NF-κB activation Protein carbonyls Permeability (Papp) miRNA expression CYP induction Complement activation Metabolomic changes Oxygen consumption rate TUNEL positivity AR activation/inhibition ER stress markers p62/SQSTM1 level Caspase 3/7 activity IL-8 secretion Proliferation index Subcellular localisation Heat shock proteins GSH/GSSG ratio Gene mutation frequency TEER Histone modification changes Micronucleus frequency ROS generation Membrane integrity Mitochondrial mass LC3-II/I ratio Skin model viability Oxidative DNA damage ERα/ERβ activation RNS generation TNF-α secretion Necrosis Neurite outgrowth Steroidogenesis alteration Cell viability Coagulation interference Dissolution rate in media Network activity KeratinoSens activation Protein corona composition Proteomic changes Hemolysis DNA methylation changes Chromosomal aberrations Apoptosis γH2AX foci Late apoptosis Soil texture class Gas exchange – assimilation (A) Rhizosphere soil Comet assay (plant nuclei) Chromosomal aberrations Antioxidant enzymes (SOD/CAT/APX) Whole-plant uptake EyC₅₀ (yield) ErC₅₀ (growth rate) Plant mass-normalized dose Root dipping Root tissue Root architecture traits Macro/micronutrient content Chlorophyll a/b Nutrient recipe (hydroponic) Soil moisture (θ) Photoperiod regime & light spectrum Transformation in rhizosphere Transpiration rate (E) Analytical verification of exposure Speciation of accumulated elements Soil pH (CaCl₂ or H₂O) Mitotic index (root tips) Shoot/leaf tissue pH/EC drift Abnormal seedlings Relative humidity Seed set / fecundity Effective quantum yield (ΦPSII) Leaf water potential (Ψleaf) Stomatal conductance (gs) Foliar spray Corona formation in root exudates Shoot length NOEC / LOEC (growth) Seed/fruit tissue Root surface adsorption vs internalization Solution concentration Electrical conductivity Seed dressing / imbibition Electrolyte leakage Particle dissolution Root hair density/length Relative growth rate (RGR) Localization (tissue/cellular) Cultivar / line accession Flowering time Carotenoids Relative water content (RWC) Translocation factor (TF) Chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) Electron transport rate (ETR) Photoperiod Cation exchange capacity (CEC) Light intensity Seed lot ID & viability Leaf area dose (areic) ROS in plant tissues Root length Total biomass Temperature (day/night) Growth stage at exposure Seedling emergence Micronucleus frequency Organic carbon (fOC) Germination of produced seeds Dry soil concentration Reference substance response Lipid peroxidation (MDA/TBARS) Particle size/agglomeration Soil porewater exposure Root:shoot concentration ratio Seed germination rate CO₂ concentration Nutrient use efficiency Hydroponic exposure Stomatal density Soil spiking (bulk soil) oxygen consumption reflecting metabolic activity. Respiration rate respiration rate in exposed invertebrate organism stored energy available for metabolism. Energy reserves (lipids, glycogen) energy reserves in exposed invertebrate organism a measure of organism health based on tissue mass relative to size. Condition index (molluscs) condition index (molluscs) in exposed invertebrate organism the volume of water filtered by organisms. Filtration rate filtration rate in exposed invertebrate organism sediment mixing caused by organisms. Sediment bioturbation activity sediment bioturbation activity in exposed invertebrate organism the breakdown of organic material. Leaf litter decomposition rate leaf litter decomposition rate in exposed invertebrate organism reproductive performance across generations Multi-generation reproduction multi-generation reproduction in exposed invertebrate organism the maximum population size an environment can sustain. Carrying capacity (K) carrying capacity in exposed invertebrate population the rate of increase in population size over time Population growth rate (r) population growth rate (r) in exposed invertebrate population microbial growth on organism surfaces influenced by particles. Biofilm formation on cuticle biofilm formation on cuticle in exposed invertebrate organism exoskeleton disruption of molting due to nanoparticle exposure. Molting interference (nano) molting interference in exposed invertebrate organism the binding of particles to external surfaces. Exoskeleton adsorption exoskeleton adsorption in exposed invertebrate organism exoskeleton the retention of particles in digestive tissues. Gut accumulation gut accumulation in exposed invertebrate organism gut the uptake of nanoparticles into organism tissues or cells. Particle internalisation particle internalisation in exposed invertebrate organism the location and concentration of substances across tissues. Tissue distribution tissue distribution in exposed invertebrate organism tissue how quickly a substance is removed from an organism. Elimination rate constant elimination rate constant in exposed invertebrate organism the ratio of the concentration of a substance in an organism to its concentration in the surrounding environmental medium Bioconcentration factor (BCF) bioconcentration factor (bcf) in exposed invertebrate organism the total amount of a substance present within an entire organism, expressed per unit of whole-body mass Whole-body concentration whole-body concentration in exposed invertebrate organism a change in the proportion of males and females. Sex ratio alteration sex ratio alteration in exposed invertebrate organism the development of male sexual characteristics in females. Imposex index imposex index in exposed invertebrate organism the production of egg-yolk precursor proteins in response to endocrine disruption. Vitellogenin-like protein induction vitellogenin-like protein induction in exposed invertebrate organism reflects cellular integrity and immune cell health. Lysosomal membrane stability lysosomal membrane stability in exposed invertebrate organism the ability of immune cells to engulf foreign particles. Phenoloxidase activity phenoloxidase activity in exposed invertebrate organism the ability of immune cells to engulf foreign particles. Phagocytic activity phagocytic activity in exposed invertebrate organism the number of immune cells present in circulatory fluid. Hemocyte count hemocyte count in exposed invertebrate organism the enzymatic reduction of peroxides to protect cells. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity glutathione peroxidase (gpx) activity in exposed invertebrate organism the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide to prevent oxidative damage. Catalase (CAT) activity catalase activity in exposed invertebrate organism the enzymatic neutralisation of superoxide radicals. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity superoxide dismutase activity in exposed invertebrate organism chemically reactive oxygen molecules produced during oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) reactive oxygen species in exposed invertebrate organism the disruption of normal swimming ability due to neurotoxic effects. Swimming behaviour impairment swimming behaviour impairment in exposed invertebrate organism the concentrations of chemical messengers responsible for nerve communication. Neurotransmitter levels neurotransmitter levels in exposed invertebrate organism the enzymatic detoxification of harmful compounds, protecting neural tissues. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity glutathione s-transferase activity in exposed invertebrate organism the enzymatic breakdown of acetylcholine, essential for normal nerve signal transmission. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity acetylcholinesterase (ache) activity in exposed invertebrate organism the behavioural reaction used to escape or avoid predators. Predator avoidance response predator avoidance response in exposed invertebrate organism the extent to which organisms dig into sediment or substrate. Burrowing activity burrowing activity in exposed invertebrate organism the amount of food consumed per organism over time. Feeding rate feeding rate in exposed invertebrate organism the movement of organisms away from contaminated environments. Avoidance behaviour avoidance behaviour in exposed invertebrate organism the level of spontaneous movement exhibited by organisms. Locomotor activity locomotor activity in exposed invertebrate organism the proportion of organisms that successfully complete transformation to the next developmental stage. Metamorphosis success metamorphosis success in exposed invertebrate organism the reduction or disruption of normal molting processes due to toxic exposure. Molting inhibition molting inhibition in exposed invertebrate organism the reduction or disruption of normal molting processes due to toxic exposure. Molting inhibition molting inhibition in exposed invertebrate organism the number of molting events occurring over a given period. Molting frequency molting frequency in exposed invertebrate organism the number of eggs produced per organism over time. Egg production rate egg production rate in exposed invertebrate organism the number of offspring produced per reproductive event. Brood size brood size in exposed invertebrate organism the total reproductive capacity of an organism, measured as the number of eggs or offspring produced. Fecundity fecundity in exposed invertebrate organism the number of offspring produced per female over a defined period. Reproduction rate (offspring per female) reproduction rate in exposed invertebrate organism structural or functional defects observed in larval organisms following exposure. Larval abnormalities larval abnormalities in exposed invertebrate organism larva the proportion of eggs that successfully hatch into viable offspring. Hatching success hatching success in exposed invertebrate organism embryo the duration required for an organism to reach reproductive maturity and produce offspring. Time to first reproduction time to first reproduction in exposed invertebrate organism the slowing or disruption of normal progression through developmental stages caused by exposure to a substance. Developmental delay developmental delay in exposed invertebrate organism the change in organism size or mass over time, reflecting overall developmental progression and physiological condition Growth rate growth rate in exposed invertebrate organism Body weight is the mass of an organism, used to assess growth, health status, and potential toxic effects on metabolism or development. Body weight body weight in exposed invertebrate organism the measured longitudinal size of an organism, used as an indicator of growth and developmental progression. Body length body length in exposed invertebrate organism Time-to-death is the duration required for 50% of exposed organisms to die after exposure, reflecting the speed and severity of toxic effects Time-to-death (LT50) time-to-death in exposed invertebrate organism Immobilisation rate is the proportion of organisms that lose the ability to move normally following exposure to a substance, indicating severe physiological or neurological impairment. Immobilisation rate immobilisation rate in exposed invertebrate organism Immobilisation rate is the proportion of organisms that lose the ability to move normally following exposure to a substance, indicating severe physiological or neurological impairment. Immobilisation rate immobilisation rate in exposed invertebrate organism the development of localized aggregates of immune and inflammatory cells around persistent particles or foreign materials in tissues. Granuloma formation granuloma formation in exposed organism the formation of excess fibrous connective tissue in organs following exposure to particulate materials. Particle-induced fibrosis particle-induced fibrosis in exposed organism the amount of particulate material that remains in tissues or organisms over time due to limited clearance or degradation. Persistent particle burden persistent particle burden in exposed organism The process of increasing in physical size, mass or number, gradually and irreversibly Growth (plants) growth in exposed plants the uptake and retention of a substance in an organism over time, resulting in higher internal concentrations than in the surrounding environment. Bioaccumulation bioaccumulation of test substance The generation of offspring by living organisms. Reproduction reproduction in exposed organisms the reduction in organism growth rate, size, or biomass caused by exposure to a substance. Growth inhibition growth inhibition in exposed organisms Continuance of life or existence especially under adverse conditions Survival survival in exposed organisms the behavioral response of organisms indicating reduced motivation, behavioral despair, or anhedonia, assessed using standardized behavioral tests. Depression-like behavior depression-like behavior in exposed animal the behavioral response of organisms indicating increased anxiety, typically assessed using standardized behavioral tests. Anxiety-like behavior anxiety-like behavior in exposed animal the measurement of spontaneous movement and general activity levels of organisms, used to assess behavioral and welfare status. Activity/locomotion activity/locomotion in exposed organism morphological and other aspects of diseases of the nervous system. Neuropathology neuropathology in exposed animal behavioral assessments used to evaluate learning, memory, and other higher neurological functions following exposure to a substance. Cognitive tests cognitive test performance in exposed animal the measurement of spontaneous movement or locomotor behavior used to assess neurological function and neurotoxicity. Motor Activity motor activity in exposed animal is a behavioral and neurological assessment score used to detect neurotoxicity. FOB score in exposed animal FOB score Adverse reactions that occur initially at the site of injection or infusion. Injection site reaction injection site reaction in exposed animal a graded assessment of ocular damage, including redness, swelling, and corneal opacity, following exposure to a substance. Eye irritation score eye irritation score in exposed animal a graded assessment of redness, swelling, or other signs of irritation in skin following exposure to a substance. Skin irritation score skin irritation score in exposed animal the elapsed time between substance exposure and the first detection of a tumor in an organism. Time to tumor time to tumor in exposed animal the number of tumors observed per organism or per organ following exposure to a substance. Tumor multiplicity tumor multiplicity in exposed animal abnormal mass of tissue that results from uncontrolled proliferation of cells. Tumor incidence tumor incidence in exposed animal The time period after birth. Postnatal milestones postnatal milestones in offspring The weight of the FETUS in utero Fetal weight fetal weight in exposed animal An abnormal formation, especially an abnormal developmental feature. Malformation incidence malformation incidence in offspring the loss of implanted embryos or fetuses during pregnancy, indicated by resorbed implantation sites in the uterus. Resorptions resorptions in exposed animal the site of the uterus at which the early embryo is attached. Implantation sites implantation sites in exposed animal Duration of pregnancy from time of fertilization of the oocyte until birth. Gestation length gestation length in exposed animal the number of sperm cells and their ability to move, used to assess male reproductive function. Sperm count/motility sperm count/motility in exposed animal the proportion of mating pairs that successfully produce pregnancies during a defined breeding period. Fertility index fertility index in exposed animals the proportion of mating pairs that successfully mate during a defined breeding period. Mating index mating index in exposed animals Active steroid hormones are produced from the precursor cholesterol. Steroid hormones steroid hormones in blood of exposed animal Natural hormones secreted by the THYROID GLAND, such as THYROXINE, and their synthetic analogs. Thyroid hormones thyroid hormones in blood of exposed animal